Foraging PastoralSocial Nomadic

Egalitarian natureLeaders based on age, strength, courage, intelligence

Nomadic – temporary homesSparse PopulationMen are herders/males dominatedLeaders, Shaman, Men, Women

Political Organized in small clans- 20-30Led by strongest maleOrganized hunts

Organized into large Bands (100 people)Split into blood/clans- rivalries developedHad military/warriors

Religious Belief in afterlife. Buried dead with tools and weapons

Worship gods of storm, war, ancestorsShaman – religious leader

Intellectual Limited languageSculptures, pictograms, cave paintings

Respect for family, courageDomestication of animals – subject matter for art, hides for clothing and shelter

Technological Daggers, spears, hammers, bow and arrow, fire, digging sticks

Fire is sacred, chariots were developedNo written language, oral tradition

Economic Hunters and gatherersFew possessions

Little surplus of goods except cattle – split as size of clans grew Limited personal belongings

Society Types

Indo-Europeans Migrations: 3000 - 1000 B.C.E. Brief Description

•From steppe region north of Black Sea

•Herders, Farmers (Barley, Millet)

•Hunted Horses and domesticated them

•Semi-nomadic

Motivation and Method

•Used wheel, iron chariots and horses to increase strength

•Considered themselves superior to others

•Wanted more land, had to follow animals or possibly pushed out by others

Where They Went

•Mesopotamia

•Greece, Italy

•Russia, Central Europe, Germany, Austria

•Britain, Baltic Region, Iberian Peninsula

•Persia, Iran

Cultural Impact

•Conflict with native peoples

•Cultural Diffusion, trade

•Social classes developed

•Spread of new technology – iron, writing, chariots, etc.

•Many Languages developed based on Indo-European (Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Greek, Persian, Sanskrit

Bantu Migrations: 500 B.C.E. -1000 C.E.Brief Description

•From Niger-Congo Region

•Settled along river banks

•Herders, Farmers (Yams, oil palms, millet, sorgham)

•Traded with Hunter-gatherers

Motivation and Method

•Used canoes for travel

•Used iron tools and weapons

•Had surplus crops – led to population boom

•Strained resources

•Population pressure – seek more land

Where They Went

•Slow migration over 1500 years

•Went south (Sahara Desert was in North)

•Congo River Basin, East Africa, South Africa

Cultural Impact

•Conflict with native peoples

•Cultural Diffusion, trade – introduce farming and ironworking

•Nomadic people absorbed into their culture – inter-marriage

•60 million speak 100’s Languages based on Bantu

Why do people Migrate?Cause Examples Effect

Environmental

Economic pressures

Political/Religious Persecution

Technological Developments

Climatic ChangesDepletion of local resourcesEvents of nature (earthquake, drought)

Redistribution of populationBlending of cultures

Slave tradeWarGenocideRepression

Increasing populationFamineUnemployment (industrial soc)

Shifts in populationChanges in methods of work

New ToolsAgricultural ImprovementsMetallurgy

ExplorationDevelopment of civilizationsGrowth of empires

DislocationSpread of religions/ideas

Mesopotamia: “The Cradle of Civilization”

“Fertile Crescent” and lack of natural barriers allowed many groups to control this

valuable area.

Sumerian City-States3000 B.C.E.

City-State: Urban areas that controlled surrounding regions and loosely connected with other city-states: Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Babylon, KishDeveloped organized projects: irrigation systems, palaces, ziggurats,

defensive walls, temples

•Successful agriculture, irrigation systems

•Writing, cuneiforms•Use of wheel

•12 month calendar•Polytheistic

•Polytheistic: The Gods were Anthropomorphic.

Hammurabi, the Judge• “King of the four quarters of the

world”

• Centralized bureaucratic government

• System of taxation

• First written code of laws

The Babylonian Empires

Babylonian Achievements

12 Month Calendar

Mathematics

Babylonian Numbers

The Hittites•Learned to

extract iron from ore and were the

first to make tools and

weapons of iron.

The Assyrians•Centralized bureaucratic government.•Built military roads to move troops quickly.•Founded first

libraries. The Phoenicians•Best known

for manufacturing

and trade•“Carriers of Civilization”•Created first

alphabet

The Hebrews

•Belief in Judaism, first monotheistic faith

• Ten commandments

Phoenicians

Traders, Invaders, and Empire Builders?

Assyrians Trader

sInvade

rs

HebrewsEmpire Builders

The Hittites

The Sumerians

The BabyloniansTrader

sEmpire Builders

Invaders

Walk Like an Egyptian•Rich soil, gentle annual flooding

• Led by Pharaoh – leader with total power

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, mummification, calendar, gold

•Polytheistic

•Women rulers, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

•Conquered by (1100 BCE)

China: Shang on the HuangShang: 1700-1100 BCE

• Aristocrats and bureaucrats directed the work and life of the Shang. • Warfare a constant feature.• Most commoners worked as semi free serfs in agriculture. Others were artisans, craftsmen.

• Stable agri-surplus, trade-centered• N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots• “The Middle Kingdom” World View• Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendar• Patriarchal, polytheistic, ancestor veneration, oracle bones

It’s Zhou Time!• Replaced Shang around 1100

BCE• Ruled 900 years, kept customs,

traditions• Mandate of Heaven• Feudal system, nobles gained,

bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE

Established early forms of feudalism in which the King gave large tracts of land to loyal leaders who became lords. These lords provided the king with military forces in exchange for the land.

Indus Valley: 3300 – 1700 B.C.E.• Outside contact more

limited - moutains• Kyber Pass connection to

outside• Twin Cities of Harrappa,

Mohenjo-Daro • Master-planned, water

system, strong central gov’t, polytheistic, written language

• Pottery, cotton, cloth• Cities abandoned, reason

unknown• Aryans arrive 1500 BCE

The Harappan Civilization

• From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea

• Nomads who settled• Vedas, Upanashads basis

for Hinduism• Caste system• warriors, priests, peasants• later re-ordered: Brahmins

(priests), warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)

Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E..

ShudrasShudras

VaishyasVaishyas

KshatriyKshatriyas as

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

BrahminBrahminss