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Pasture-Based Nutritional Considerations for Beef Cattle
Lawton StewartGrazing School
September, 2010
Developing a FeedingStrategy
1. Understand your production system– Fall Calving– Spring Calving– Continuous
2. Understand your forage system– Pasture– Conserved forage
3. Develop an economical supplement
Reproductive Efficiency
•The most important factor affecting profitability
• Highly dependent on proper nutrition
Separate Cows Based on Stage of Production
Over feeding = FAT COWS
Over feeding = FAT COWS
Underfeeding = LOSE CONDITION
Body Condition Scoring???
≤3 4 5 ≥60
102030405060708090
100
BCS
Preg
nanc
y Ra
te, %
4
5Kunkle et al., 1998
Available Forages
• Hay produced– Storage
– Testing
– Inventory
L. Stewart, UGA Extension
TEST FORAGES!!!!
Hay Cutting Production Phase
1. CP 14% Dry CowTDN 60%
2. CP 10% Late GestationTDN 55%
3. CP 6% Early LactationTDN 47%
Lick Tanks, Tubs, and Blocks
Advantage:1. Convenient2. Reduced Labor3. Additional minerals
and vitamins
Disadvantage???4. Intake?5. Adequate nutrients?6. Affordable?
RUMEN
Microbial Crude Protein ProductionNitrogen“Mortar”
Energy “Bricks”
CrudeProtein
Energy
SMALL INTESTINE
Byproduct Feeding
• What's available• Price
– Evaluate on DM basis– Look at $/nutrient
• Handling / Storage• Minerals
Potential Byproducts
1. Grain• Corn gluten feed• Distiller’s grains• Soy Hulls• Wheat middlings
2. Cotton• Whole seed• Gin trash• Hulls
3. Sugar and starch production• Cane, beet & corn molasses• Salvage candy
4. Vegetable• Cull vegetables
SMALL INTESTINE
RUMENSources of Energy
Fiber Starch
Effect of Increasing Corn on Hay Intake and Digestibility
Corn, lbs/day
None 2.2 4.4 6.6
Hay DMI lbs 19.3 18.0 14.1 11.2
DOMI, lbs 7.5 8.4 7.1 7.3
Hay OM Digest, % 36.5 35.1 23.6 18.9
Oklahoma State, 1987 JAS 65:557
Effect of Increasing Soybean Hulls on Hay Intake
SH, lbs/day
None 2.2 4.4 6.6
Hay, OMI, lbs 21.4 22.3 21.6 19.9
DOMI, lbs 10.6 11.8 12.3 12.7
OM Digestibility, % 45.8 46.2 46.6 48.6
Oklahoma State, 1990 JAS 68:4319
Byproduct Feeding
• What's available• Price
– Evaluate on DM basis– Look at $/nutrient
• Handling / Storage• Minerals
Byproduct PricingIngredient $/ton % DM % CP % TDN $/lb CP $/lb TDN
SBM 48 $ 350.00 90 48 87 $ 0.405 $ 0.223
$/ton / % DM / % nutrient / 2000 lb = $/lb of nutrient
Byproduct Minerals
• Supplement Ca to forproper Ca:P ratio– Avoid urinary calculi
• Monitor sulfur levels– Avoid polioencephalmalacia– Cu deficiency
• N and P excretion– Environmental impact
How much do I feed?Stage of Production/ Requirement
Poor Forage,7% CP, 48% TDN
Average Forage,10% CP, 50% TDN
Excellent Forage,13% CP, 56% TDN
--------------------------lb supplement--------------------------Dry Pregnant
7% CP, 48% TDN
Peak Lactation
12% CP, 60% TDN
Late Lactation
9% CP, 55% TDN
-50:50 mix of corn gluten feed and soyhulls
?
How do I balance my ration?Balancer Programs:• Taurus (UC Davis) $400
– animalscience.ucdavis.edu/extension/Software/taurus/
• BRANDS (Iowa State Univ.) $200-475– www.iowabeefcenter.org/content/software_software_brands.html
Evaluator Programs:• Cattle Grower Ration Balancer (Univ. of Arkansas)
– www.aragriculture.org/livestock/beef/nutrition/spreadsheets/
• OSUNRC2002 (Oklahoma State Univ.)– www.ansi.okstate.edu/software/
How do I balance my ration?
“Those are too difficult!”“I want something for free that will balance
basic rations”
COMING SOON:UGA Basic Balancer
CONSULT WITH YOUR COUNTY EXTENSION AGENT BEFORE FEEDING!!!!!
How much do I feed?Stage of Production/ Requirement
Poor Forage,7% CP, 48% TDN
Average Forage,10% CP, 50% TDN
Excellent Forage,13% CP, 56% TDN
--------------------------lb supplement--------------------------Dry Pregnant 0 0 0
7% CP, 48% TDN
Peak Lactation 15.5 11.5 5.812% CP, 60% TDN
Late Lactation 7.6 5.8 09% CP, 55% TDN
-50:50 mix of corn gluten feed and soyhulls
Take Home Message
• Understand changing nutrient needs throughout production cycle.
• Know your forages.
• Use economic strategies when supplementation is needed.
Identification• Many feedlots utilize Electronic ID tags in their
record keeping system• Helps producer get data back on their animals• Contributes to traceability (age and source
verification)• Export markets “South Korea says it will
impose a beef tracing system on imported beef, effective December 21, 2010.”- BEEF magazine
Loss in profits from 0% NAIS participation
Export Market Loss(%)
Export market loss($/hd sold)
10% (7.31)
25% (18.25)
50% (36.47)
What records to keep?
1. Animal ID - animals must be uniquely identified
2. Cow age?3. Sire information4. Detailed calving records5. Treatment records6. Record all cattle sales