Pasture varieties used in NSW 2006-07Pasture Varieties used in NSW 2006–2007 Compiled by Bev...

Pasture Varieties used in NSW

2006 – 2007

Compiled byBev Zurbo, NSW DPI

Pasture Varieties used in NSW 2006–2007 Compiled by Bev Zurbo, Pasture Liaison Officer, NSW DPI, Wagga Wagga

Published jointly by NSW DPI and The Grassland Society of NSW Inc.

This publication is a revision of Pasture Grass, Legume and Herb Varieties used in NSW 2004–2005.

Consultative Committee: Bev Zurbo, NSW DPI

Mick Duncan, President, The Grassland Society of NSW Inc.

Acknowledgments: Special thanks to NSW DPI staff who have made major contributions to this publication; Belinda Hackney, Brian Dear, Chris Bourke, Mary-Anne Lattimore, Graham Crocker, Nigel Phillips, Carol Harris and Bill Noad. Thanks to all the other DPI agronomists and researchers who provided information.

The contributions made by Mick Duncan, The NSW Grassland Society are gratefully acknowledged.

Many seed company agronomists and representatives have contributed to this publication. Their contribution is also gratefully acknowledged.

The publication Pasture and Forage Plants for NZ by the NZ Grassland Association has been used as a basis for categorisation for some species.

Published by NSW Department of Primary Industries © State of New South Wales 2006

ISBN 0 7347 1724 5

Editing and page layout: Bill Noad

Produced by staff of the Communications Branch

NSW DPI

Dubbo and Orange, May 2006

Job No. 6569

Sponsorship: Our thanks to the following organisations and companies for sponsoring this publication:

Auswest Seeds

Ballard Seeds

The Grassland Society of NSW Inc.

Heritage Seeds

JH Williams

Michel Belair

NSW DPI

PGG

PIRSA

PlantTech Pty Ltd

Progressive Seeds

Seed Distributors

Selected Seeds

Wrightson Seeds

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CONTENTS

Introduction.................................................................... 4Map of NSW average annual rainfall ............................ 5Disclaimer/cautions........................................................ 6Plant Breeder’s Rights ................................................... 6

TEMPERATE LEGUMES Annuals Arrowleaf clover ............................................................ 7

Rose clover................................................................... ��Serradella – Hybrid ...................................................... ��Serradella – Slender ..................................................... ��Serradella – Pink (= French) ........................................ ��Serradella – Yellow ...................................................... ��

Balansa clover................................................................ 7Berseem clover............................................................... 7Biserrula ......................................................................... 7Crimson clover............................................................... 8Gland clover................................................................... 8 Medic – Barrel ............................................................... 8Medic – Burr .................................................................. 8Medic – Disc .................................................................. 8Medic – Gama................................................................ 9Medic – Hybrid ............................................................. 9Medic – Murex............................................................... 9 Medic – Snail ................................................................. 9 Medic – Sphere .............................................................. 9 Medic – Strand............................................................. 10 Persian clover............................................................... 10

Subterranean clover ..................................................... 13Woolly pod vetch ......................................................... 14Perennials Birdsfoot trefoil............................................................ 14

Strawberry clover......................................................... �8Sulla ............................................................................. �8White clover................................................................. �8

Red clover .................................................................... 14Lucerne ........................................................................ 16

TEMPERATE GRASSES Cocksfoot ..................................................................... 20

Phalaris......................................................................... ��Prairie grass.................................................................. ��Puccinellia.................................................................... ��Ryegrass – Perennial .................................................... ��Ryegrass – Short-term forage ...................................... ��

Grazing brome ............................................................. 20Pasture brome............................................................... 20Perennial veldt grass .................................................... 20

Ryegrass – Annual (Lolium rigidum)........................... 24Tall fescue .................................................................... 25Tall wheatgrass............................................................. 25Timothy ........................................................................ 25

NATIVE GRASSES Wallaby grass ............................................................... 26Mitchell grass............................................................... 26Weeping grass .............................................................. 26Kangaroo grass............................................................. 26

TROPICAL LEGUMES

Atro .............................................................................. 27

Forage peanut............................................................... �8Glycine......................................................................... �8Greenleaf desmodium .................................................. �8Lablab .......................................................................... �8Marc desmanthus ......................................................... �8Roundleaf cassia .......................................................... �8

Axillaris........................................................................ 27Burgundy bean ............................................................. 27Butterfly pea................................................................. 27Cowpea ........................................................................ 27Creeping vigna ............................................................. 27

TROPICAL GRASSES Bahia grass ................................................................... 29Blue dawn .................................................................... 29Buffel grass .................................................................. 29Creeping bluegrass....................................................... 29Digit grass .................................................................... 30Floren bluegrass (Angleton grass) ............................... 30Forest bluegrass ........................................................... 30Giant Bermuda couch grass ......................................... 31Indian bluegrass ........................................................... 31Kikuyu.......................................................................... 31Lovegrass ..................................................................... 31Molasses grass ............................................................. 31Panic – Bambatsi.......................................................... 32 Panic – Gatton.............................................................. 32 Panic – Green............................................................... 32 Paspalum ...................................................................... 33Purple pigeon grass ...................................................... 33Rhodes grass ................................................................ 33Saraji sabigrass............................................................. 33Setaria .......................................................................... 34Strickland fingergrass................................................... 34

PASTURE HERBS Chicory......................................................................... 35Plantain ........................................................................ 35

APPENDICES I National seed quality standards

for certified seed................................................... 37II Reading a seed certification label......................... 38III Average seed counts for major

pasture species ..................................................... 39IV Characteristics of lucerne varieties ...................... 40V Characteristics of subterranean clover varieties... 42VI Veterinary notes on livestock disorders

associated with pasture species ............................ 43VII Points to consider when making up a

pasture mixture..................................................... 46VIII Further information – publications available ....... 47IX Contact details for seed suppliers......................... 50

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This guide provides information on species and varieties/brands of pasture grasses, legumes and some herbs used in pastures. Forage and fodder crops are not covered with the exception of lucerne, chicory, plantain, Lablab, burgundy bean, Butterfly pea and ryegrass, all of which have a primary role in pastures as well as being used as forage/ fodder crops. For information on species such as forage sorghums, millets, chou moellier, rape, and winter cereals, contact your District Agronomist or seed company agronomist or representative.

Species description/ Sowing rate The sowing rate is for dryland areas. A sowing rate for irrigated areas (or irrigated/high rainfall or irrigated /tablelands areas) is included where the species is suited to these situations.

The sowing rates given cover a wide range of circumstances. Use the lower rates in lower rainfall situations, and the higher rates for high rainfall or irrigation.

In mixtures, use the lower rates and take care with the use of high seeding rates. Species sown at high seeding rates in mixtures can be competitive especially when more than one grass is being sown.

Varieties/Brand names Varieties/brand names are listed together with suppliers and other relevant detail that may assist in selection. Use the key points provided to ascertain which variety will suit your situation.

A variety or cultivar is an assemblage of cultivated individuals that is distinguished by any character (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical or other) significant for the purpose of agriculture, forestry, or horticulture and which, when reproduced (sexually or asexually), retains its distinguishing features. Material

INTRODUCTION

registered under Plant Breeder’s Rights complies with the definition of a variety.

Where seed is sold under a brand name, it may or may not be registered as a variety.

Area of adaptation A guide as to the minimum average annual rainfall (in mm) required to grow the species is provided. Note that this will normally refer to the limit for the earliest maturing variety. It does not refer to all varieties listed.

The map provided includes annual rainfall isohyets. Check rainfall isohyets that cover your location and compare both of these against the minimum rainfall for the species listed.

(south) and (north): these identify the isohyet suited to a particular species, in the south (south) and the north (north) of the State respectively.

Main seed source The names of suppliers mentioned are based on the licensee or owner of the variety in question and are intended as a source of further information. It is not intended to provide a list of retail outlets.

Where Plant Breeder’s Rights, licensing or marketing agreements are not involved, a supplier name may be provided in some instances to give retailers or producers a contact to source the seed or information.

Certified Seed/Quality Assurance Schemes Wherever possible, use certified seed, as it is guaranteed true to type and meets strict standards including purity and germination rate. A number of seed companies produce seed under their own quality assurance schemes that provide similar assurances to certified seed. When buying seed you should also consider other physical aspects of seed quality (see appendices I–II)

Variety performance This list does not give any information as to the relative performance of a variety. You are encouraged to enquire through the nearest NSW DPI agronomist, agriculture adviser or seed company representative for comparative trial data on variety performance relevant to your area. Information on attributes listed against varieties is based on a wide range of sources including information provided by plant breeders and seed companies.

General remarks As each district spans many different environments, the comments on species/varieties are only a guide. Contact your District Agronomist or adviser for information about the suitability of the listed pasture varieties for your area.

Important: the minimum average annual rainfall provided for species is only a guide; growing conditions are extremely varied throughout the State. Other factors are often more important, and include:

• the soil’s capacity to hold moisture

• slope /aspect • elevation • livestock management. Temperate pasture species produce most of their feed during winter and spring. They tolerate cold and frost, and are widely adapted.

Tropical species are most productive during the warmer months. In New South Wales, their profitable use is limited by low effective rainfall in summer, low temperatures and frost.

Tropical pastures are confined, therefore, to the coastal districts, the northern and more northern central inland areas of the lower slopes and plains, and (with irrigation) the plains of the southern districts.

A mixture of temperate and tropical varieties suited to the area may improve the overall quality of the

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5

Figure 1. Average annual rainfall and weather districts in NSW

mixture, and give a better spread of feed across seasons. For example, tropical grasses on the North West plains are usually grown with barrel medics (a temperate species).

Some areas suited to temperate pastures can also support tropical varieties. An example is a mixture of white clover (temperate) and paspalum (tropical) in southern inland irrigated and coastal districts.

Species in mixtures with different optimum sowing times are often sown separately. For example, an

annual temperate legume may be sown with the last winter cereal crop, but the tropical grass needed in the mixture may be sown the following summer. Temperate grasses tend to produce higher quality feed than do tropical grasses at the same stage of growth, and this difference increases in pastures that are poorly managed.

Further informationA range of printed primefacts on pasture species and related subjects or information on many species is

available on the NSW DPI web page www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. Titles available appear in Appendix VIII. A list of seed sources is also available (Appendix IX).

Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Average annual rainfall (mm) based on records kept over twenty years or more

Key

UW Upper Western LW Lower Western NWP North West Plains CWP Central West Plains RI Riverina NWS North West Slopes CWS Central West Slopes SWS South West Slopes NT Northern Tablelands CT Central Tablelands ST Southern Tablelands NC North Coast HU Hunter ILL Illawarra MET Metropolitan SC South Coast

DISCLAIMER / CAUTIONS

The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (Feb 2006). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up-to-date and to check currency of the information with the appropriate officer of NSW DPI or the user’s independent adviser.

Recognising that some of the information in this document is provided by third parties, the State of New South Wales, the author and the publishers take no responsibility for the accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of any information included in the document provided by third parties.

The product and supplier trade names in this publication are supplied on the understanding that no preference between equivalent products or suppliers is intended and that the inclusion of a product or supplier does not imply endorsement by NSW DPI or The Grassland Society of NSW Inc. over any other equivalent supplier or product from another manufacturer.

The publishers apologise for omitting the name of any product or seed supplier from this publication. Please advise The Grassland Society of NSW Inc. or NSW DPI, so that inclusion can be considered for the next edition.

Animal health disorders Pasture improvement may be associated with an increase in the incidence of certain livestock health disorders. Livestock and production losses from some disorders are possible. Management may need to be modified to minimise risk. Consult your veterinarian or adviser when planning pasture improvement (see Appendix VI).

Native vegetation Legislation covering conservation of native vegetation may regulate some pasture improvement practices where existing pasture contains native species. Inquire through your office of the Department of Natural Resources for further details.

PLANT BREEDER’S RIGHTS

The symbol indicates that a variety is protected by Plant Breeder’s Rights (PBR).

PBR is applied for and granted to plant breeders under The Plant Breeder’s Rights Act of 1994. It is a type of copyright which protects the breeder’s ‘invention’ of a new and uniquely different plant variety. It provides the right of commercialisation of this ‘new’ variety and as a flow-on, via grower contracts, provides for the collection of royalties at one point during the production cycle.

PBR protection is normally valid for up to 20 years and under registration, the breeder has the exclusive right to sell, produce or reproduce, import, export and hold stock of the variety. Purchase of a PBR protected seed variety means that for individual farmers there are restrictions.

The major restriction to those who purchase seed of a PBR protected line is that the current seed or the produce of subsequent harvests cannot be sold as seed for sowing, without permission from the breeder or his agent.

This restriction includes seed sale and trading between farmers. There are however exemptions to these restrictions. Firstly seed may be held over on-farm for own use. PBR protected lines may also be used on-farm by either or both partners in a bona fide share cropping situation.

Do not rely on logos or a listing under PBR in this publication. Always check with the PBR office as to the registration status of a variety if you intend selling seed of that variety.

For more information on Plant Breeder’s Rights contact the Plant Breeders Right’s Office on (02) 6272 4228 or web site www. ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr/index.shtml

6

TEMPERATE LEGUMES

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ARROWLEAF CLOVER (Trifolium vesiculosum)An annual mainly spring –summer growing legume, adapted to a wide range of soil types. Avoid soils with pH(Ca) greater than �.5. Hard seeded. Good soil moisture is needed in spring for its potential to be reached. Sown in mixtures for short-medium-term pastures or as a component of high-density legume crops. Minimum average rainfall

for the species: 400 mm in Southern NSW, 500 mm in Northern NSW. Sowing rates 1–4 kg/ha in a mixture with species such as sub clover. Inoculant C

Select varieties on the basis of:

• Maturity: earlier maturing varieties suited to drier more marginal areas.

Seed available:

Variety/brand Main Seed Source

Early maturing

Cefalu Seedmark/PlantTech

Late maturing

Seelu Publicvariety ZuluII Seedmark/PlantTech Zulumax SeedDistributors

BALANSA CLOVER (Trifolium michelianum)A self-regenerating annual legume that grows mainly in spring. Suited to soils of pH (Ca) 4.5–�.0. Tolerates waterlogging. Resists clover scorch and root rot.

Slow early growth but increases rapidly in late winter and spring as temperatures rise. Produces good quality hay. It has a high proportion of hard seeds. Sow in autumn (dryland) with good moisture or early autumn (irrigated). Sowing rate: 2–5 kg/ha. 0.5–1.0 kg/ha when used in mixtures, 5 kg/ha when used as a 1-year forage crop

Minimum average rainfall for the species: 350 mm Southern NSW, 650 mm in Northern NSW. Inoculant Group C


• Maturity: Earlier maturing varieties are suited to drier more marginal areas.

• Seasonal growth: Select varieties to match feed requirements (seek local trial results if available).

Seed available:


Early maturing

Frontier Seedmark/PlantTech Enduromax SeedDistributors Enduro SeedDistributors

Mid season maturity

Paradana Publicvariety Taipan Auswest/KeithSeeds

Late season maturity

Bolta Seedmark/PlantTech Viper Auswest/KeithSeeds

BERSEEM CLOVER (Trifolium alexandrinum)

Annual, growing in autumn, winter and spring. Used as an annual forage crop. Suited to fertile, neutral pH soils. Sow as a pure stand or in mixtures as a high density legume crop in late February to early April. Minimum average rainfall for the species: 600 mm in Southern NSW, �50 mm in Northern NSW.

Sowing rate: 15–25 kg/ha, mixtures 2–6 kg/ha. Inoculant Group B


• Maturity: • Disease resistance: Resistance

to diseases may be important in your situation i.e. clover scorch, phytophthora root rot, pythium rot, leaf rust – check local requirements for the need for resistance.

BISERRULA (Biserrula pelecinus) Sowing rate 1–3 kg/ha. Inoculant A hard seeded, autumn, winter in mixtures with serradella and sub WSM 149� and spring growing legume. It has clover. Minimum average rainfall Variety/brand name: Casbah performed well on lighter textured for biserrula – 400 mm in Southern (Seedmark/PlantTech, Ballard soils and will tolerate soil acidity. It NSW 525 mm in Northern NSW. Seeds); Mauro has a deep root system. Usually sown Sow autumn.

(Ballard Seeds, Seedmark/PlantTech)

Seed available:


Mid season to late maturing

Carmel(‘Multicut’) Publicvariety EliteII Seedmark/ PlantTech Memphis MichelBelair Alexandria SeedDistributors

�

Seed available:


High hard seed levels Santiago Publicvariety

Moderate hard seed levels Scimitar Seedmark/PlantTech Cavalier SeedDistributors

Caliph Seedmark/PlantTech, AWBSeeds SeedDistributors

Seed available:


Mid – late season, moderately hard seeded, blue-green aphid tolerant Paraggio Publicvariety

Mid – late season, high hard seeded, blue-green aphid tolerant Sephi Publicvariety Jester Seedmark/PlantTech

Mid – late season, high hard seeded, aphid susceptible Jemalong Publicvariety

Mid season, high hard seeded, blue-green aphid tolerant Mogul AWBSeeds SeedDistributors

Short season, high hard seeded, blue-green aphid tolerant

CRIMSON CLOVER (Trifolium incarnatum)Annual, soft seeded self-regenerating Minimum average rainfall for the Varieties available: autumn, winter, spring growing aerial species: 450 mm Southern NSW, 650 Caprera (Seedmark/PlantTech) legume. Used for grazing, silage and mm Northern NSW. Sow in autumn Blaza hay production. It is suited to low at 1–4 kg/ha in mixtures, �–10 kg/ha fertility soils and tolerant of low pH. when sown as a pure stand. Inoculant Erect, good early season growth. Group C. Susceptible to blue-green aphid.

(Seedmark/PlantTech)

Both varieties are soft seeded, and mid-late season relative to sub clover mid to late maturity.

GLAND CLOVER (Trifolium glanduliferum)A self-regenerating, semi-erect Growth period similar to early 3�5 mm in Southern NSW to 550 annual legume, suitable to neutral maturing sub clovers (e.g. Dalkeith). mm in Northern NSW. Inoculant to mildly acid soils. The major Useful in mixtures with other Group C advantage of gland clover is its temperate legumes or lucerne. Variety: Prima (Ballard Seeds, resistance to red legged earth mite Produces high seed yields. Sowing Premier Seeds, New Seeds, Auswest and aphids. Resistant to scorch. rate 2–4 kg/ha. Minimum average Seeds, Seedmark/PlantTech) Moderately tolerant of waterlogging. annual rainfall for this species

BARREL MEDIC (Medicago truncatula)

Self regenerating annuals growing Select varieties on the basis of: mainly in autumn, winter and spring. • Maturity: Use earlier maturing Best suited to neutral to alkaline soils varieties in drier more marginal in lower rainfall areas of wheat belt areas of medic zone. and further west.

• Adaptation to soil type: JeSuited to long-term pastures. Sow malong, Jester are particularly on good moisture between mid-April suited to red clay loams, Mogul and end of May. Minimum average adapted to heavy alkaline soils. rainfall for the species: 2�5 mm • Hard seed: Use high hard seed in Southern NSW and 400 mm in levels where persistence is Northern NSW. needed. Sowing rate: 2–6 kg/ha. Inoculant • Aphid resistance: Blue-green Group AM aphid tolerance highly desirable.

• Yield and persistence: Seek local trial information where available.

BURR MEDIC (Medicago polymorpha var brevispina)A self regenerating annual legume growing mainly in the autumn, winter and spring. It differs from naturalised burr medic in having spineless pods. It has a high seed yield, however it is susceptible to blue-green aphid, a pest that can cause considerable damage to susceptible medics in western NSW.

It has been grown in other states on a wide range of soil types from mildly acid red brown sandy loams to red clay loams. Its area of adaptation in NSW is likely to be similar to that for Caliph barrel medic. Sowing rates, 2–5 kg/ha. Inoculant Group AM

DISC MEDIC (Medicago tornata)This medic demonstrates high high levels of hard seed and grows Seed available: Tornata (Seed seedling vigour. High forage quality well on neutral to slightly acid soils. Distributors) and hay production. Higher rate of This variety is mid maturing and seed set than most other medics. suited to areas with rainfall in excess Heavy grazing should be avoided of 350 mm. Seeding rate of during flowering and pod fill. Has 10–15kg/ha. Inoculant Group AL

�

GAMA MEDIC (Medicago rugosa)A self regenerating annual legume Gama medic has vigorous seedlings Group AM growing mainly in the autumn, but is intolerant of heavy grazing Seed available: Paraponto (Public winter and spring. It is suited to the pressure. It is very tolerant of variety) western edge of the cropping zone blue-green aphid, and tolerant of (similar area to Cyprus barrel medic) spotted alfalfa aphid pre flowering. and to calcarious clay and loam soils. Sowing rates, 2–4 kg/ha. Inoculant

HYBRID MEDIC

This is a hybrid between disc medic sandy soils, especially deep sandy for the variety, 2�5 mm in Southern (Medicago tornata ) and strand soil types. Early maturing. Usually NSW. Inoculant Group AL medic (Medicago littoralis). Similar used in mixtures. Resistant to blue- Variety: Toreador to disc medic in performance. It has green aphid. Sowing rate: 3–� kg/ha. been selected for neutral to alkaline Minimum average annual rainfall

(Seedmark/ PlantTech)

MUREX MEDIC (Medicago murex)

Self-regenerating annuals. Grows of similar maturity, murex has a rainfall for the species: 500 mm mainly in winter and spring. Suited higher proportion of hard seeds, Southern NSW. Inoculant Group AM to long-term pastures. Sow on good stays greener for longer (particularly Sowing rate: 2–6 kg/ha. moisture between mid-April and during a dry spring), and the residue end of May. Suited to a soil pH (Ca) breaks down more slowly over Variety: Zodiac (Public variety) of 4.5 and above. Compared with summer. Regeneration in subsequent subterranean clovers (see below) years is variable. Minimum average

SNAIL MEDIC (Medicago scutellata)

Self regenerating annuals. Grows the soil (best on self-mulching soils). mainly in autumn, winter and spring. Moderately acceptable to stock. Best suited to neutral to alkaline soils Minimum average rainfall for the in lower rainfall areas of wheat belt species: 400 mm Southern NSW; 500 and further west. mm Northern NSW. Sowing rate: 3–�

kg/ha. Inoculant Group AM Suited to long-term pastures. Sow on good moisture between mid-April Select varieties on the basis of: and end of May. Resists spotted • Maturity: Use earlier maturing alfalfa aphid; tolerates blue-green varieties in drier more marginal aphid. It has vigorous seedlings and areas of medic zone. good growth in the first year. Variable • Yield and persistence: Seek local regeneration from seed reserves in trial information where available.

SPHERE MEDIC (Medicago sphaerocarpus) Self-regenerating annual. It is semi hard seed suitable for crop rotations. species: 350 mm Southern NSW. prostrate to erect and can remain It is tolerant of acid soils, although Sow in autumn at � kg/ha. Inoculant green longer into the season than not quite as tolerant as murex medic. Group AM other annual legumes of similar Tolerant of red legged earth-mite. Seed available: Orion (Ballard flowering time. Moderate level of Minimum average rainfall for the Seeds)

Seed available:


Early flowering

Sava Publicvariety Silver AWBSeeds/ SeedDistributors

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• Hard seed levels: High hard seed • Maturity: The earlier the maturity levels enhance long-term persist- the better suited to lower rainfall ence; softer seeded types enhance areas of the adapted zone. regeneration especially in the year • Yield and persistence: Seek local after establishment. trial information where available.

Seed available:

Variety Aphid resistance Main Seed Source

Mid season, hard seeded Harbinger Susceptibletoblue-greenaphid Publicvariety

Mid season, moderately hard seeded HarbingerAR Tolerantofblue-greenaphid Publicvariety

Early maturing, moderately hard seeded Herald Tolerantofblue-greenaphid AWBSeeds,SeedDistributors Angel Seedmark/PlantTech Jaguar KeithSeeds/Auswest

STRAND MEDIC (Medicago littoralis)

Self regenerating annual. Grows mainly in winter and spring. Best suited to neutral to alkaline soils in lower rainfall areas of wheat belt and further west.

Suited to long-term pastures. Sow on good moisture between mid-April and end of May. Strand medic is only suited to well-drained soils of sandy texture in low rainfall country.

Minimum average rainfall for the species: 2�5 mm Southern NSW. Sowing rate: 2–6 kg/ha. Inoculant Group AL


• Aphid resistance: Blue /green aphid tolerance desirable.

PERSIAN CLOVER (Trifolium resupinatum)An autumn and winter spring growing annual with excellent tolerance to waterlogging. Persian clover is moderately tolerant of salinity being superior to subterranean clover but inferior to lucerne in that respect.

Used as a fodder/forage crop; good feed value as hay, pasture or standing hay. Also used as a component in high-density legume crops in cropping rotations.

Good regrowth after grazing. It is suitable in mixtures with short-term ryegrasses. Sow in mid-late autumn (dryland) or early February (irrigated). Sowing rate: 4–10 kg/ha.

There are 2 types of Persian clover: Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum has a more prostrate habit, thinner stems and smaller leaflets. Used in dryland pastures. Hard seed and seed yields are higher than majus. Flowering and maturity are mostly earlier than majus types. Minimum average annual rainfall for this group of Persian clovers is 450 mm (Southern NSW). Inoculant Group O

Trifolium resupinatum var. majus has an erect habit, thick hollow stems and large leaflets. Hard seed level is very low at one to two per cent. Flowering and maturity is mostly late. Used in high density legume crops. Minimum average annual rainfall for this

group of Persian clovers is 450 mm (Southern NSW).


• Use pattern: Short-term or medium to long-term pasture or high density annual forage as outlined above.

• Maturity: Later maturing varieties for irrigation and high rainfall.

• Hard seed levels: Higher hard seed levels confer better regeneration potential. Use soft seeded

Seed available:

varieties with no or low hard seed levels for annual forage crop, those with high hard seed levels for self-regenerating pastures.

• Seasonal production: Select varieties to match feed requirements (check local trial information if available).

• Disease resistance: Varieties differ in their resistance to disease. Check local information on the need to have resistance in varieties. Of importance is leaf and stem rust, clover scorch and phytophthora root rot.

Variety/brand Comment Main Seed Source

1.Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum–self-regenerating,prostratetosemi prostratetypes–suitableforshort-term–long-termpastures

Early to mid season, high hard seed levels Prolific Toleranttocloverscorchand Seedmark/PlantTech Phytophthorarootrot BallardSeeds

NitroPlus Resistanttocloverscorchand Seedmark/PlantTech Phytophthorarootrot Sardi SeedDistributors

Mid season, high hard seed levels Kyambro Tolerancetoleafrust,stemrust Seedmark/PlantTech andcloverscorch

2. Trifolium resupinatum var. majus–Annualsemierecttoerecttypes,suitable forforage/foddercrops.KnowninsomeareasasShaftalclover.

Mid season, no hard seed Lightning Tolerancetocloverscorch, Seedmark/PlantTech susceptibletoleafrust

Late season, low hard seed levels Maral Susceptibletoleafrust Publicvariety Morbulk Resistanttocloverscorch Seedmark/PlantTech Laser Tolerancetoleaf/stemrust,clover Seedmark/PlantTech scorchandPhytophthorarootrot Turbo SeedDistributors Turboplus MichelBelair Anchor Auswest/KeithSeeds

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ROSE CLOVER (Trifolium hirtum) An annual self-regenerating legume Commonly used in mixtures with 650 mm in Northern NSW. Inoculant growing in autumn,winter and medics or subterranean clovers. Sow Group C spring. Suited to a wide range of soils in autumn. Sowing rate: 0.5–4 kg/ha. Variety: Hykon - Public variety,especially lighter textured soils. It is Minimum average rainfall for the (Ballard Seeds) Sardi (Seed sensitive to heavy grazing or cutting. species: 400 mm in Southern NSW to Distributors)

HYBRID SERRADELLA This variety is a hybrid between Sowing rate: 5–10 kg/ha. Minimum Variety: Grassland Spectra (Heritage yellow and pink serradella. Suited average rainfall for the species: 500 Seeds)to light textured soils and tolerant of mm in Southern NSW to 600 mm in soil aluminium. It is late maturing. Northern NSW. Inoculant Group S

SLENDER SERRADELLA (Ornithopus pinnatus)As for yellow serradella but suited species: 400 mm in Southern NSW Seed available: to less well-drained soils. Useful to 450 mm Northern NSW. Sow Jabala (Public variety) in mixtures with yellow serradella. in autumn at 0.5–2.0 kg pod/ha Minimum average rainfall for the Inoculant Group S

PINK SERRADELLA (Ornithopus sativus)= French serradella As for yellow serradella. Soft seeded winter growth. Pod should be sown varieties are suited to short-term at 7–10 kg/ha, dehulled bare seed at production (1–2 years), or in pasture 2–4 kg/hamixes to improve the production Minimum average annual rainfall in the initial years of the pasture. for the species: 350 mm in Southern New hard seeded varieties may NSW to 400 mm Northern NSW.improve persistance. Early to mid season maturity with improved

Seed available:


Soft seeded erect growth habit Cadiz Ballard Seeds Seedmark/PlantTech Hard seeded, prostrate growth habit Erica Ballard Seeds Seedmark/PlantTech

Hard seeded, erect growth habit Margurita Ballard Seeds

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Advertisement removed to aid download

Seed available:


Mid – late season, high hard seed levels

Avila Public variety

Early – mid season, high hard seed levels

Elgara Public variety Madeira Public variety

Early season, medium hard seed levels

King G N Lummis Ballard Seeds

Early season, high hard seed levels

Santorini Seedmark/PlantTech Ballard Seeds Charano Ballard Seeds

Very early season, high hard seed level

Yelbeni Ballard Seeds

YELLOW SERRADELLA (Ornithopus compressus)A self-regenerating annual legume, Enhanced pod is also available (this growing in autumn, winter and is partially processed and consists spring. Suited to deep, sandy, acid of a mix of pod and clean seed). soils with moderate to high levels Inoculant Group S of exchangeable aluminium (except Select varieties on the basis of: cv. Madeira). Not suited to poorly drained or waterlogged soils. • Maturity: Earlier maturing varie-

ties suit drier more marginal areas, Seed with hull removed is preferred, late varieties suit high rainfall if available. Podded seed will need areas.to undergo a breakdown period and • Hard seed levels: Medium hard hence establishment will be slow. seed levels tend to increase second Mixtures of varieties of different year production. maturities and hard seed levels are • Soil aluminium: All varieties useful. Sow in autumn. have high tolerance to exchange-Minimum average rainfall for the able soil aluminium except Ma-species: 400 mm Southern NSW, deira (low tolerance) and Elgara 450 mm Northern NSW. Sowing (moderate to high tolerance). rate: Seed in pod 2–10 kg/ha, Note: Elgara seed may be in short dehulled cleaned seed 0.5–3.0 kg/ha. supply.

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Seed available:

Variety/brand Comments Main Seed Source

Subterraneum sub species–Varietiesparticularlysuitedtoacidtoneutralsoils

Very late maturing, very low hard seed levels Leura Partiallyresistanttorootrot, WrightsonSeeds susceptibletoscorch

Mid – late maturing, low hard seed levels Denmark Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Seedmark/PlantTech resistanttoscorch

Karridale Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Publicvariety moderatelyresistanttoscorch

Mid – late season, moderate hard seed levels Goulburn Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Wrightsons resistanttoscorch

Mid season, low hard seed levels Woogenellup SusceptibletorootrotandscorchPublicvariety

Mid season, moderate hard seed levels Junee Susceptibletorootrot, Publicvariety resistanttoscorch

Coolamon PremierSeeds,Auswest

Mid season, high hard seed levels Campeda Seedmark/PlantTech

Early – mid season, very high hard seed levels York Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Seedmark/PlantTech susceptibletoscorch

Early – mid season, moderate hard seed levels SeatonPark Resistanttorootrot,susceptible Publicvariety toscorch

Early season, high hard seed levels Urana Resistantcloverscorch AuswestSeeds PremierSeeds Losa Seedmark/PlantTech Dalkeith Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Publicvariety susceptibletoscorch Dalsa Partiallyresistanttorootrot, SeedDistributors susceptibletoscorch

Very early season, high hard seed levels Nungarin SusceptibletorootrotandscorchPublicvariety Izmir PremierSeeds,Auswest BallardSeeds

Brachycalycinum sub species–Varietiesparticularlysuitedtoneutraltoalkaline soils

Mid season, low hard seed levels Clare SusceptibletorootrotandscorchPublicvariety Clare2 Resistantleafrustandleafspot, SeedDistributors someresistancetocloverscorch

Mid season, moderate hard seed levels Antas Seedmark/PlantTech Koala SeedDistributors

Early– mid season moderate hard seed levels Rosedale Susceptibletorootrot, Seedmark/PlantTech moderatelyresistanttoscorch Mintaro Seedmark/PlantTech

Yaninnicum sub species–Varietiesparticularlysuitedtopoorlydrained waterloggedsoils

Late season, moderate hard seed levels Meteora Partiallyresistanttorootrot, Publicvariety resistanttoscorch Napier Resistanttorootrot, Seedmark/PlantTech resistanttoscorch

Mid season, moderate hard seed levels Gosse Resistanttorootrotandscorch Seedmark/PlantTech

Riverina Resistanttorootrotandscorch PremierSeeds,Auswest

Early – mid season, low hard seed levels

Trikkala Partiallyresistantrootrot, Publicvariety moderatelyresistanttoscorch

SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum) A self-regenerating annual. Grows mainly in autumn, winter and spring. Suited to moderately acid to neutral soils. Best suited legume for large areas of southern New South Wales. Resists grazing as seeds are buried.

Ensure reliable seed set and improved persistence by using the most suitable variety for a particular district. Mixtures of varieties can be used to take advantage of extended seasons, for example, by including a slightly longer-season (later maturing) variety, and improve persistence by including a slightly shorter-season (early maturing) variety that has a higher proportion of hard seed. (The subterranean clover varieties are listed from late to early maturity). Sow in early to late autumn.

Minimum average rainfall for the species: 3�5 mm Southern NSW to 600 mm Northern NSW. Sowing rate: 4–10 kg/ha. Inoculant Group C


• Type of sub clover: Subterranean sub clovers are adapted to neutral to moderately acid soils; Brachycalycinum sub clovers are best suited to neutral to alkaline soils; Yanninicum types of sub clover are especially suited to poorly drained waterlogged soils.

• Hard seed levels: High hard seed levels are desirable where persistence is needed in drier parts of the sub clover zone. Low levels suit higher rainfall areas with late maturing varieties (see Appendix V).

• Maturity: Use earlier maturing varieties in drier more marginal areas, and later maturing varieties where spring rainfall is reliable (see Appendix V).

• Phytophthora root rot: Root rot tolerance is important in poorly drained soils in high rainfall areas and under irrigation. There are three known races of Phytophthora root rot. Varieties with resistance to less than all three races are designated as partially resistant in the table.

• Production potential: Especially winter production (very depend-

TEMPERATE LEG

UM

ES

13

Seed available:

Variety Main Seed Source

Low hard seeded

Capello Seedmark/PlantTech

High hard seeded

HaymakerPlus Seedmark/PlantTechNamoi Publicvariety

ent on plant density). Long season • Oestrogen levels: Do not grow infertility. All listed varieties have production is important where late older varieties as some varieties low levels and are unlikely to spring conditions occur or where (e.g. Dwalganup, Yarloop) can cause clover disease in sheep. irrigation is available – seek local have high levels of plant oestro • Other diseases: e.g. clover scorch results where available gens that may result in livestock in particular may be a problem in

higher rainfall districts.

WOOLLY POD VETCH (Vicia villosa)Self regenerating annual type of primarily as forage crops rather than vetch. Grows in autumn, winter and for self regenerating pastures. spring. Suited to a wide range of Sow in autumn. Sowing rate: 4–10 soil types, especially well-drained kg/ha. Minimum average rainfall for soils. Does not tolerate waterlogging. the species: 550 mm Southern NSW, Tolerates soils with moderate levels 650 mm Northern NSW. Inoculant of exchangeable soil aluminium. Group E It can be a weed problem in winter crops. Forage crop vetches are also Select varieties on the basis of: available. Note that some other • Hard seed levels: Soft varieties species of vetch are marketed that are are useful for short crop rotanot self- regenerating and are used tions. Increasing hard seed levels

increase regeneration potential.

Perennials

BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus)Variety: Grasslands Goldie (Cropmark Seeds)

Summer active perennial legume needed for long-term persistence. especially suited to acidic and lower Sow in autumn at 2–3 kg/ha. fertility soils. Low bloat risk. Plants Minimum average rainfall for the generally short-lived, reseeding species: �00 mm. Inoculant Group S

• Productivity: Especially in winter (consult local trial results if available)

RED CLOVER Seed available:

(Trifolium pratense)

A short-term (2–3 years) perennial legume. Most growth occurs in summer and autumn. Best suited to well-drained, fertile, slightly acid to neutral soils. Suited to high rainfall with a good proportion of it during summer. Performs best in cool coastal and tablelands areas. Some

Variety/brand Comment* Main Seed Source

Early maturing diploids

GrasslandsHamua(‘Cowgrass’) Highoestrogen Publicvariety

GrasslandsSensation Mediumoestrogen PGGSeeds

GrasslandsColenso Mediumoestrogen PGGSeeds

Doublecut Mediumoestrogen SeedDistributors

Early maturing stoloniferous diploids

Astred Lowoestrogen WrightsonSeeds

GrasslandsBroadway PGGSeeds

Mid season maturing diploids

Redquin Lowoestrogen Publicvariety

Renegade Mediumoestrogen WrightsonSeeds

CeresClaret Mediumoestrogen PGGSeeds

Late season diploids

GrasslandsTuroa Highoestrogen Publicvariety

Late season tetraploids

GrasslandsPawera Highoestrogen Publicvariety

varieties also used in irrigated pasture mixtures.

Susceptible to root rot. Sow in autumn or spring (irrigation/ tablelands).

Minimum average rainfall for the species: �00 mm in the Southern NSW to �00 mm in Northern NSW. Sowing rate: 1–4 kg/ha. Inoculant Group B


• Oestrogen level: Oestrogen can adversely affect performance of breeding stock. (Red clover oestrogen is used in the pharmaceutical trade.)

*AfterCharltonDandStewartA,(2000)PastureandforagePlantsforNewZealand, NZGrasslandAssoc.

• Maturity: Earlier types usually demand – especially winter provide earlier feed in the spring. growth. See local trial data if

• Ploidy: Tetraploid types tend to available. have larger leaves than diploid • Stoloniferous habit: May assist types. spread and increase persistence.

• Seasonal growth: Select high productivity to match livestock

14


Seed available:


Winter dormant

54HQ53 SeedDistributors

Sardi5 HeritageSeeds

Summergraze SeedDistributors

Semi winter–dormant

Grasslands WrightsonSeeds Kaituna

HunterRiver Publicvariety

L55 SeedDistributors


Venus Seedmark/PlantTech

WL342HQ-MF WrightsonSeeds

Winter – active

Aurora Publicvariety

Genesis Seedmark/PlantTech

Hallmark KeithSeeds/Auswest

Hunterfield Publicvariety

Quadrella KeithSeeds/Auswest

SARDiSEVEN HeritageSeeds

SuperAurora SeedGenetics Australia, AuswestSeeds

Trifecta Publicvariety

UQL-1 KeithSeeds/Auswest

WL525HQ WrightsonSeeds

WL414 WrightsonSeeds

Q75 SeedDistributors

LUCERNE (Medicago sativa)

Widely grown perennial legume with its main growth in spring, summer and autumn. It is best suited to a wide range of well-drained, slightly acid to alkaline soils (pH (Ca) 5.2–�.5). Drought resistant. For good persistence it must be grazed or cut on rotation. Can dry out soil profiles to depth.

Usually sown in autumn or in spring (irrigated) when the soil temperature is high enough and there is sufficient moisture for establishment.

Sowing rate: dryland 1–5 kg/ha; irrigated 10–15 kg/ha.

Minimum average rainfall for the species: 3�5 mm Southern NSW and 400 mm Northern NSW. Inoculant Group AL


Late autumn/winter growth: Select winter activity where winter feed/production is important, where seedling vigour is essential and where persistence is of secondary importance over short-term production. Semi winter dormant and winter dormant types tend to be more persistent under grazing systems that do not allow for adequate rest.

Insects

• Spotted alfalfa aphid: Do not grow any variety that is not resistant to spotted alfalfa aphid. Not all varieties marketed are resistant (e.g. Hunter River).

• Blue-green aphid: Resistance is highly desirable. Not all varieties marketed have resistance (e.g. Hunter River).

Diseases Resistance to disease is of much greater importance when lucerne is grown under irrigation than when grown dryland.

• Phytophthora root rot: Resistance is essential under irrigation and desirable on poorly drained soil types dryland.

• Anthracnose: Desirable to have at least moderate resistance under irrigation and in humid environments. (Note that Anthracnose is the stem symptom of the disease Colletotrichum crown rot).

• Bacterial wilt: Resistance is desirable on some river systems only (seek local advice).

• Stem nematode: Resistance desirable on some river systems only (seek local advice).

Potential hay quality: Highly winter active varieties may be more stalky especially as lucerne stands thin.

Local productivity and persistence: Consult local trial information if available.

See Appendix IV for ratings on winter growth, insects and diseases.

Highly winter-active

Aquarius Seedmark/PlantTech

CropperNine WrightsonSeeds

Cropper9.5 WrightsonSeeds

CUF101 Publicvariety


SARDiTEN HeritageSeeds

Sequel Publicvariety

SequelHR KeithSeeds/Auswest

SuperSequel SeedGenetics, AuswestSeeds

Siriver Publicvariety

SuperSiriver SeedGenetics, (Australis) AuswestSeeds

Sirivermk11 KeithSeeds/Auswest

Wintergraze SeedDistributors

Multileaf SeedDistributors generation

Multifoli8 WrightsonSeeds

WL925HQ WrightsonSeeds

Silverado MichelBelair

16


Seed available:


Large – leaved

Haifa Publicvariety

KopuII WrightsonSeeds

Osceola WrightsonSeeds

Quest Seedmark/PlantTech

SuperHaifaSeedGeneticsAustralia AuswestSeeds

SuperLadinoSeedGeneticsAustralia AuswestSeeds

Waverley Seedmark/PlantTech

WillLadino PGGSeeds

Trifolsweet MichelBelair

Tamarmax SeedDistributors

Medium – large leaved

GrasslandsNuSiralPGGSeeds

GrasslandsTribute PGGSeeds

Bounty WrightsonSeeds

Medium – leaved

GrasslandsDemandCropmarkSeeds

GrasslandsHuia Publicvariety

GrasslandsPitau Publicvariety

Irrigation Publicvariety

Mink HeritageSeeds

Sustain HeritageSeeds

Small – leaved, medium stolon density

GrasslandsPrestige PGGSeeds

GrasslandsTahora WrightsonSeeds

Star SeedDistributors

GrasslandsNomadPGGSeeds

STRAWBERRY CLOVER (Trifolium fragiferum) A perennial similar in growth habit rainfall areas. Sow in autumn Varieties available: to white clover but not as productive (dryland) or autumn or spring Palestine (Public variety)overall. Most growth in spring, (irrigated). Sowing rate: 0.5–4 kg/ha. Grasslands Onward (PGG Seeds) summer and autumn. In saline and Inoculant Group B Grasslands Upward waterlogged conditions it is useful Minimum average rainfall for the in mixtures with white clover. It species: 600 mm Southern NSW, is useful in seepage areas in lower 650 mm Northern NSW

(Wrightson Seeds) Double cut (Seed Distributors)

SULLA (Hedysarum coronarium)A short-term cool season perennial. alkaline soils. Is highly productive Two cultivars will be released in Suited to warm temperate, and suitable for forage, silage and 2005/06. Mediterranean and subtropical hay. Minimum average rainfall Moonbi is a prostrate variety adapted climates with warm winters. It may 400–�00 mm. Non bloating. May to grazing; Wilpena is more erect and be used as an alternate to lucerne be useful to reduce ground water adapted to silage and hay making. in rotation. Adapted to neutral to recharge.

WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens)

A perennial legume with most growth Select varieties on the basis of:

• Plant habit: Larger leaved varieties tend to be higher yielding than smaller leaved types. Note that these categories are broad and the characteristics of leaf size and stolon density are continuous (i.e. a variety listed as ‘medium’ leaf size may be between a medium and a large leaf size. Low growing types tend to be more tolerant of sheep grazing, while more erect varieties tend to be more suited to dairy cattle. The greater the stolon density the greater the variety’s ability to spread and survive, especially under close grazing (e.g. sheep vs cattle).

• Seasonal production: Overall productivity (especially winter) and persistence: Consult local trial information where available.

in spring, summer and autumn. Suited to a wide range of soils, being relatively tolerant of acidic soils. Useful species on infertile land (provided the soil is well fertilised with phosphorus and sulphur). Suited to short or medium-term pasture and irrigated areas. For survival, it needs good summer rainfall or irrigation.

It has a high nutritive value and some varieties tolerate heavy grazing. Sow on good moisture in mid autumn to early winter (dryland) and /or spring (irrigated and tablelands).

Minimum average rainfall for the species: �00 mm Southern NSW to ��5 mm Northern NSW. Sowing rate: Normally 1–2 kg/ha, with a range of 0.5–4.0 kg/ha, as a minor component of seed mixtures through to use as dense irrigated stands. Inoculant Group B

1�


20

TEMPERATE GRASSES

A tussocky perennial grass suited to low fertility soils. Tolerates acid soils. Good persistence under appropriate grazing management. Sow in autumn or spring (irrigated and tablelands). Minimum average rainfall for species: 450 mm Southern NSW, 750 mm Northern NSW.

Sowing rate: 1–3 kg/ha.


• Plant type: Varieties of Mediter-ranean origin tend to have a less erect growth habit and tolerate heavy grazing pressure better than those of European origin that are generally more erect and summer active. Mediterranean varieties have greater summer

COCKSFOOT (Dactylis glomerata) dormancy than European varie-ties. Therefore they have a greater chance of persisting in a summer dry environment (e.g. southern NSW) than a summer active variety. Intermediate types have characteristics between the two main plant types.

• Rust resistance: Check details of the resistance of varieties if located in a high rainfall area (e.g. Northern Tablelands). Rust re-duces yield, especially in autumn.

• Performance: Persistence and seasonal productivity – check lo-cal trial results where available.

Seed available:


Mediterranean type, high summer dormancy

Kasbah Seedmark/ PlantTech

Mediterranean type, moderate summer dormancy

Currie Publicvariety

Gobur Vicseeds

Intermediate type, summer active

Porto Publicvariety

GrasslandsKara PGGSeeds

GrasslandsTekapo WrightsonSeeds

Howlong HeritageSeeds

GrasslandsVision CropmarkSeeds

GrasslandsWana CropmarkSeeds

Yarck VicSeeds

Oxen SeedDistributors

Tufted perennial grass with most growth in autumn, spring and summer. Suited to light sandy soils and useful for erosion control. Sow in autumn or early spring. Sensitive to heavy grazing. Rotational grazing

PERENNIAL VELDT GRASS (Ehrharta calycina)

preferred for good persistence. Sowing rate: 0.5–3.0 kg/ha.

Average annual rainfall: 550 mm Southern NSW, 600 mm in Northern NSW

Variety: Mission (Public variety)

A perennial grass with most growth in the spring/summer period with moderate growth in winter. Suited to fertile, well-drained soils.

PASTURE BROME (Bromus valdivianus)

Sowing rate 25–30 kg/ha. Suggested minimum average annual rainfall, 600 mm in Southern NSW, 750 mm in Northern NSW

Variety: Bareno (Heritage Seeds)

A perennial grass closely related to prairie grass but finer-leaved and finer tillered but resistant to head smut. Most growth in the winter-spring. Suited to well-drained soils. It requires close frequent grazing to

GRAZING BROME (Bromus stamineus)perform well and persist.

Sow in autumn. Sowing rate: 25 kg/ha. Minimum average rainfall: 600 mm in Southern NSW to 750 mm in Northern NSW.

Variety: Grasslands Gala (PGG Seeds)

21

TEMPERATE G

RASSES

Perennial grass which grows mainly in late autumn, winter and spring. Better suited to moderate to high fertility soils. Sensitive to acid soils. Tolerates wet soils, flooding, and moderately saline soils. Very persistent with appropriate management.

All varieties can cause phalaris poisoning. Rotational grazing preferred, especially for semi erect and erect types. Sow in autumn or early spring (irrigated and tablelands).

Sowing rate: 1–3 kg/ha. Minimum annual rainfall: 525 mm Southern NSW and 700 mm in Northern NSW

Select varieties on the basis of:• Plant habit: The more prostrate

types are more competitive with weeds, and when well estab-lished tend to be more persistent. However they tend to be less productive in winter compared to erect types. Erect types require more careful grazing management techniques where persistence is a priority.

• Seedling vigour: Reducing competition from broadleaf weeds and annual grasses is vital in the establishment phase as phalaris seedlings are not very vigorous. This is particularly important in low rainfall marginal areas. Erect varieties have greater seedling

PHALARIS (Phalaris aquatica)

vigour than prostrate types.• Need for summer dormancy:

In areas where summer rainfall is infrequent and erratic summer dormancy is a defence mechanism that may enhance persistence. This is important in areas such as the northern slopes and western areas of the State.

• Phalaris poisoning potential: While all varieties can potentially cause poisoning, some have been selected to reduce the risk. In ar-eas with a known problem, selec-tion of varieties for this character-istic may assist, although livestock

management of this problem is critical.

• Acid soil tolerance: Phalaris as a species is relatively intolerant of soil acidity especially where soil aluminium is high and phospho-rus levels are low Some varieties have been developed for improved tolerance of acidic soil conditions. In marginal situations use of these varieties may improve long-term productivity and persistence.

• Performance: Seek local trial results (if available), for seasonal yields and persistence.

An annual to or short-lived perennial grass. Most growth in autumn, winter and spring. Suited to fertile, well-drained soils. Must be rotationally grazed for good production and persistence. Sow in autumn. Sowing rate: 7–60 kg/ha up

PRAIRIE GRASS (Bromus wildenowie)

to 40–60 kg/ha for under irrigation. Minimum average rainfall: 850 mm

Seed available:

Grasslands Matua (Wrightson Seeds)

Atom (PGG Seeds)

Perennial. Growth in autumn, winter and spring; dormant in summer. Tolerates saline soils better than tall wheatgrass, but is less vigorous. Tolerant of poorly drained areas. Usually sown in mixtures, with tall

wheatgrass and strawberry clover, except in very saline soils. Sow in autumn (dryland); autumn or late winter to early spring (irrigated). Puccinellia is not a highly productive grass and is sensitive to heavy grazing. Sowing rate: 3 kg/ha.

PUCCINELLIA (Puccinellia ciliata)

Minimum average annual rainfall for this species: 400 mm Southern NSW 500 mm Northern NSW.

Variety: Menemen (Puccinellia is also sold as sweet grass) – Public variety

Seed available:

Variety Comment Main Seed Source

Prostrate, semi winter dormant, low summer dormancy

Australian Publicvariety

Uneta Publicvariety

GrasslandsMaru WrightsonSeeds

AustralianII Seedmark/PlantTech

Grazier SeedDistributors

Semi erect to erect, winter active, low summer dormancy

Sirosa Publicvariety

Sirolan Publicvariety

Holdfast Improvedacidsoiltolerance Seedmark/PlantTech

Landmaster Improvedacidsoiltolerance Seedmark/PlantTech

Erect, winter active, medium to high summer dormancy

AtlasPG Seedmark/PlantTech

22

A highly nutritious winter/spring growing perennial. It is best suited to fertile soils. Low drought resistance. Short-lived on North Coast. In drier situations it suits higher altitudes. Minimum average annual rainfall 700 mm in Southern NSW, 800 mm in Northern NSW. Sowing rate: 3–20 kg/ha.


• Maturity: Earlier flowering varie-ties tend to be suited to the drier areas of the perennial ryegrass zone. These varieties tend to produce feed earlier in winter, and less yield later in spring. Later maturity enables later feed production where moisture (e.g. irrigation) and temperature permit.

• Plant type: Tetraploid types have double the number of chromo-somes that diploid types have. This characteristic means that plant cells are larger, and as a con-sequence, plant parts tend to be larger (e.g. larger leaves). There is some evidence that they are more palatable than diploid types. They produce well under high input systems of management.

• Rust resistance: On the coast and in humid growing areas, resist-ance to rust can be very important. Check with your seed source as to latest rust resistance information for your area.

• Persistence and seasonal produc-tion: Refer to local trial results (if available).

RYEGRASS – PERENNIAL (Lolium perenne)

• Endophyte: Endophyte is a fungus living within the plant and capable of producing toxins. The type of endophyte present can af-fect production and/or persistence. High endophyte ryegrass has been associated with better establish-ment and persistence, although detrimental effects including rye-grass staggers and other produc-tion losses have been attributed to the presence of specific endo-phytes. The effects in NSW have yet to be fully clarified. However, positive effects on establishment and persistence are apparent on the South Coast where black beetle is a problem. Varieties are available with or without endo-phyte.

Varieties are now available that contain novel endophyte (AR1). This endophyte may enhance production and persistence. It relies on peramine to deter insects and produces no ergovaline (potential cause of a number of livestock health disorders) and no lolitrem B (cause of ryegrass staggers). Meridian Plus AR1, Cannon AR1, Bronsyn Plus AR1 and Samson AR1 contain AR1 endophyte.

The varieties Boomer, Camel, Roper and Prolong sold under the brand ‘Staggerfree’ have no endophyte and hence no lolitrem B. Other varieties listed may or may not contain endophyte. (see NSW DPI. Agfact P2.3.9 Endophytes of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue for further information).

useful in mixtures with short-term legumes.


• Length of production period needed: (1–3 years).

• Maturity: Earlier flowering varie-ties tend to be suited to the drier areas of the perennial ryegrass zone. These varieties produce feed earlier in the winter, and less later in the spring. Later maturity enables later feed production

This large group of ryegrasses range from those suited for use as annual forage crops to varieties with a high content of perennial component which are capable of producing good yields of good quality forage under good management and growing conditions for up to 3 years. They require high fertility soil and good moisture for best results. Minimum average rainfall, 750 mm in Southern NSW, 800 mm in Northern NSW. Sowing rate: 8–25 kg/ha. 2 kg/ha

where moisture (e.g. irrigation) and temperature permit.

• Plant type: Tetraploid types have double the number of chromo-somes that diploid types have. This characteristic means that plant cells are larger, and as a con-sequence, plant parts tend to be larger (e.g. larger leaves). There is some evidence that they are more palatable than diploid types. They produce well under high input systems of management.

RYEGRASS – SHORT-TERM FORAGE

Seed available:


Very early maturing diploids

Boomer ValleySeeds

Fitzroy WrightsonSeeds

KangarooValley Publicvariety

Matilda Parkseeds

MeridianPlusAR1HeritageSeeds

Skippy Vicseeds

Drylander SeedDistributors

Everlast SeedDistributors

Early maturing diploids

Ausvic Vicseeds

Camel ValleySeeds

Kingston PGGSeeds

Roper ValleySeeds

Victorian Publicvariety

Tomson SeedDistributors

Mid season diploids

Avalon Vicseeds

Bolton Vicseeds

Grasslands PGGSeedsCommando

BronsynPlusAR1 HeritageSeeds

Cannon PGGSeeds

CannonAR1 PGGSeeds

Cowmax ValleySeedsCM105HP

Extreme WrightsonSeeds

GrasslandsNui Publicvariety

Lincoln WrightsonSeeds

Prolong ValleySeeds

Samson PGGSeeds

SamsonAR1 PGGSeeds

Late season tetraploids

Bealey HeritageSeeds

Canasta SeedDistributors

GrasslandsSterlingPGGSeeds

Optima SeedDistributors

Quartet WrightsonSeeds

23

TEMPERATE G

RASSES

• Rust resistance: On the coast and in humid growing areas, resist-ance to rust can be very important. Check with your seed source as to latest rust resistance information for your area.

• Persistence and seasonal pro-duction: refer to local trial results (if available).

• Endophyte: Endophyte is a fungus living within perennial ryegrass and capable of produc-ing toxins. The type of endophyte present can affect production and /or persistence. High endophyte ryegrass has been associated with better establishment and persist-ence, although detrimental affects including ryegrass staggers and other production losses have been attributed to the presence of specific endophytes. The effects in NSW have yet to be clari-fied although positive effects on establishment and persistence are apparent on the South Coast where black beetle is a problem.

Varieties are now available that contain novel endophyte (i.e. AR1). They are Grasslands Su-preme PlusAR1, Impact Plus AR1 and Galaxy AR1. This endophyte (AR1) relies on peramine to deter insects and produces no ergova-line (potential cause of a number of livestock health disorders) and no lolitrem B (cause of ryegrass staggers). Other varieties listed may or may not contain endo-phyte. (see NSW DPI. Agfact P2.3.9 Endophytes of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue for further information).

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Italian type hybridsThese varieties have less perennial component than Italian ryegrass, and are capable of contributing worthwhile production for 1–2 years.

These varieties/brands are limited to one year’s production only – grown as a forage crop. This group is also referred to as the Westerwolths (or Westerwolds) ryegrasses.

Annual Italian ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum)

Seed available:

Varieties/brand Main Seed Source

Early flowering diploids

Aristocrat Public

Noble ValleySeeds

Early flowering tetraploids

BettaTetila Parkseeds

Drummer Seedmark/PlantTech

GrowmorePlus Seedmark/PlantTech

NewTetila Vicseeds

Tetila(USA) Publicvariety

TetilaGold Seedmark/PlantTech

Mid season flowering diploids

CeresMissile PGGSeeds

Progrow ValleySeeds

Surrey HeritageSeeds

CeresPronto PGGSeeds

Mid season flowering tetraploids

Andy Cropmark

GrasslandsTamaPublicvariety

Robust Seedmark/PlantTech

TRex HeritageSeeds

WinterStar WrightsonSeeds

WinterStarII WrightsonSeeds

Tetrone SeedDistributors

Rocket SeedDistributors

Seed available:

Varieties/brand Main Seed Source

Mid season flowering diploid

Grasslands PGGSeedsSupremePlus

Revolution Cropmark

Grasslands PGGSeedsSupremePlusAR1

Mid season flowering tetraploid

Horizon PGGSeeds

Mid - late season flowering tetraploid

Banquet WrightsonSeeds

Barberia HeritageSeeds

Late season flowering diploid

ImpactPlusAR1 HeritageSeeds

Matrix Cropmark

Perennial type hybrids

These hybrids have more perennial component than Italian rye in their breeding. They are generally capable of 2–3 years production with potential for extended life under good management and seasonal conditions.

Matrix is a perennial ryegrass hybrid with Festuca pratensis ( meadow fescue). It has similar characteristics and management requirements to perennial ryegrass hybrids with other Lolium spp and is included in this category for these reasons.

Seed available:


Mid season flowering tetraploid

Galaxy PGGSeeds

GalaxyAR1 PGGSeeds

Crossfire Seeddistributors

Magnum Seeddistributors


MaverickGold WrightsonSeeds

These varieties are capable of producing for 1–2 years under suitable growing conditions and management.

Seed available:


Early season flowering diploid

Dargo Vicseeds

Mid season flowering diploid

Caversham WrightsonSeeds

Eclipse ValleySeeds


Concord WrightsonSeeds

Conquest WrightsonSeeds

Crusader PGGSeeds

Hulk HeritageSeeds

Grasslands PGGSeedsStatusPlus

Grasslands PGGSeedsWarrior

Mariner HeritageSeeds

MarbellaSud PGGSeeds

Tabu HeritageSeeds

Diplex SeedDistributors

Sonik Cropmark

Late season flowering tetraploid

FeastII WrightsonSeeds

Denver MichelBelair

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Annual self-regenerating aggressive winter-spring growing ryegrass. Suited to drier margin of ryegrass zone. Note that this species can be a weed in winter crops. Annual ryegrass toxicity, ergot and herbicide

RYEGRASS – ANNUAL (Lolium rigidum)

resistance can be a problem with this species. Minimum average annual rainfall: 400 mm in Southern NSW, 600 mm in Northern NSW. Usually sown at 15 kg/ha when sown alone or 5–10 kg/ha in a mixture.

Varieties: Guard (Valley Seeds) – selected for resistance to Annual Ryegrass Toxicity Wimmera (Public variety)CowMax CM108 Aristocrat 11 (Valley Seeds)Cash (Michel Belair)

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Tussocky perennial grass. It is suited to a wide range of soils and tolerant of acid and moderately saline conditions, but also tolerates short periods of flooding. It is moderately persistent and drought tolerant depending on plant type, soil type and grazing management. In drier areas it is best suited to high altitudes. Sow in autumn or spring (irrigated and tablelands).

Sowing rate: 6–15 kg/ha. Minimum annual rainfall for temperate fescue: 700 mm with a summer dominance and 450 mm (winter dominant) for Mediterranean types (see below)


• Plant type: Two types are mar-keted – temperate and Mediter-ranean. Temperate types grow vigorously in spring, summer and autumn but less in winter. They are adapted to those areas with summer dominant rainfall, higher elevation areas or under irrigation. Mediterranean types have a more pronounced winter and spring production and are dormant over summer. This means they are more tolerant of summer moisture stress than temperate types.

• Seedling vigour: Fescue is slow to establish. Varieties with improved seedling vigour may enhance establishment.

• Rust resistance: Rust can be a problem in the autumn especially

TALL FESCUE (Festuca arundinacea)

in high rainfall districts. Select varieties with high rust resistance where rust is known to be a prob-lem.

• Performance: Seek local trial results (if available), for seasonal yields and persistence.

• Endophyte: Endophyte is a fungus living within the plant and capable of producing alka-loids toxic to livestock. Current tall fescue varieties available in NSW are free of wild-type endophyte. Older varieties (pre release of Demeter) e.g. Alta and Kentucky-31 may contain high levels of wild-type endophyte. In areas with a long history of tall fescue use (pre 1960) such as the Northern Tablelands of NSW there is the potential for animal health problems associated with endophyte, however, reports of such problems are not common. It is important to note that all turf varieties of tall fescue contain wild-type endophyte.

Safe endophyte (also known as novel) varieties of tall fescue are available in NSW and are traded as MaxP. These endophytes do not produce alkaloids toxic to livestock but do produce ‘plant-friendly’ alkaloids that deter insects and have other reported benefits to the plant (see NSW DPI. Agfact P2.3.9 Endophytes of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue

for further information).

• Other factors that may be of importance are maturity, leaf di-gestibility or quality, rhizomatous spread potential.

TEMPERATE G

RASSES

A shallow rooted tufted perennial, growing in spring, summer and autumn. Grows best in high fertility, high moisture holding capacity soils in areas not prone to drought. It is

TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense)very palatable to livestock. Minimum average annual rainfall 900 mm (winter dominant). Sowing rate 1–2 kg/ha in mixtures, 5–8 kg/ha alone as the only grass.

Varieties:

Viking (PGG Seeds)

Charlton (PGG Seeds)

Tussocky perennial. Grows mainly in spring and autumn. Suited to saline, poorly drained soils. Sow in early autumn for best results (dryland) or late winter to early spring (irrigated and high rainfall). Slow to establish.

TALL WHEATGRASS (Thinopyrum ponticum) Tall growth. Useful pioneering species in saline soils. Sowing rate: 3–12 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall: 400 mm Southern NSW, 500 mm Northern NSW

Varieties:

Tyrrell (Public variety)

Dundas (Wrightson Seeds) – selected for increased feed quality.

Seed available:


Temperate type, very early flowering

AUTriumph Auswest

Dovey HeritageSeeds

Quantum WrightsonSeeds

QuantumMaxP WrightsonSeeds

Temperate type, mid – late flowering

Advance PGGSeeds

Demeter Publicvariety

JesupMaxP PGGSeeds

Lunibelle Cropmark

Typhoon PGGSeeds

Temperate type, late flowering

VulcanII WrightsonSeeds

Carmine SeedsDistributors

Mediterrranean type, mid season flowering (= ‘winter active - summer dormant types’)

FlechaMaxP PGGSeeds

Fraydo Seedmark/PlantTech

Resolute WrightsonSeeds

ResoluteMaxP WrightsonSeeds

Origin SeedDistributors

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NATIVE GRASSES

A perennial drought tolerant year-long green native grass. Will tolerate low soil fertility but will respond to fertiliser applications if soil is deficient in nutrients. Sow in late autumn/early winter, no deeper than 0.5 cm. Sowing rate: 0.3–2.0

WALLABY GRASS (Austrodanthonia spp.)

kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall; 400 mm Southern NSW, 500 mm Northern NSWSelect varieties on the basis of adaptation to soil type. Seed is very scarce and expensive.

Perennial tufted summer growing native grass with rhizomes. It is best suited to heavy grey cracking clay soils in North West NSW. Seed is best sown very shallow (< 1 cm deep) at 1–2 kg/ha in early or late

MITCHELL GRASS (Astrebla lappacea) = Curly Mitchell grass

summer. Seed should be greater than 12 months old at sowing. Note that seed is expensive and scarce (2006).

Seed available: Yanda (Native Seeds Pty Ltd)

Year-long green perennial grass that produces high quality forage. Spreads by seed and short rhizomes. Adapted to higher rainfall areas of Tablelands and alps throughout NSW. Suited to a wide range of soils, but is best on loams.

WEEPING GRASS (Microlaena stipoides) = Weeping rice grass

Seed is best sown between 1 and 2 cm deep at 3 to 5 kg/ha when soil moisture can be guaranteed following sowing. Seedling growth rate is slow for first 6 months.

Seed available: Ovens, Bremmer, Burra, Griffin (Native Seeds Pty. Ltd.)

Very widespread native grass noted for active summer growth and upright reddish coloured seedheads. Occurs naturally from alpine areas to coastal areas to dry inland in NSW. Perennial grass of great longevity which can be of good grazing value when green. Becomes rank and unpalatable if not grazed or mowed in summer.

KANGAROO GRASS (Themeda australis) syn T. triandra

Seed is very expensive as production is low and cleaning is difficult. Clean seed should be sown in spring to around 1 cm depth at 1 to 2 kg/ha into a prepared seedbed. Summer rainfall or storms are required to have it fully established prior to winter dormancy. Seedling growth is strong but plants are susceptible to grazing at early stages. Some low quality

seed sources are available, but results are very unreliable from this seed.

Seed available: Burrill (Native Seeds Pty. Ltd.)

Varieties: Taranna (A. richardsonii), suited to medium textured soils (Premier Seeds) Bunderra (A. bipartita), Heavy textured clay soils (Native Seeds P/L) Hume (Native Seeds Pty. Ltd.)

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TROPICAL LEGUMES

Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Twining habit. Suited to well-drained soils. Does not tolerate waterlogging. Tolerates

AXILLARIS (Macrotyloma axillare) drought. Moderate tolerance of frost. Has good spring growth. Resistant to amnemus weevil. Sow in mixtures with other tropical legumes. Sow in

spring to summer. Sowing rate: 0.5–1 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 1000 mm. Inoculum: Group J (CB1024) Variety: Archer (Public variety)

Perennial. Grows mainly in summer and autumn. Deep rooted. Suited to a wide range of soils. Tolerates drought but sensitive to frost. Not suited to continuous heavy grazing but once established it is more tolerant than many other tropical legumes. Suited to a wide range of growing

ATRO (Macroptilium atropurpureum) = Siratro conditions. Persistent in higher rainfall areas of NSW, sporadic performance elsewhere. Regenerates from seed reserves in the soil. Rust is a potentially important disease in sub tropical coastal areas of NSW. Sow in spring to summer. Sowing rate: 1–4 kg/ha. Minimum average annual

rainfall (summer dominant) 800 mm. Inoculum: Group M (CB756)

Varieties:

Siratro (Public variety)

Aztec (Selected Seeds) – a rust resistant selection

A new semi-erect, perennial species. Burgundy bean consists of two cultivars, Cadarga and Juanita and is deep rooted, drought tolerant, a good seeder and regenerates well both from regenerating plants and new seedlings, as it has a high proportion of soft seed. Cadarga is more upright, productive and produces more seed

BURGUNDY BEAN (Macroptilium bracteatum) than Juanita which is prostrate, has better mosaic virus resistance and longer living plants. This gives the advantage of persisting and regenerating plants.

Burgundy bean is sown at 3–7 kg/ha, at a depth of 2 cm. The seed is marketed by Heritage seeds and

comes pre-inoculated and pelleted, which accounts for higher seeding rates. Inoculum: CB1717

Varieties:

Cardarga and Juanita but sold as a pelleted seed mix by Heritage Seeds.

Variety Milgarra is a semi-twining perennial with large blue flowers. Can be heavily grazed and grows well on the heavier soil types. Performs well where lucerne is not well adapted. It does not perform

BUTTERFLY PEA (Clitoria ternatea) as well in southern Queensland or northern NSW where the environment is less tropical. Butterfly pea is used as a rotational legume, lasting 3–4 years, will set seed in NSW and is sown at 8–10 kg/ha.

However, it requires higher soil temperatures for germination than cowpea, burgundy bean and lab lab. Minimum AAR is 650 mm. Inoculum: Group M (CB756) Variety: Milgarra

Fast growing, annual legume suitable for grazing or crop rotations. Has much smaller seed than Lablab (15,000 compared to 4,000 seeds/kg) and so can be sown about 10 kg/ha. It produces smaller plants than Lablab and being earlier maturing produces

COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) less biomass. Poona and Caloona are the main cultivars available. Cowpeas are drought and heat tolerant and can be sown once soil temperature reaches 18oC for 3 days. Can be sown in 500 mm rainfall. Inoculum: Group I (CB1015)

Varieties:Poona, Caloona, Red Caloona and Ebony

Perennial. Most growth in summer and autumn. Prostrate, twining growth. Suited to moist, well-drained soils but does not tolerate sustained waterlogging. Moderately susceptible to frost and drought, but after

CREEPING VIGNA (Vigna parkeri) drought it can regenerate from its soil seed reserves. It is tolerant of heavy grazing. Slow to establish. Has poor drought tolerance. Sow from September to March (preferably early spring and mid summer).

Sowing rate: mixtures 0.5–2.0 kg/ha. Minimum average rainfall (summer dominant) 1100 mm. Inoculum: Group I (CB1015) Variety: Shaw (Public variety). Seed in short supply.

TROPICA

L LEGU

MES

NATIV

E GRA

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Summer growing perennial well suited to acid, low fertility, light-textured soils. Tolerates heavy grazing. Frost susceptible but good drought tolerance. Only moderately

ROUNDLEAF CASSIA (Chamaecrista rotundifolia) palatable and can dominate pastures, as stock selectively graze alternative species. Non-bloating. Sowing rate: 0.5–1.0 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall 650 mm (summer

dominant) inland, 800 mm on North Coast. Inoculum: Group M (CB756)

Variety: Wynn (Public variety)

Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Twining and trailing habit. Suited to very fertile, well-drained soils.

Does not tolerate continuous heavy grazing. Sow a mixture of glycine varieties to ensure persistence on variable soil types. Sow in spring

GLYCINE (Neonotonia wightii) to late summer. Frost susceptible. Sowing rate: 2–4 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 1000 mm. Inoculum: Group M (CB756)

Varieties:

Tinaroo (Public variety)

Malawi. (Public variety) – Late flowering, better suited to lower pH soils than Tinaroo. (Seed difficult to obtain).

Cooper (Public variety) – Earlier flowering type and more drought tolerant (seed difficult to obtain).

tolerant of drought and shading. Frost sensitive. Sowing rate: (seed in pod) 10 kg/ha. Minimum average rainfall 900 mm (summer dominant). Inoculum: CIAT3101

Summer growing, non-bloating perennial suited to a wide range of soil types, but avoid heavy clay soils. Used also as a ground cover plant in orchards. It is very persistent and

FORAGE PEANUT (Arachis pintoi) Variety: Amarillo (G & J Godfrey)

Perennial. Most growth in summer and autumn. Twining habit. Tolerates acid soils, but performs better on drained fertile soils. Tolerates waterlogging. Susceptible to frost. Does not tolerate continuous heavy

GREENLEAF DESMODIUM (Desmodium intortum) grazing. Sow in spring to summer. Sowing rate: dryland 0.5–1 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 1100 mm. Inoculum: CB627

Variety: Greenleaf (Public variety)

Large-seeded annual capable of rapid growth having large leaves and an upright growth habit. Sow at 15–20 kg/ha 4–6 cm deep using conventional machinery or direct drilled with press wheels. Koala is an early, white seeded variety that can be used for human consumption, grazing or green manuring.

LABLAB (Lablab purpureus) Highworth and Rongai are later maturing varieties that rarely set seed in this environment, but produce more dry matter for forage, hay or silage. Can be sown down to 550 mm summer dominant rainfall. Inoculum: Group J (CB1024)

Varieties: Koala – An early flowering white seeded line

Highworth and Rongai – Late maturing lines

Endurance (Selected Seeds) Perennial line

Perennial summer growing legume suitable for growing on clay soils in tropical and sub-tropical northern NSW and Queensland. It is a productive, persistent, drought tolerant legume that is well eaten by livestock.

MARC DESMANTHUS (Desmanthus virgatus) Unlike other tropical legumes currently available to livestock producers for sowing in heavy soils, Marc is well suited for use in extensive grazing areas of native and sown grasses.

In combination with perennial

grasses, such as buffel, Floren, Strickland, Swann and Bambatsi, Desmanthus has yielded 1 to 2 tonnes of dry matter per hectare and up to 3 tonnes in pure swards.

Minimum average rainfall 550 mm. Sowing rate 1 to 2 kg/ha

Variety: Marc P (Progressive Seeds)

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TROPICA

L GRA

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TROPICAL GRASSES

Perennial. Main growth during summer. Semi-erect growth. Suited to low fertility, light-textured soils. Do not grow it (especially cv. Pensacola) on or near fertile soils as it may become a weed. Intensive grazing management is essential to prevent Bahia dominating the pasture. Bargoo jointvetch (not listed) is a suitable companion legume on the coast, if seed is available. Amarillo

BAHIA GRASS (Paspalum notatum) peanut is also compatible. Sow in spring to early summer or late summer to early autumn. Sowing rate: 1–2 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 700 mm.


• Frost tolerance: Desirable to increase period of green feed availability and better winter feed.

• Palatability: The greater the pal-atability the greater the potential livestock production.

Seed available: Argentine has moderate frost tolerance, and is moderately palatable, whereas Pensacola has poor frost tolerance and low palatability.

Perennial. Most growth during summer. Suited to a range of soils but favours those that are well drained. Avoid low fertility soils. Poor tolerance to waterlogging. Drought resistant; it responds quickly to light rain in all but the coldest months. Poor tolerance to frost. Buffel grass may out-compete native pastures.

Not suited for a short-term pasture in a cropping rotation as its early growth is slow and it is difficult to remove by cultivation. It is only moderately palatable to stock, and pastures dominated by it are unsuitable for horses.

The seed is fluffy, and difficult to sow with conventional machinery; preferably use seed that is one year

old. Barrel medic is the most useful companion legume, seradella is useful in acidic soils. If sowing buffel grass with lucerne, reduce competition by reducing the sowing rate of lucerne to 0.75 kg/ha. Sow in spring or late summer to early autumn. Sowing rate: dryland alone 0.5–3.0 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall 275 mm Central NSW to 375 mm in Northern NSW.


• Maturity: Use the shortest matur-ing varieties to the far west of the growing area as they are more likely to establish and reproduce in low rainfall and highly variable climate. Use later maturing varie-ties to the east.

BUFFEL GRASS (Cenchrus ciliaris)

• Plant habit: Tall varieties tend to be less suited to sheep production than short varieties.

• Soil type: Buffel grasses are generally best suited to lighter tex-tured soils, however, Biloela has grown well on heavier textured soils of NW NSW.

Seed available:

Variety Maturity Main Seed Source

Tall varieties

Biloela Late Publicvariety Suitableheaviertexturedsoils

Short varieties

Gayndah Mid Publicvariety

American Early Publicvariety

Late summer, autumn growing perennial stoloniferous grass. It is well suited for use in waterways.

Moderate production potential on better class soils. Will persist under low fertility conditions. Drought

CREEPING BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa insculpta) development and stolon rooting characteristic which may improve spread and persistence over Hatch.

tolerant. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 500 mm. Sowing rate: 2–4 kg/ha.

Varieties: Hatch (public variety) Bissett (Selected Seeds). Bissett is finer leaved and has superior stolon

Rhizomatous perennial grass. It is very palatable to livestock and wildlife and is becoming an important pasture grass on sandy and friable loamy surface soils in higher rainfall sub-tropical climates, replacing kikuyu in many grazing situations. It has been successfully used as a ground cover on roadsides,

BLUE DAWN (Paspalum nicorae) sporting ovals, lawns and in high wear areas.

Blue dawn is cold and drought tolerant. It may brown off after heavy frost but greens up during warmer winter weather and recovers rapidly in spring with good rainfall following dry periods. It is tolerant of moderate

shade and has the ability to suppress weeds such as blue heliotrope.

Minimum average rainfall 750 mm.

Sowing rate:Pasture 3–4 kg/ha

Variety: Blue Dawn (Progressive Seeds)

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Spring and summer-growingperennial, suited to a wide range of soil types from the lower fertility, lighter-medium, medium to heavier textured soils, however it performs

DIGIT GRASS (Digitaria eriantha ssp eriantha)best on the light to medium soil types. Good drought tolerance; poor waterlogging tolerance. Very palatable, some frost tolerance, persistent. Minimum average annual

rainfall (summer dominant) 400 mm. Sowing rate: 1–2 kg/ha.

Variety: Premier (Public variety) (GN Lummis)

A perennial tufted grass, the species being naturalised in parts of Queensland. It is especially adapted to cracking clay soils in summer rainfall areas. It is drought, flood and salt tolerant, but susceptible to frost.

FLOREN BLUEGRASS (Dicanthium aristatum) = Angleton grass Although not a prolific seed producer under NSW conditions (very late flowering), it has the ability to thicken vegetatively. Has reasonable seedling vigour. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant)

500 mm. Sowing rate 2–4 kg/ha.

Variety: Floren (Progressive Seeds)

A perennial summer growing tussock grass suited to light textured, low fertility soils in summer rainfall areas. It is drought hardy and moderately frost tolerant. It is susceptible to waterlogging and leaf rust and tolerant of heavy grazing.

FOREST BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa bladhii ssp glabra)

Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 550 mm. Sowing rate: 2–4 kg/ha

Variety: Swann(Progressive Seeds)

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TROPICA

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Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Prostrate growth. Suited to very fertile, well-drained soils. In favourable conditions the runners spread rapidly, making kikuyu a very suitable species for erosion control. Responds very well to nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation combined with intensive grazing (e.g. strip grazing).

Pastures dominated by kikuyu are unsuitable for horses.

Ryegrass or oats are often direct-drilled into established kikuyu to provide a year-round feed supply. White clover or Kenya clover (far

North Coast only) are the main companion legumes used, with lotus also used on suitable soil types. Do not use in mixtures of grasses. Sow or plant in spring to early summer or late summer to early autumn, depending on the district. Sowing rate: 1–4 kg/ha. Planting rate: 1 cutting (runner) per square metre. Minimum average rainfall (summer dominant) 800 mm.


• Vegetative or seed propagated: Seed is not available for common kikuyu.

• Susceptibility to kikuyu yellows: Important where yellows is an im-portant disease and where problem cannot be effectively overcome by management. Noonan has toler-ance to kikuyu yellows.

Seed available:

Common (Vegetative only)

Whittet (Public variety)

Noonan (Public variety)

KIKUYU (Pennisetum clandestinum)

Perennial grass. Adapted to a wide range of soil types. Performs well on light sandy soils and is alkali and heat tolerant. Rainfall range from

GIANT BERMUDA COUCH GRASS (Cynodon dactylon var. Aridus L.)625–1750 mm.

Sowing rate of 6–10 kg/ha.

Seed available: JH Williams

Tufted perennial. Naturalised on a wide range of soils in Queensland. Persists on moderate to low fertility soils more successfully than other

INDIAN BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa pertusa) grasses. Most commonly found in areas with an annual rainfall of between 600 -900 mm. Considered a drought evading species. Forms a

dense mat providing good ground cover for soil conservation. Sowing rate 1–3 kg/ha. Variety: Medway – Medium-late maturity (Selected Seeds)

A tufted perennial with most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Suited to lighter-textured acid soils with high levels of exchangeable aluminium. Moderately palatable to stock. Useful for erosion control and for controlling spiny burr grass and blue heliotrope.

LOVEGRASS (Eragrostis curvula, type Conferta) Suitable companion legumes include serradella, biserrula and subterranean clover, subject to soil type and soil acidity. Sow in early spring or late summer to early autumn. Annual legumes only suited to sowing in autumn. Do not sow in local government areas where the weed

African lovegrass Eragrostis curvula is declared noxious. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 400 mm. Sowing rate: 0.3–1.0 kg/ha.

Variety: Consol (Public variety)

Matting to tussocky summer growing perennial. Adapted to low to medium fertility soils. Minimum average

MOLASSES GRASS (Melinis minutiflora)annual rainfall (summer dominant) 800 mm. Sow 2–4 kg/ha or in mixtures at 1–3 kg/ha.

Seed available: Common

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Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Tufted growth. Suited to a wide range of soils except those of very light or very heavy texture. Responds well to improved fertility. Moderate tolerance to drought. Responds readily after rain. Sensitive to frost. Tolerates shade. Do not use seed less than one year old. Pastures dominated by panic species may cause photosensitisation.

Grows successfully with lucerne and barrel medics/ sub clover subject to soil type and rainfall. Suits very fertile soils. Often persistence is disappointing, possibly associated with inappropriate management, especially heavy grazing pressure. Sow in mid-spring or late summer to early autumn.

Sowing rate: 3–5 kg/ha. If sowing with lucerne, reduce lucerne competition by reducing the lucerne sowing rate to 0.75 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 500 mm.

Variety: Petrie (Public variety)

GREEN PANIC (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)

Similar to green panic (see below) in most respects, but is superior to Petrie Green Panic on low fertility soils, otherwise very similar in production. Pastures dominated

GATTON PANIC (= Guinea grass) (Panicum maximum)by panic species may cause photosensitisation. Average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 500 mm. Sowing rate: 3–4 kg/ha.

Variety: Gatton (Public variety)

BAMBATSI PANIC (= Makarikari panic) (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense)Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Erect to semi-prostrate growth. Particularly suited to very fertile, clay soils. Excellent tolerance to flooding. Some tolerance to frost. Very persistent once established but has poor seedling vigour. Pastures dominated

by panic species may cause photosensitisation.

Lucerne and/or barrel medic/sub clover are suitable companion legumes depending on soil type and rainfall. If sowing with lucerne, reduce competition by cutting the sowing rate of lucerne to

0.75 kg/ha. Outstanding tolerance to waterlogging and drought. Sow in mid-spring or late summer to early autumn. Sow companion medics only in autumn. Sowing rate: 2–4 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 450 mm.

Variety: Bambatsi (Public variety)

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Perennial. Grows mainly in spring and summer and is suited to fertile soils. Responds well to irrigation. Moderate tolerance of frost. Can become sod-bound in long-term pastures.

Seed heads infected by ergot can affect stock health.

White clover, strawberry clover and lotus are the main companion legumes used. In irrigated areas it is not normally sown in mixtures with

PASPALUM (Paspalum dilatatum) grasses. Moderate tolerance of frost. Seed is often of low viability. Sow in spring to early summer, or late spring to early autumn. Sowing rate: 4–10 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 800 mm.

Seed available: Common

Perennial. Grows mainly in spring and summer. Erect growth. Suited to a wide range of soils, particularly of heavy texture. Some tolerance to waterlogging but Bambatsi panic is much more tolerant (see ‘Bambatsi panic’). Susceptible to frost.

A suitable medium term pasture if

PURPLE PIGEON GRASS (Setaria incrassata) combined with barrel medic/sub clover and/or lucerne as companion legumes, depending on soil types and rainfall. If sowing with lucerne, reduce competition by cutting the sowing rate of the lucerne to 0.75 kg/ha. Pastures dominated by purple pigeon grass are unsuitable for

horses. Relatively easy to establish. Use seed at least one season old.

Sow in mid-spring, or late summer to early autumn. Sowing rate: 1–4 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 450 mm.

Variety: Inverell (Public variety)

Perennial. Most growth in spring, summer and autumn. Suited to a wide range of soils from light textured sandy loams to heavy textured soils. Moderate resistance to drought. Low resistance to frost.

Spreads readily by runners. Useful for erosion control because of strong runner (stolon) growth and a vigorous root system. Useful also in controlling spiny burr grass. Easier to establish than many other tropical grasses although the fluffy seed is difficult to sow with conventional machinery.

Suitable companion legumes for inland sowings are: lucerne, barrel medics, serradella, subterranean clover, and woolly pod vetch.

Suitable companion legumes for

coastal sowing are: white clover, Kenya clover, atro and lotus. Sow in spring, or late summer to early autumn. Sowing rate: 1–4 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 500 mm.


• Maturity: Earlier maturity types are better suited to marginal growth areas and /or soil types that have poor moisture holding characteristics. The later the ma-turity, the more suited they are to higher rainfall areas and possible higher input management (e.g. ni-trogenous fertiliser, irrigation and intensive grazing management).

• Local production and persist-ence trial information – inquire through your agronomist or adviser.

RHODES GRASS (Chloris gayana) • The only tetraploid variety

(Callide) has larger leaves, and responds well to increased fertility and irrigation, maintaining feed quality if well managed.

Varieties:


Early flowering diploids

Pioneer Publicvariety

Late flowering diploids

Katambora Publicvariety

Topcut SelectedSeeds

Finecut SelectedSeeds

Nemkat Seedmark/PlantTech

Very late flowering tetraploid

Callide Publicvariety

TROPICA

L GRA

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Stoloniferous perennial summer growing grass suited to a wide range of soils.

This extremely drought tolerant grass was the best of a wide range of grass species evaluated for mine site rehabilitation. It has the ability to germinate and establish on moderately saline soils and proved to be better at controlling erosion on

sloping land than the standard buffel and rhodes grass mixes.

It shows better winter growth than Nixon sabigrass (tufted grass) and a lower level of seed dormancy.

It is a palatable and persistent pasture species combining well with Stylos and Desmanthus. Grows to about 40 cm high.

SARAJI SABIGRASS (Urochloa mosambicensis) Minimum average rainfall 550 mm. Sowing rate bare seed 2 to 4 kg /ha.

Sowing rates for coated seed will need to be adjusted to allow for the weight of the coat.

Variety: Saraji (Progressive Seeds)

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Perennial. Grows mainly in early spring to late autumn. Tall habit. Suited to a wide range of soils. Tolerates acid soils and moderate waterlogging. Has greater tolerance to cool temperatures than most other tropical grasses. Suitable in mixtures with white clover, lotus or tropical legumes such as atro (siratro). Sow preferably in February/March (dryland) or spring to early summer. Sow in spring under irrigation. Pastures dominated by setaria are unsuitable for horses.

Sowing rate: 1–5 kg/ha. Minimum average annual rainfall (summer dominant) 900 mm.


• Frost tolerance: Desirable to increase period of green feed availability and better winter feed.

• Local production and persist-ence: – seek local trial data.

SETARIA (Setaria sphacelata var. sericea)

Varieties available:


Frost susceptible

Splenda Heritage Seeds

Kazungula Public variety

Frost tolerant

Narok Public variety

Solander Public variety

STRICKLANDFINGERGRASS(Digitaria milanjiana)Perennial stoloniferous summer growing grass suited to a range of soils but finding special application on light to medium textured soils.

Once established can survive prolonged periods of drought. It will withstand waterlogging but not prolonged flooding.

It is very palatable to all types of livestock, particularly in the early stages of growth. It makes excellent high digestible hay.

Minimum average rainfall 600 mm. Sowing rates bare seed 2 to 4 kg/ ha

Sowing rates for coated seed will need to be adjusted to allow for the weight of the coat.

Variety: Strickland(Progressive Seeds)

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PASTURE HERBS

PASTU

RE HERBS

Warm season growing, deep-rooted perennial providing potentially high quality feed. Where grazing management allows, chicory is free-seeding and able to regenerate. Used as a specialist forage crop for stock finishing, or as a high quality component of mixed perennial pastures. Requires rotational grazing for persistence. Sow on fertile deep country for best results, however it is tolerant of soil acidity.

CHICORY (Chicorium intybus)Where legumes are not part of the pasture, nitrogenous fertiliser may be necessary. It is susceptible to some herbicides used in pastures. Minimum average annual rainfall: 600 mm (South) to 750 mm (North). Often sown at 2–4 kg/ha with 0.5 kg/ha white clover or 0.5–1.0 kg/ha red clover. Sow in a pasture mixture at 0.5–2.0 kg/ha in early autumn to avoid frost or spring (Tablelands).

Varieties available:


Puna Wrightson Seeds

Puna II Wrightson SeedsPGG Seeds

Chico Cropmark

Choice Wrightson SeedsPGG Seeds

Commander Heritage Seeds

Grouse PGG Seeds

Forager Wrightson Seeds

Plantain is a deep-rooted perennial herb growing all-year-round. Highest growth rates will occur in the warmer months. It can be sown on its own, but is more often used as a component of a perennial pasture mix. It is drought hardy and can regenerate from seed. When sown without legumes, nitrogenous fertilisers will be required to maximise yield. Adapted to low

PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata)

fertility soils. Young leaf material is particularly palatable, but to maintain production, grazing needs to be kept under control. Minimum average annual rainfall: 500 mm (South), 650 mm (North). On its own, plantain can be sown at 8–10 kg/ha. Alternatively it can be sown with other perennial pasture species at rates of 3–4 kg/ha. Plantain has been found to be compatible with perennial

ryegrass and sub clover based pastures Sow autumn or spring (Tablelands). It will not tolerate some herbicides commonly used in pastures.

Varieties:

Lancelot PGG Seeds

Tonic PGG Seeds – more winter active than Lancelot

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GRASSESSpecies MinimumPureSeed MinimumGermination MaximumOtherSeeds %bymass %bycount %bymass

Bahia grass 60 60 2.00

Buffel grass 90 20 2.00

Cocksfoot 90 70 3.001

Creeping bluegrass 50 20 5.00

Guinea grass 40 25 0.70

Italian ryegrass 97 80 1.00

Kikyuyu 95 60 1.00

Lovegrass 97 70 0.50

Purple pigeon grass 80 40 3.00

Phalaris 97 65 1.00

Perennial veldt grass 65 40 1.00

Perennial ryegrass 97 75 1.002

Rhodes grass (Diploid) 80 20 4.00

Rhodes grass (Tetraploid) 75 10 4.00

Setaria 60 20 1.20

Tall fescue 96 70 3.003

Tall wheat grass 85 65 2.00

LEGUMESSpecies MinimumPureSeed MinimumGermination MaximumOtherSeeds %bymass %bycount %bymass

Annual medics 98 704 2.005

Arrowleaf clover 98 60 1.00

Balansa clover 98 65 1.00

Berseem clover 98 80 1.00

Biserrula 98 70 0.50

Crimson clover 98 65 1.00

Joint vetch 95 50 2.00

Kenya white clover 97 50 1.00

Lucerne 98 60 0.50

Persian clover 98 656 1.00

Red clover 97 60 0.50

Rose clover 98 70 1.00

Strawberry clover 98 60 1.00

Subterraneum clover 98 70 0.50

Serradella 90 757 1.00

White clover 97 60 2.00

1 3% maximum, of which no more than 1.00% shall be seeds other than Lolium species

2 In a bad blind seed disease year standards may be adjusted multilaterally

3 3% maximum, of which no more than 1.00% shall be seeds other than Lolium species

4 Germination % does not include hard seeds

5 2.0% maximum, of which more than 0.5% shall be seeds other than burr medic

6 Cv – Kyambro – 50% germination

7 Minimum germination for certification – includes normal and hard seeds

APPENDIX I. National Seed Quality Standards for Certified SeedsThe National Seed Quality Standards are the voluntary minimum standards for physical seed quality agreed to by the Australian Seed Federation of Australia (ASF) and the Grains Council of Australia. These standards are applied to all certified seed of public cultivars and to seed sold by ASF members. In many cases seed companies will apply physical standards well in excess of these. The national standards may be used as a guide to determine an acceptable level of physical seed quality prior to purchase.

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APPENDIX II. Reading a Seed Certification Label

Certificate of AnalysisNumber: 1234556

Issued without alteration or erasure

Common Name: Subterranean Clover Line Number: AUS/N66/1/742Cultivar: Junee Other ID: East 42Species: Trifolium subterranean Lab Number: 78910Number of Bags: 400Weight of Lot: 10,000 kg Issue Date: 15/05/2001

Purity - % weight GERMINATION - % Number

Pure Inert Other Number Normal Hard Fresh Un- Abnormal DeadSeeds Matter Seeds of Days Seedlings Seed germinated Seedlings Seeds of Test Final Count seed 99.1 0.6 0.3 10 66 10 0 16 8

Other Seeds in 250.0 grams

Format: Common name Botanical name Number Red Clover Trifolium pratense 54 Millet Echinochloa spp. 2 Wireweed Polygonum aviculare 1

Inert Matter: Broken Seed, Dirt, Decoated Seed

These analysis results relate only to the sample as received by the LaboratorySample details as stated by the Applicant

OFFICER IN CHARGE

Statement of Seed Analysis

J Smith

Line Number Unique identifying code used to match seed test results with the seed lot. Branded on all bags of seed and included on all sales documents.

Abnormal Seedlings Seed that germinates but is damaged in some way. Unlikely to produce healthy plants.

Hard Seed Seed that is dormant.

Normal Seedlings This is the GERMINATION Percentage. Generally valid for up to 12 months from date of testing.

Other Seeds Amount of other seed present. Check this carefully for any undesirable weeds.

Inert Matter Amount of non-seed material or broken seed particles. May include fungal material such as ergot and sclerotes.

Pure Seeds Percent of seed of the nominated species i.e. 99.1% subterranean clover.

Cultivar Cannot be assessed by seed analysis. Purchase Certified Seed or seed produced under a suitable Quality Assurance scheme to ensure seed is the correct cultivar.

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Variety ‘000/kg Variety ‘000 / kg

Temperate Grasses Tropical Grasses Cocksfoot 1344 Bahia grass 1000

Perennial veldt grass 712 Bambatsi panic 1600

Phalaris 650 Buffel grass 600

Prairie grass 110 Floren bluegrass 2090

Puccinellia 5000 Gatton panic 1160

Ryegrass (perennial) 500–600 Green panic 1280

Ryegrass Italian 460 Kikuyu 410

Ryegrass hybrid (Diploid) 500–600 Paspalum 570–700

Ryegrass hybrid (Tetraploid) 200–300 Premier digit grass 1700–2500

Ryegrass annual 418 Purple pigeon 550

Tall fescue 404 Rhodes grass 2800

Tall wheat grass 190 Setaria 1300–1900

Timothy 250 Swann Forest Bluegrass 580

Temperate legumes Tropical legumes Balansa clover 1400 Amarillo peanut 6–7

Barrel medic 235 Atro 79

Berseem clover 326 Axillaris 120

Crimson clover 250 Creeping vigna 75

Gland clover 1430 Greenleaf desmodium 750

Lotus 2062 Lotononis 3500

Lucerne 440–500 Kenya clover 700–1000

Murex medic 262 Wynn cassia 250

Persian clover 1456

Red clover (Diploid) 528 Pasture herbs Red clover (Tetraploid) 295 Chicory 830

Rose clover 331 Plantain 500

Snail medic 390

Strawberry clover 766

Subterranean clover 117

White clover 1572

Woolly pod vetch 25

Yellow serradella 196

APPENDIX III. Average seed counts for major pasture species

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The ratings below are provided by seed companies or breeders. This list is intended as a guide only. It does not represent results of comparative tests between these varieties, or represent recommendations by NSW DPI. (Compiled by Mary-Anne Lattimore – District Agronomist, NSW DPI Yanco)

APPENDIX IV. Characteristics of commercially available lucerne varieties

The basis for ratings are the number of seedlings that survive pests and diseases in glass house tests The reaction of established plants may differ (especially in the case of blue-green aphid). A variety rated as having resistance to a pest (e.g. Blue-green aphid) may still require control measures to avoid loss of yield. Note that a high level of ‘resistance’ does not mean the variety is immune from the pest or disease, a proportion of plants may be susceptible.

Pests/disease resistance HR Highly resistant R Resistant MR Moderately resistant LR Low resistance S Susceptible

# Varieties are listed in order of increasing late autumn/winter growth – from 3 (very slow growth) through 6 (moder-ate growth) to 10 (very active growth). The dormancy groupings are not absolutely distinct; the range of dormancy is continuous.

Protected by Plant Breeder’s Rights ®, TM registered trade mark; ~ No data available.* Public variety, not covered by licensing agreements or Plant Breeder’s Rights+ These ratings do not reflect all races of anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifolii). The distribution and importance of a

recently identified race in NSW is not known.

Variety Late aut. Spotted Blue- Phytophthora Anthracnose Stem Bacterial -winter Alfalfa green root rot + nematode wilt growth# aphid aphid Winter dormant

Prime 3 R MR R R R R

Pioneer brand 54Q53 4 R MR HR HR HR HR

WL 342HQ-MF 4 R R HR HR R HR

Semi winter dormant

Kaituna 5 R HR MR R HR R

Hunter River* 5 S S S S S S

Pioneer Brand L55 5 HR R HR HR MR R

Pioneer Brand L56 5 HR HR HR HR HR HR

Venus 5 HR R MR LR ~ ~Winter active Aurora* 6 HR HR R MR R LR

Genesis 6 HR R R R ~ ~

Hunterfield* 6 HR LR S S S S

WL 414 6 HR HR HR MR R R

Stamina GT6 ® 6 HR R R HR HR ~

SuperAurora 6 HR HR HR S ~ ~

Flairdale 7 R HR R LR R ~

Pioneer brand 57Q75 7 HR R HR HR R MR

Quadrella 7 R R MR R LR S

SARDI SEVEN 7 HR HR HR HR R ~

Trifecta* 7 R HR MR R LR R

UQL-1 7 HR HR HR HR ~ ~

Highly winter-active varieties on next page

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Highly winter-active Aquarius 8 R HR HR LR R MREureka 8 HR HR R R R ~Hallmark 8 HR R HR HR HR ~Multi Foli-8 ™ 8 HR HR HR R R RPioneer brand L69 8 HR HR R HR LR LRSuper Siriver 8 R HR R MR ~ ~WL 525HQ 8 HR HR HR MR R MRCropper Nine ® 9 R HR HR MR MR ~CUF101* 9 R HR MR S S SMultileaf ® Generation 9 HR HR HR HR MR ~Pioneer brand L90 9 R HR HR HR R LRSalado 9 R HR LR LR MR ~Sceptre 9 R HR R R MR ~Sequel* 9 R R MR R S SSequel HR 9 R R R HR R ~SuperSequel 9 HR HR R LR ~ ~Silverado 9 HR HR HR HR MR ~Siriver* 9 HR MR S S S SSiriver MkII 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~WL 612 9 HR HR HR MR HR ~SARDI TEN 10 HR HR R R R ~

Variety Late aut. Spotted Blue- Phytophthora Anthracnose Stem Bacterial -winter Alfalfa green root rot + nematode wilt growth# aphid aphid

Appendix IV. Characteristics of commercially available lucerne varieties (continued)

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List provided by Brian Dear – Principle Research Scientist, NSW DPI Wagga Wagga

Variety Formo-nonetin Flowering Flowering time Seed mature Min annual Hardseed level starts index (days from by rainfall (mm)* -edness sowing, mid May, for persistence to start of in NSW flowering

Perth Wagga South North

Nungarin Very low Early Aug 77 110 Late Sept 375 600 Very high

Izmir Low Early Aug 77 110 Late Sept 350 500 Very high

Dalkeith Very low Late Aug 97 120 Mid Oct 400 650 Very high

Urana Low Early Aug 110 123 Late Oct 400 600 High

Seaton Park LF Low Early Sept 112 125 Late Oct 475 700 Moderate

York Very low Early Sept 112 125 Late Oct 475 700 Very high

Trikkala Low Early Sept 112 122 Late Oct 525 750 Low

Riverina Low Mid Sept 116 128 Mid Nov 500 700 Moderate

Rosedale Low Mid Sept 114 120 Early Nov 500 650 Moderate

Gosse Very low Late Sept 126 136 Late Nov 650 800 Moderate

Napier Low Late Oct 155 160 Late Dec 750 900 Moderate

Junee Very low Mid Sept 128 138 Mid Nov 500 725 Moderate

Coolamon Low Mid Sept 133 140 Mid Nov 475 575 Moderate

Woogenellup Low Mid Sept 130 140 Mid Nov 525 750 Low

Clare Low Late Sept 136 142 Late Nov 650 675 Low

Goulburn Very low Late Sept 140 145 Late Nov 525 775 Moderate

Denmark Very low Early Oct 144 149 Late Nov 600 850 Low

Leura Very low Early Oct 151 156 Early Dec 750 900 Very low

Nuba Low Early Oct 146 152 Early Dec 700 900 Moderate

* Rainfall figures are a guide only and will vary with aspect, slope, soil type and altitude.

APPENDIX V. Characteristics of some sub clover varieties

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An increase in the incidence of certain livestock health disorders may be associated with pasture improvement. Livestock and production losses can result from some of these disorders. Management may need to be modified to minimise risk to livestock health. Consult your veterinarian or adviser when planning pasture improvement.

A number of livestock disorders are associated with pasture improvement, and their occurrence is common across many pasture species. These disorders are as follows:

• Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) is a constant risk when ‘improved’ or ‘exotic’ pasture species are grazed, particularly with rotational or cell grazing management systems.

• Sporadic cases of polioencephalomalacia (PE) may oc-cur when livestock are grazed under a rotational or cell grazing management system.

• Hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany) can be a seasonal risk for stock on many grass dominant pastures.

• Significant oxalate, nitrate or cyanogenic accumula-tions may occur in many pasture species in some seasons. Grazing ruminants usually adapt successfully to such feed, provided they are not suddenly placed on them while in a feed-deprived state. Adaptation to cya-nogenic compounds is much more limited, and live-stock owners should get a cyanide test done on high risk species such as sorghum and its hybrids before grazing is allowed.

• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Fog Fever) is an occasional risk in cattle that have been moved off a poorer pasture and onto a lush green grass or legume pasture.

• Bloat is a constant risk in cattle that are grazing lush pastures consisting of medic (Medicago spp.) or clover (Trifolium spp.).

Livestock health disorders that are of importance in relation to a particular pasture species are listed below. Fortunately, appropriate management can reduce the risk associated with most of these problems. Consult your veterinarian or livestock advisor for further advice, especially when planning pasture improvement projects.

ANNUAL LEGUMES

ARROWLEAF CLOVER (Trifolium vesiculosum): Can cause bloat in cattle.

BALANSA CLOVER (Trifolium michelianum): Bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep.

BERSEEM CLOVER (Trifolium alexandrinum): Bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep.

BISERRULA (Biserrula pelecinus): Photosensitisation in sheep has been observed in sheep grazing biserrula pastures in Western Australia.

APPENDIX VI. Veterinary notes on livestock disorders associated with pasture species

BARREL MEDIC (Medicago truncatula): Photosensitisation in horses, occasionally red gut in sheep, frequently bloat in cattle.

BURR MEDIC (Medicago polymorpha): Ingestion of this plant has been associated with cases of photosensitisation in sheep, cattle and horses, as well as bloat in cattle. Phytoestrogens can have negative effects on the reproductive process and on the reproductive tract of grazing livestock.

CRIMSON CLOVER (Trifolium incarnatum): Bloat in cattle is possible, but seldom occurs.

GAMA MEDIC (Medicago rugosum): No known livestock effects, however bloat risk likely

GLAND CLOVER (Trifolium glanduliferum): No livestock disorders have been reported but, as with most legumes, could be expected to cause bloat in cattle. Cv. Prima contains low levels of coumarins which can be converted to dicoumarol in mouldy hay. Care should be taken not to feed mouldy hay to livestock. Pigs are extremely sensitive to dicoumarol.

HYBRID MEDIC: Can cause bloat in cattle.

MUREX MEDIC (Medicago murex): Photosensitisation in horses, occasionally red gut in sheep, frequently bloat in cattle.

SNAIL MEDIC (Medicago scutellata): Photosensitisation in horses, occasionally red gut in sheep, frequently bloat in cattle.

SPHERE MEDIC (Medicago sphaeocarpus): Can cause bloat in cattle.

STRAND MEDIC (Medicago littoralis): Photosensitisation in horses, occasionally red gut in sheep, frequently bloat in cattle.

PERSIAN CLOVER (Trifolium resupinatum): Photosensitisation sometimes; bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; red gut in sheep occasionally.

ROSE CLOVER (Trifolium hirtum): The ingestion of old flower heads may be associated with fibre ball (phytobezoar) development in the abomasum of cattle, and with wool contamination in sheep.

Bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep.

SERRADELLA (Ornithopus spp): No problems reported.

SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum): Infertility, sometimes due to oestrogenic compounds (mainly T. subterraneum var. Dwalganup); bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; red gut in sheep occasionally. Phytoestrogens can have negative effects on the reproductive process and on the reproductive tract of grazing livestock

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WOOLLY POD VETCH (Vicia villosa): ‘Ill thrift’ syndrome in cattle, with dermatitis and diarrhoea (sometimes).

PERENNIAL LEGUMES

BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus) (see also Lotus): Is known to sometimes produce cyanogenic glucosides, but reports of cyanide poisoning associated with it are very rare. Its ingestion can occasionally be associated with cases of photosensitisation.

CAUCASIAN CLOVER (Trifolium ambiguum): Can cause bloat in cattle.

LOTUS (Lotus uliginosus Syn L.pedunculatus): Sometimes cyanogenetic glycosides (L. cruentus syn. coccineus). Milk taint (L. corniculatus and L. major syn. pedunculatus syn. uliginosus).

Occasionally develops tannin levels high enough to reduce feed intake.

LUCERNE (Medicago sativa): Bloat in cattle. Photosensitisation in horses, occasionally red gut in sheep. Infertility in livestock due to oestrogenic compounds has been associated with ingestion of lucerne leaves stressed by leaf diseases or by insect attack. Can contain low levels of coumarins which can be converted to dicoumarol in mouldy hay. Care should be taken not to feed mouldy hay to livestock. Pigs are extremely sensitive to dicoumarol.

RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense): Infertility sometimes due to oestrogenic compounds; bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep.

STRAWBERRY CLOVER (Trifolium fragiferum): Infertility sometimes due to oestrogenic compounds; bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep.

WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens): Bloat in cattle; urinary calculi (clover stones) incidence may increase in sheep; occasionally red gut in sheep. Phytoestrogens can have negative effects on the reproductive process and on the reproductive tract of grazing livestock

TEMPERATE GRASSES

BERMUDA COUCH GRASS (Cynodon dactylon): can be cyanogenic.

COCKSFOOT (Dactylis glomerata): No problems reported.

GRAZING BROME (Bromus stamineus): No problems reported.

KANGAROO GRASS (Themeda triandra): No problems reported.

PASTURE BROME (Bromus valdivianus): No problems reported.

PERENNIAL VELDT GRASS (Ehrharta calycina): No problems reported.

PHALARIS (Phalaris aquatica): Sometimes phalaris staggers; occasionally phalaris sudden death syndrome.

PRAIRIE GRASS (Bromus wildenowie): Awns may penetrate skin of sheep; possible wool contaminant.

PUCCINELLIA (Puccinellia ciliata): No problems reported.

RYEGRASS (Lolium spp): Ryegrass staggers, Summer endophyte hyperthermia-ill thrift, ergot of rye poisoning.

RYEGRASS – ANNUAL (Lolium rigidum): Annual ryegrass toxicity; ergot of rye poisoning.

TALL FESCUE (Festuca arundinacea): Summer endophyte hyperthermia-ill thrift, or winter lameness (peripheral gangrene), associated with ergot alkaloid production within the grass.

TALL WHEATGRASS (Thinopyrum ponticum): No problems reported.

TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense): No problems reported.

WALLABY GRASS (Austrodanthonia spp.): Can occasionally accumulate dangerous amounts of cyanogenic glycosides.

WEEPING GRASS (Microlaena stipoides): No problems reported.

TROPICAL LEGUMES

ATRO (Macroptilium atropurpureum) = Siratro: No problems reported.

AXILLARIS (Macrotyloma axillare): No problems reported.

CREEPING VIGNA (Vigna parkeri): Nitrate poisoning has occurred with a related species.

FORAGE PEANUT (Arachis pintoi): No problems reported.

GLYCINE (Neonotonia wightii): No problems reported.

GREENLEAF DESMODIUM (Desmodium intortum): No problems reported.

ROUNDLEAF CASSIA (Chamaecrista rotundifolia): Some cassia spp. (e.g. C. obtusifolia and C. occidentalis) have been associated with poisoning in ruminants and horses – both leaves and seeds were toxic, and muscle damage was the main effect. So far there have been no problems reported for C. rotundifolia.

TROPICAL GRASSES

BAHIA GRASS (Paspalum notatum): Not known if there is a risk of nervous ergotism (‘staggers’).

BAMBATSI PANIC (= Makarikari panic): (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense) Liver disease with associated photosensitisation (sporadic outbreaks in ruminants).

BUFFEL GRASS (Cenchrus ciliaris): Frequently hyperparathyroidism (‘big head’) in horses, occasionally nephrosis or hypocalcaemia in ruminants, due to oxalates.

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This genus can occasionally accumulate dangerously high levels of selenium when grown on some soil types

CREEPING BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa insculpta): No problems reported.

DIGIT GRASS (Digitaria eriantha ssp eriantha): No problems reported.

BLUEGRASS (Dicanthium aristatum): No problems reported.

FOREST BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa bladhii ssp glabra): No problems reported.

GATTON PANIC OR GREEN PANIC (Panicum maximum): Frequently hyperparathyroidism (‘big head’) in horses, occasionally nephrosis or hypocalcaemia in ruminants, due to oxalates.

INDIAN BLUEGRASS (Bothriochloa pertusa): No problems reported.

KIKUYU (Pennisetum clandestinum): Frequently hyperparathyroidism (‘big head’) in horses, occasionally nephrosis or hypocalcaemia in ruminants, due to oxalates. Very occasionally nitrate poisoning. Kikuyu poisoning is an unusual rumen disorder that can sporadically occur in cattle, especially where rapid Autumn growth follows a protracted dry period.

LOVEGRASS (Eragrostis curvula, type Conferta): No problems reported.

MITCHELL GRASS (Astrebla lappacea): Can cause blindness and deaths in cattle on the rare occasions when the grass becomes infected with the fungal corals of Corallocytostroma ornicopreoides.

MOLASSES GRASS (Melinis minutiflora): No problems reported.

PASPALUM (Paspalum dilatatum): Nervous ergotism (‘staggers’).

PURPLE PIGEON GRASS (Setaria incrassata): Frequently hyperparathyroidism (‘big head’) in horses, occasionally nephrosis or hypocalcaemia in ruminants, due to oxalates.

RHODES GRASS (Chloris gayana): This genus can occasionally accumulate dangerously high levels of selenium on some soil types.

SETARIA (Setaria sphacelata var. sericea): Frequently hyperparathyroidism (‘big head’) in horses, occasionally nephrosis or hypocalcaemia in ruminants, due to oxalates.

PASTURE HERBS

CHICORY (Chicorium intybus): A bitter milk taint has been recognised as a problem with chicory when used in some dairy situations (this can be overcome with grazing management). Leaves have been reported to be poisonous to pigs, and the roots poisonous to cattle, but these incidents appear to be rare. There have been no reports of poisoning under Australian growing conditions.

PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata): No livestock disorders have been encountered.

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Pastures may consist of a single species (for example lucerne) or more often a mixture of grasses and legumes. Mixtures are often preferred for a number of reasons – production benefits, weed control, erosion control, diversity in relation to pest control etc.

Assuming that the species and varieties being considered are well adapted to the climate of the area, other factors to consider in sowing mixtures are as follows:

Enterprise:

Any pasture needs to address the needs of the enterprise in terms of feed quality, feed quantity and animal grazing habit. This may be handled by separate paddocks of either single grass species or legumes, or by specific mixtures designed to supply a particular quantity and/or quality of feed at a specific time.

Soils:

Soil type

Where there is a large variability in soil types in a paddock it is often worthwhile increasing the number of species or varieties as opposed to a simple mixture of one grass and one legume to cover the variability. Minor soil variations often will not warrant increasing the number of species in a mixture.

Soil pH

Differences in pH for example may be covered by including serradella in with an otherwise sub clover dominant mixture, or including cocksfoot in with phalaris etc. to cover areas of low pH in an otherwise neutral to slightly acid soil.

Drainage and salinity

Species tolerant to waterlogging and/or salinity, are often included in mixtures to provide coverage in parts of the paddock that are poorly drained. e.g. Yaninicum sub clovers like Riverina may be added to other subterraneum clover varieties to allow for low lying areas, where it will thrive and other varieties may fail. Similarly, where salinity is a problem in parts of a paddock, tolerant species such as strawberry clover and tall fescue are added to a mixture depending on the level of salinity present.

Fertility

This is less of a reason to expand a pasture mixture, as fertility needs can usually be met by legume nitrogen and adding fertiliser. There may be instances where a high fertility demanding species such as phalaris may be added to a mixture otherwise reliant on cocksfoot to take advantage of high fertility areas in a paddock and vice versa. Similarly bambatsi panic, a species suited

APPENDIX VII. Points to consider when making up a pasture mixtureto high fertility clay soils, is often mixed with rhodes grass (capable of growing on low fertility soils), to cover paddock variability in terms of soil type.

Aspect:

Drier slopes (e.g. western aspect) may benefit from adding a more hardy, persistent perennial or a shorter maturing variety than those suited to more favoured aspects. This may be a simple case of substituting an early maturing sub clover, such as Dalkeith for a portion of the Goulburn or Junee in the mixture, so that the Dalkeith will dominate on the north facing hill and Goulburn or Junee on the remainder of the paddock. Similarly where it is suited to the soil and fertility conditions, the rhizomatous phalaris varieties like Australian will be far more persistent on western slopes than cocksfoot.

Plant characteristics:

There is a wide range of reasons for including or excluding species with differing plant characteristics in mixtures. This ranges from adding an annual component to an otherwise perennial mixture to improve persistence in western areas or vice a versa in higher rainfall areas. Stoloniferous plants may be a useful addition to a mixture to increase stability and the likelihood of reliable ground cover thus reducing erosion risk and weed invasion.

Plant characteristics such as seedling vigour and competitiveness may be used in a mixture to ensure the botanical composition is suitable. In some situations species vigour can have deleterious effects such as when perennial ryegrass (with high seedling vigour) is sown with tall fescue – as a result fescue establishment is often poor especially from late autumn/ winter sowings. Resistance to disease or insect pests may also be a reason to add a variety to a mixture to improve the reliability of production and/or persistence from the pasture.

Livestock health:

Species are often included or excluded to reduce the risk of a particular livestock disorder. Bloat is often the reason why grasses are added to lucerne or high legume-content pastures to reduce the incidence of bloat. See Appendix VI for livestock disorders associated with species.

Grazing management considerations:

The optimum grazing management for species differs and may dictate what should be included in a mixture, especially where longevity of species is important. Whilst most species that we use are fairly forgiving of short-term mismanagement, most will benefit in the long term from tactical grazing at one stage or another (e.g. to enhance seed set, recruitment of seedlings, improve tillering etc.).

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Agfact No. Title

APPENDIX VIII. Further information

Agfact No. Title P1.1.3 Grazing and spelling in the dry rangelands

P2.1.7 Tagasaste (tree lucerne)

P2.1.12 Pasture legumes for low rainfall environments

P2.2.4 Pasture establishment on native Country: central and southern Tablelands

P2.2.25 Lucerne for pasture and fodder

P2.3.4 Summer fodder crops for the

P2.3.8 Irrigated pastures for northern inland NSW

P2.3.9 Endophytes of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue

P2.4.3 Pastures for horses

P2.5.1 Phalaris pastures

P2.5.3 Managing kikuyu for milk production

P2.5.5 Cocksfoot – a versatile pasture grass

P2.5.9 Namoi woolly pod vetch

P2.5.11 Medic pastures

P2.5.16 Subterranean clover in NSW – Identification and use

P2.5.18 Safari Kenya white clover

P2.5.19 Bargoo jointvetch

P2.5.21 Purple pigeon grass

P2.5.22 Persian clover

P2.5.23 Serradella

P2.5.24 Balansa clover

P2.5.24 Murex medic – variety Zodiac

P2.5.27 Perennial veldt grass

P2.5.31 Rhodes grass

P2.5.34 Siratro

P2.5.35 Panic grasses for pastures

P2.5.36 Shaw creeping vigna – a Tablelands subtropical legume

P2.5.37 Curly Mitchell grass

P2.5.39 Wallaby grass – a domesticated native grass

P2.5.42 Gland clover

P2.7.3 Preparing your paddock for better pasture hay

P2.5.1 Phalaris pastures

P2.7.7 Hay storing – round bales

P2.AB.1 Diseases of lucerne

P2.AB.2 Diseases of clover

P2.AE.A Scarab grubs in northern tableland pastures

P2.AE.3 Underground grass-grubs

P2.AE.5 Black-headed pasture cockchafer

P2.AE.6 Field crickets

P3.E.1 Band seeders for pasture establishment

NOTE: As well as Agfacts, a number of shorter Agnotes are available on specific pasture issues. Please note that Agfacts and Agnotes are being replaced progressively by a new information series called Primefacts. If you cannot find the Agfact or Agnote you are looking for please search our website for a Primefact of the same name or subject.

Other publicationsLight soils – Managing Them Better – (Book)

Managing High Rainfall Native Pastures on a Whole-farm Basis (Booklet)

Weed Control in Lucerne and Pastures (Booklet)

Pastures Manual (Home Studies program)

PROGRAZE Manual

Prime Pastures Program

Pasture weed management kit

Topfodder silage guide

Haymaker

Pasture publications available from NSW DPI

48

Available from NSW DPI web page (www.dpi.nsw.gov.au) – (Select Field Crops then Pastures, then select Pastures species)

Pasture species and varietiesPASTURE PLANNER (what to sow, how, when and where)

Introduction to selecting and using pastures – Selecting pastures for your district

Temperate grass species

Cocksfoot PuccinelliaGrazing brome Short-term ryegrassPasture brome Tall fescuePerennial ryegrass Tall wheatgrass Phalaris Timothy Prairie grass

Temperate legume species

Arrowleaf clover LucerneBalansa clover Persian cloverBarrel medic Pink serradella Berseem clover Red clover Birdsfoot trefoil Rose clover Biserrula Slender serradellaCaucasian clover Snail medicCrimson clover Sphere medic Strand medic Strawberry clover Murex medic Subterranean clover Gland clover White clover Greater lotus Woolly pod vetch Hybrid disc medic Yellow serradella

Tropical Grass Species

Bahia grass Forest bluegrassBambatsi panic Green panic Bluegrass Gatton panicBuffel grass Kikuyu Consol lovegrass Purple pigeon grassCreeping bluegrass Digit grass Rhodes grass Setaria

Tropical legume species

Atro Green leaf desmodiumAxillaris Kenya cloverDesmanthus LotononusForage peanut Round-leafed cassiaGlycine Shaw creeping vigna

Pasture species and varieties (cont.)Amarillo peanutBerseem cloverBiserrula – a new legume for acid soilsBurgundy beanChicory: a high performance forageCocksfoot – a versatile pasture grassConsol LovegrassCurly Mitchell grassDigit grassEndophytes of perennial ryegrasses and tall fescue

Gland cloverLucerne for pasture and fodderMurex medicNamoi woolly pod vetchNative grassesPanic pasturesPersian cloverPhalaris pasturesPurple pigeon grassRose cloverSerradellaSetaria for coastal pasturesShaw creeping vigna – a subtropical legumeSubterranean Clover – Identification and useWallaby grass – a domesticated native grass

Forage cropsCereals for grazingForage brassicasForage sorghums and milletsSpray irrigated maize for silageSummer legume forage crops: Cowpea, Lablab, Soybeans

Pasture establishmentEight steps to perennial pasture establishmentInoculating and pelleting pasture legume seedSuccessful establishment of tropical perennial grasses in North West NSWBand seeders for pasture establishment

Pasture managementEndophytes of perennial ryegrasses and tall fescueBest practice guidelines for using poultry litter on pasturesGrazing management of lucerneMatching pasture production to livestock enterprises – estimates of pasture productionManaging pastures after droughtPasture sustainability and management in droughtPasture recovery after bushfiresAssessing pastureMeasuring herbage mass – the median quadrat techniquePasture sustainability and management in droughtManaging kikuyu for milk productionAre my soils acid?Pasture crop rotationsPasture paysPasture PICManaging Coolatai grassGrazing managment for native pastures on the North West Slopes of NSWPasture management for weed controlManagement of profitable and sustainable pastures

49

A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH A COMMON INTEREST IN DEVELOPING OUR MOST IMPORTANT REOURCE – OUR GRASSLANDS

The objectives of The Grassland Society of NSW Inc. are:

• to provide an organisation in which landholders are the major participants in the dissemination of pasture production information

• to provide opportunities for those concerned with grassland husbandry to meet and exchange information

• to encourage the investigation of problems affecting grassland husbandry

• to stimulate the incorporation of advances from research and farmer experience into practice

• to provide a means of social and business contact for those engaged in grassland production

• to afford pasture production an ordered structure and an industry status

The Grassland Society of NSW Inc. was formed in March 1985 at a meeting of 28 interested personnel. The Society now has 1,000 members, 65% of whom are producers.

The Society holds a conference each year, publishes a quarterly newsletter and has formed six branches.

Our Internet address is: www.grasslandnsw.com.au

For further information please contact:

The Secretary The Grassland Society of NSW Inc. PO Box 471 Orange NSW 2800

50

Auswest Seeds:Tobias Street

FORBES NSW 2871

Ph: (02) 6852 1500

Fax: (02) 6852 1393

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.auswestseeds.com.au

AWB Seeds:PO Box 17

DIMBOOLA VIC 3414

Ph: (03) 5389 0150

Fax (03) 5389 1121

E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.awbseeds.com.au

Ballard Seeds:PO Box 1137

NARROGIN, WA 6312

Ph: (08) 9881 5711

Fax: (08) 9881 5722


Cropmark Seeds Pty Ltd:475 Mickleham Road

ATWOOD VIC 3049

Ph: 1800 889 039

Fax:1800 889 037


Web: www.cropmark.com.au

GN Lummis:‘Wilga View’

GILGANDRA NSW 2827

Ph: (02) 6848 5010

Fax: (02) 6848 5010


G&J Godfrey:MUTCHILBA QLD 4872

Ph: (07) 4093 1245

Fax: (07) 4093 1245


Web: www.pintopeanut.com.au

Heritage Seeds:Heritage Seeds Pty Ltd

PO Box 4020

MULGRAVE VIC 3170

Ph: (03) 9501 7000

Fax: (03) 9561 9333


Web: www.heritageseeds.com.au

JH Williams:PO Box 102

MURWILLUMBAH NSW 2484

Ph: 02) 6672 1313

Fax: 02) 66725812


Web: www.jhwilliams.com.au

Keith Seeds:Keith Seeds Pty Ltd

PO Box 123

KEITH SA 5267

Ph: (08) 8755 1777

Fax: (08) 8755 1815


Native Seeds Pty Ltd:PO Box 133

SANDRINGHAM VIC 3191

Ph: (03) 9521 6473

Fax: (03) 9598 7895


Web: www.nativeseeds.com.au

APPENDIX IX. Sources of pasture seed listed in this guideThese sources are the primary sources of seed. They are in many cases the head licencee for that variety or a contact that will be useful if seed cannot be sourced readily through a retailer.

51

Newseeds:PO Box 33

BALLDALE NSW 2646

Ph: (02) 6035 1222

Fax: (02) 6035 1229

Michel Belair – Seed Technology:PO Box 246

BELAIR SA 5052

Ph: 0418833576


Parkseeds Pty Ltd:RMB 2150

MANSFIELD VIC 3722

Ph: (03) 5779 1888

Fax: (03) 5775 1407


PGG Seeds:PO Box 1402

DONCASTER EAST VIC 3109

Ph: 0407 263 826

Fax: (02) 9686 9735


Web: www.pggseeds.com

Planttech Pty Ltd:58-66 Ajax Rd

ALTONA VIC 3018

Ph: (03)83980120

Fax: (03) 83980111


Premier Seeds (Lachlan Valley Seeds):Tobias Street

FORBES NSW 2871

Ph: (02) 6852 1500

Fax: (02) 6852 1393

Email: auswest@auswest seeds.com.au

Progressive Seeds:Lot 2 Lake Manchester Road

MT CROSBY QLD 4306

Ph: (07) 3201 1741

Fax: (07) 3201 1006


Seed Distributors:14-16 Hakkinen Road

WINGFIELD SA 5013

Ph: (08) 8455 1111

Fax (08) 8445 7777

Web www.seeddistributors.com.au

Seed Genetics Australia Pty Ltd:PO Box 492

MITCHAM SA 5062

Ph: (08) 8271 6000

Fax: (08) 8271 6077


Web: www.seedgeneticsaustralia.com

Selected Seeds:PO Box 210

PITTSWORTH QLD 4356

Ph: (07) 4693 1800

Fax: (07) 4693 1899


Valley Seeds:Valley Seeds Pty Ltd

295 Maroondah Link Hwy

ALEXANDRIA VIC 3714

Ph: (03) 5797 6203

Fax: (03) 5797 6307


52

Vicseeds Production Pty Ltd:PO Box 1544

GEELONG VIC 3220

Ph: (03) 5221 7577

Fax: (03) 5221 7877


Web: www.vicseeds.com.au

Wrightson Seeds:Wrightson Seeds (Aust) Pty Ltd

PO Box 333

LAVERTON VIC. 3028

Ph: 1800 619910

Fax: 1800619940


Web: www.wrightson.net.au

APPENDIX IX. Sources of pasture seed listed in this guide (continued)

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