PATHOGENIC SPIROCHETESChair of Medical Biology, Microbiology, Virology, and ImmunologyLecturer Prof. S.I. Klymnyuk

Groups of spiral shaped bacteria, which are pathogenic for humanVibrioCampylobacterHelicobacter SpirillaSpirochetesTreponemaBorreliaLeptospira

Evolution of spiral-shaped bacteriaVibrio, Campylobacter, Helicpbacter and Spirilla develop together with Eubacteria.

Spirochetes are differed according to their morphological and physiological signs. There is hypothesis about their intermediate evolution position between Protozoa and Bacteria

Sodoku (Spirillum minor)

Main pathogenic bacteria of Spirochetaceae

Spirochetes structure

Spirochetes morphologyTreponemaLeptospiraBorrelia

Spirochetes ultrastructureBorreliaLeptospira

Classification of Human Terponema Non-pathogenicT.denticolaT.macrodenticumT.oraleConditionally pathogenicT.vincentiiPathogenicT.pallidum pallidum (syphilis)T.pallidum endemicum (bejel)T.pallidum pertenue (yaws)T.carateum (pinta)

Vincents angina

Noma (gangrenous stomatitis)

Treponema in tested material

Cell attacked by treponema

Hard chancre

Clinical findings of SyphilisSecondary syphilisHetchinzone teeth

Microbiologic diagnosis of SyphilisMicroscopy (native an fixed material)Romanovsky-Giemsa stainPhase contrastDark fieldSerologic diagnosisWassermanns test (CFT)Sedimentation reartions (hns and Sachs-Witebskys tests)Microreaction of Treponema pallidum immobilizationIFT, ELYSA, IHATChain polymerase reaction

Tropic trepanematoses: pinta (T.carateum), bejel (T.endemicum), yaws (T.pertenue)Yaws (tropic granuloma)Bejel (endemic syphilis)

Yaws

Pinta

Bejel

Borrelia morphology

Borrelia in blood smear

Lyme diseaseCausative agents:Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia gariniiBorrelia afzelii

B. burgdorferi

Leptospira morphology

Clinical findings of leptospirosis

Morphlogy of Campylobacter

Morphlogy of Campylobacter

S-formS-formComma-formSpiral-shaped form

Main biochemical differences between Campylobacter and Helicobacter

Campylobacteriosis in humanDiarrhea (enterococlites), sometimes bloodlyEndoracditis, pericarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, septicemiaDisease of genitourinary tractPathology of pregnancy (abortion, premature delivery)Autoimmune pathology with alteration of central nervous system

H. pylori diseases in humanChronic gastritis

Gastric and duodenal ulcer

Adenocarcinoma and B-Lymphoma of stomach

Alterations of cardiovascular system?

Evidances of etiologic role of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis of ulcer disease> 95% patients with duodenal ulcer and > 80 % patients with gastric ulcer are infected with H. pylori: this level is more then in healthy persons;In persons, which are infected with H. pylori, duodenal ulcer develops more frequently then in non-infected ones;Antibacterial drugs have medicinal effect and safely prevent ulcer disease relapses

Morphology of Helicobacter

Helicobacter pylori in mucous membrane of a stomach

Helicobacter pylori

Peculiarities of Helicobacter pyloriMicroaerophilic bacterium (5% 2, 5-10 % 2);They require special nutrient media, a surface of medium must be moist);They give growth in 48-72 hours, when antibiotics are used in 13 days;They have high urease, catalase and oxidase activity; They are motile;They are polymorphic bacteria (comma-shaped, spiral-shaped, coccal-shaped forms)

Cultivation of Helicobacter pylori

H. pylory

Pathogenesis of ulcer diseaseInfection develops in antral part of stomach

Inflammation causes gastritis, duodenitis, but sometimes it is without any symptoms

Ulcer is result of inflammation, its complication - perforation and hemorrhage

Pathogenicity factors of H.pyloriEnzymes of virulence:UreasePhospholipase ProteasesdhesinsToxins:EndotoxinExotoxin-cytotoxin (factor which is responcible for formation of vacuoles)

Detection of vacuolizing factor in cell culturePositive resultsNegative results

Survival factors of Helicobacter pylori in a stomachNeutralization of acidic contents of the stomach near bacteria (urease, altruistic autolysis)Active invasion in mucous layer which covers stomach epithelium (lophotrichates)Ability to adhere to epitheliocytes of stomach (fimbria with hemagglutinin activity)

Diagnousis of Helicobacter pylori

Urease test for diagnosis of helicobacteriosis

Test-system for diagnosis of helicobacteriosis