pathology

* Recognition(identify) : emphysema

* What you should know about it : - widened air spaces

- Ruptured and thinned alveolar septa

1

* Recognition(identify): lobar pneumonia

* What you should know about it : 1- Alveolar capillaries:

2- Alveolar walls:

3-Alveolar spaces:

Congested

Thickened -Lymphocytes-Macrophages-inflammatory cells

2

histology

terminal bronchioles

* Recognition(identify) : Alveoli

* What you should know about it : 1-Type of epithelium : if Type I Pneumocytes Simple squamous If Type II Pneumocytes cuboidal

2-Types of cells :

1

* Cont Recognition(identify) : Alveoli 2-Types of cells :- Alveolar macrophages- Pneumocytes :

-Terminal bronchioles with clara cells -Divide to regenerate the bronchiolar epith

Type II Pneumocytes(cuboidal) 1- secretion of surfactant.2- divide to regenerate both type I & type II pneumocytes..

Type I Pneumocytes(Simple squamous ) 1- exchange gases.

1

* Recognition(identify) : trachea

* What you should know about it : 1-Type of epithelium :

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (Respiratory epithelium).

2-Types of cells :

Hyaline cartilage

2

* cont Recognition(identify) : trachea

* What you should know about it : 2-Types of cells :

(1) Mucosa.

(2) Submucosa

(3) Adventitia.

(1) Epithelium: Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells ( basal , brush cells )

(2) Lamina propria. loose fibro elastic c.t with ( mucus

glands , serous glands , lymph nods )

(3) Elastic lamina: It is formed of elastic fibers.

(1) Dense fibro elastic c.t with ( mucus glands , serous glands , lymph nods )

(1) Fibroelastic C.T. (2) C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. (3) (bundle of smooth muscle fibers) 2

Anatomy

Sphenoidal air sinus

Frontal air sinus

uvula

Nasal septum

Nostrils (anterior nares)

Vocal cords

posterior nasal aperture ( Quana )

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Trachea Left lung Right lung

Oblique fissure

Transverse fissure

Oblique fissure

Diaphragm Ribs

right and left main bronchi

right and left secondary bronchi

left tertiary bronchioles

Alveoli carina

Diaphragm

Thyroid cartilage

Hyoid bone

Cricoid cartilage

Epiglottic cartilage

Thyrohyoid membrane

Cricothyroid membrane

Vocal cords

Thyroid cartilage

Cricithyroid membraneCricoid cartilage

trachea

Tertiary bronchioles

Descending aorta

esophagus

Secondary bronchiolesPrimary bronchi

Esophagus

Esophageal Opening at T10

Right crus

central tendon

right copula left copula

openings in the diaphragm :T 8 : IVC opening :

T10 : Esophageal opening

T12 : Aortic opening

Heart shaped body

And every thing other than the body is a neural arch

laminaThoracic vertebrae

Spine:Horizontal and directed downward

pedicle

Transverse process

Cont Thoracic vertebrae

Superior demifacet

Inferior demifacet

lamina

Cont Thoracic vertebrae

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

Ster

num

First rib

Second rib clavicle

Costal cartilage

Ribs are classified as Typical from 3 to 9

Atypical 1, 2, 10, 11, 12 Upper 7 true ribs Lower 5 false ribs

External intercostal muscle

Internal intercostal muscle

Anterior side

posterior side

Innermost intercostalMuscles

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid membrane

Cricoid cartilage

Epiglottic cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Bronchopulmonary Segments right lung Superior lobe / Apical , Anterior , Posterior meddle lobe / Medial , LateralInferior lobe / Apical basal , Medial basal Lateral basal , Anterior basal , Posterior basal

Apical

Anterior

Poste

rior

MedialLateral

medial basal

Apical basal Anterior basal

Lateral basal

Posterior basal

Bronchopulmonary Segments left lung Superior lobe / Apicoposterior ,Anterior , Sup. lingular , Inf. lingular

Apicoposterior

AnteriorSup. lingular

Inf. lingular

Inferior lobe / Apical basal , Lateral basalAnteromedial basal , Posterior basal

Apical basal

Anteromedial

basal

Late

ral b

asalPosterior basal

Physiology

* the Answer of question1: (FEV1/FVC)*100=

(4.3/4.8)*100=89% NORMAlNOTE: اعلى النسبة ان صحيح

ولكن80من حدود في المعطاة القيم

الطبيعي

Q2:

The same way =50%

ت ف ك ي ر غ ي ر OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG م ن DISESE

منخفضة جدا كلها والقيم النسبة

Q3: THE SAME WAY =80%جدا طبيعية فعال النتيجة كويس ركزوا هنا

جدا منخفضة المعطاة القيم ولكن restrictive lung disease

الجواب عطول هيكونEx: pulmonary fibrosis

OTHER CAUSES TO HAVE LESSCHEST EXPANSION :Myasthenia gravis

Phrenic injuryobesity

واجب االحتياط ولكن ماهيجي عاالغلب

Plateau

FVC = 5 المنحنى عندها يكون التي القيمة Plateau هي

FEV1 = 4عند خرج الذي الهواء حجم هي

األولى الثانية

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100= (4/5) *100=80 %

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100

Normal

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100

FVC = 2

FEV1 = 1.8

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100= (1.8/2) *100=90 %

Restrictive

Plateau

1.8

؟ عرفنا مو كيف أصال ال النقليل مره FVC = 2 ! طبيعي

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100

FVC = 3.5

FEV1 = 1.9

FEV1% = (FEV1/FVC) * 100= (1.9/3.5) *100=54 %

obstructive

3.5

Plateau

1.9

Make sure to bring your calculator

Always remember ,

worrying does not empty tomorrow of its troubles ! But ,

It empties today from its strength !.

Deema , Malak , Nora