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PATHOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

DISORDERS OF BLOOD

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DISORDERS OF BLOOD

Disorders of Blood

Infections

Septicaemia

Malaria

Haemolytic

anaemia

Tumours

Leukemia

Nutritional

disorders

Iron deficiency

anaemia

Pernicious

anaemiars

Vitamin K

deficiency

Coagulation

disorders

Inadequate

platelets

Inadequate

clotting factors

Congenital disorders

Sickle cell

anaemia

Learner Study Guide – Pathology & Pathophysiology, Chapter 8, pages 63-66


TERMINOLOGY


…penia = too little, e.g. leukopenia

…cytosis = excess, e.g. leukocytosis


ANAEMIA


Definition:

Low number of RBC’s in circulation or a low level of haemoglobin

Aetiology:

Deficient RBC production

Excessive destruction of RBC in the body

Excessive loss of RBC from the body


ANAEMIA


Signs and symptoms:

Fatigue

Weakness

Dyspnoea

Faintness

Dim vision

Pale skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva and nail beds

Tachycardia

Palpitations

Sometimes angina

There may be signs and symptoms of the underlying cause of the

deficiency, e.g. if the anaemia is due to iron deficiency there may be sores

in the corners of the mouth or spoon shaped nails


AETIOLOGY OF ANAEMIA


Deficient RBC production:

Aplastic anaemia (bone marrow depression), e.g. due to

chemotherapy or leukaemia

Deficiency of iron or folic acid or vitamin B12. These nutrients

are necessary to make haemoglobin and RBC’s.

Anaemia of chronic diseases




Excessive destruction of RBC’s:

Malaria

Sickle cell disease

Thalassaemia

Reactions to medicine

Transfusion reactions




Excessive loss of RBC’s:

Acute loss of blood

Chronic loss of blood, e.g. heavy or too frequent menstruation,

peptic ulcers, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, cancer of the

GIT, cancer of the bladder


DISORDERS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS



LEUKOPENIA


Definition:

A decrease in the number of white blood cells in the circulating

blood

Aetiology:

Inflammation and infections

Drugs, e.g. cancer therapy

Neoplasms involving the bone marrow


LEUKAEMIA


A malignant tumour of the

white blood cell precursors in

the bone marrow

The most common cancer in

children

Leads to excessive amounts

of immature and abnormal

WBC’s in the blood

Decrease in platelets and

RBC’s


LEUKAEMIA


Types of leukaemia:

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Acute lymphocytic leukaemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia


LEUKAEMIA


Aetiology of leukaemia:

Mostly unknown

Some factors may contribute:

Genetics (slight familial tendency) - an increased incidence in

Down’s syndrome children

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Infection with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 virus infection


LEUKAEMIA


Signs and symptoms of leukaemia:

Anaemia

Thrombocytopenia

Decrease in normal WBC’s

Bone pain

Lymphadenopathy

Hepatomegaly

Splenomegaly

Treatment:

Repeated chemotherapy

Intensive blood transfusions

Bone marrow transplants


BLEEDING DISORDERS


To prevent bleeding and bruising your body needs:

Adequate amounts of normal

platelets

All clotting factors in sufficient

quantities

Strong capillary walls


BLEEDING DISORDERS


Deficiency of platelets:

This is called thrombocytopenia

May be due to:

Decreased production of platelets - occurs in leukaemia,

radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Some drugs may cause thrombocytopenia, e.g. quinine


BLEEDING DISORDERS


Defective platelets:

Can occur when, e.g. aspirin

interferes with the function of

the platelets

A single dose of aspirin can

have an effect that lasts for 7

to 10 days


BLEEDING DISORDERS


Coagulation factors:

Liver makes coagulation factors

Vitamin K is necessary to activate some of these factors

Deficiency of coagulation factors:

Could be due to:

Liver disease/damage

Vitamin K deficiency

Haemophilia


VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY


Vitamin K is required for the activation of certain clotting

factors

Deficiency can occur in neonate/later in life

Sources of vitamin K: Green leafy vegetables, produced by

bowel bacteria

Causes of vitamin K deficiency: Inadequate diet, lack of

“good bacteria” in the intestines, malabsorption diseases,

medicines (warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist)

Neonates are often deficient because they are only starting

to “grow” bowel bacteria and breast milk does not contain

enough vitamin K.


HAEMOPHILIA


A group of hereditary disorders where an insufficient amount of

one of the clotting factors is produced

Mainly found in males


VASCULAR DISORDERS


A vitamin C deficiency will cause a weak vessel wall which can

lead to bleeding

Cushing’s disease or cortisone therapy will also cause weak

vessel walls


QUESTIONS

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