Date post: | 30-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | kimberly-robertson |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Overview• We cannot store amino acids so they are
converted into intermediates in metabolic or biosynthetic pathways. Malfunctions in these degradation pathways lead to a number of disease states.
• The carbon chains of the amino acids are converted to various intermediates based on chemical logic.
• Several enzyme cofactors are utilized in order to accomplish degradation.
Why do we need protein in our diet?
• Essential amino acid uptake for protein synthesis• Amino acids can be converted to biologically active
nitrogenous products
• Carbon chains of amino acids are very reduced (e.g. good source of energy)
CO2-N
CH3
NH
HN-2O3PO
HO
OH
NH3+
NN
NH3+
NO
creatine phosphate dopamine histamine nitric oxide
Amino acids as a source of energy6 entry points to TCA
cycle:FumaratePyruvateOxaloacetateSuccinyl-CoAα-KetoglutarateAcetyl-CoAAcetoacetyl-CoA
Serine metabolism by PLP-enzymesInstead of electrons feeding into PLP, the β-hydroxy group can be eliminated from serine to ultimately form pyruvate.
Serine can also be converted to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
N C HCO2
-
HO
:B
N C HCO2
- + CH2O
H:B
N C HCO2
-
H
+H3N C HCO2
-
H
Enz-PLP
glycine
H2N C HCO2
-
HO
serine
Enz-PLP
PLP enzymes can catalyze:TransaminationElimination (Serine dehydratase)Retro-Aldol (SHMT)
Glycine (C2) Cleavage Reaction
PLP enzymes can catalyze:Transamination (aminotransferase)Elimination (serine dehydratase)Retro-aldol (SHMT)Decarboxylation (glycine cleavage system)
Similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
1.PLP-dependent decarboxylation
2,3. Lipoamide reaction, PLP cleavage
4. Loss of ammonia and one-carbon transfer to tetrahydrofolate
5. Oxidation of lipoamide by NAD+
Specificity of PLP-dependent reactions
N
CCO2
-
R
H
N
CR
H
CO2-
N
CH
CO2-
R
Dunathan hypothesis
Arg357
Bacterial SHMT
Histidine ammonia lyase
First step in histidine degradation
Enzyme generates its own methylidene imidazolone cofactor (MIO)
Retey, J. BBA 2003
PLP-dependent kynureninase
HC
N C
CO2-
HO
R
B:
H2C
N C
CO2-
O
R
:OH
H2C
NH
C
CO2-
O
RHO
CH2
β-keto
PLP enzymes can catalyze:Transamination (aminotransferase)Elimination (serine dehydratase)Retro-aldol (SHMT)Decarboxylation (glycine cleavage system)Retro-Claisen (kynureninase)
1. Removal of the α-proton
2. Attack by activated water molecule
3. Cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond
1.
2.
3.
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PheH)
• Catalyzes first step in phenylalanine degradation
• Deficiency in this step causes the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU)
Control of activated oxygen species
NH
HN
NH
N NH2
O
R
H
H
H
O2
NH
HN
NH
N NH2
O
R
H
H
H
O2
NH
HN
N
N NH2
O
R
H
H
H
O
O
Ordered mechanism-no chemistry until both substrates bind
Discovery of Genetic Diseases
If it be, indeed, the case that in alkaptonuria and the other conditions mentioned we are dealing with individualities of metabolism and not with the results of morbid processes the thought naturally presents itself that these are merely extreme examples of variations of chemical behaviour which are probably everywhere present in minor degree, and just as no two individuals of a species are absolutely identical in bodily structure neither are their chemical processes carriedout on exactly the same lines.
The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: A Study in Chemical IndividualityArchibald E. Garrod, 1902