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Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music Introduction Sung-Hoon Chung Kent State University If you want to know about someone fast and clearly you should know what and how he or she thinks, and also the history of the formation of their philosophical system. This system functions actively according to the given situation and to changing conditions. Therefore, the history of their philosophical system tells you how they would behave in the future. I think society or nation also works the same (Maruyama 1998a: 23, translator's preface).! T here is a unique pattern in the process of forming a society. To know about Japanese society and what and how Japanese think, it is necessary to know the history of forming their philosophical system. Stokes says that musical "performance simply reflects 'underlying' cultural patterns and social structures" (Stokes 1994: 4). Knowing the history of the Japanese philosophical system helps to understand Japanese music. In other words 'forming a philosophical system' is a 'cultural pattern.' There is a certain pattern that has shaped today's unique Japanese culture through its history. The 'pattern' is called 'kata' in Japanese. Kata, a Japanese cultural pattern, developed according to the unique history and geographic conditions of Japan. Japan has maintained homogeneity for over 1000 years in terms of territory, race, language, and economic subsistence, primarily rice farming. This homogeneity has also shaped community and sacrificial rites throughout Japan's history. Such homogeneous circumstances are hard to find in a modern 'civilized country' (Maruyama 1998b: 310-311).2 Korea also lThis author's translation. 2The 'civilized countrv' here is the term used in the Enlightenment during the eighteenth century, especially by French philosophers. It is not defined as a 'national culture,' but is used
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Page 1: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

Introduction

Sung-Hoon Chung Kent State University

If you want to know about someone fast and clearly you should know what and

how he or she thinks, and also the history of the formation of their philosophical

system. This system functions actively according to the given situation and to

changing conditions. Therefore, the history of their philosophical system tells you

how they would behave in the future. I think society or nation also works the same

(Maruyama 1998a: 23, translator's preface).!

T here is a unique pattern in the process of forming a society. To know about Japanese society and what and how Japanese think, it is necessary

to know the history of forming their philosophical system. Stokes says that musical "performance simply reflects 'underlying' cultural patterns and social structures" (Stokes 1994: 4). Knowing the history of the Japanese philosophical system helps to understand Japanese music. In other words 'forming a philosophical system' is a 'cultural pattern.' There is a certain pattern that has shaped today's unique Japanese culture through its history. The 'pattern' is called 'kata' in Japanese. Kata, a Japanese cultural pattern, developed according to the unique history and geographic conditions of Japan.

Japan has maintained homogeneity for over 1000 years in terms of territory, race, language, and economic subsistence, primarily rice farming. This homogeneity has also shaped community and sacrificial rites throughout Japan's history. Such homogeneous circumstances are hard to find in a modern 'civilized country' (Maruyama 1998b: 310-311).2 Korea also

lThis author's translation. 2The 'civilized countrv' here is the term used in the Enlightenment during the eighteenth

century, especially by French philosophers. It is not defined as a 'national culture,' but is used

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164

has maintained its homogeneity. The difference between Korea and Japan depends on the geopolitical condition. Geographically, the Korean peninsula is connected directly to China, one of the most highly developed and influential ancient civilizations in the world.

However, Chinese influence on Japan is not equivalent to its influence on Korea. Japan, as an island nation, maintained a physical distance from the Asian continent. Japan had the power to control the flow of Chinese culture. In other words, Japan was able to monitor the influence of Chinese culture rather than be overwhelmed by it. According to Maruyama "Japanese have a dual feature. They are very sensitive and have a strong curiosity about cultures from neighboring countries. In contrast, they strongly maintain an insular homogeneity. This dual feature is strongly related to geopolitical fact" (Maruyama 1995a: 101).3

Yano's Kata

Yano uses the concept of "kata" to analyze and explain various features of enka in her dissertation. Yano explains that "emotion presented in Japanese performing arts such as enka runs in pattern, in what I call kata (patterning; patterned form) (Yano 1995: 17-18). One of the reasons why Yano uses the Japanese word and concept of kata over the simple English term "pattern" is that "kata emphasizes surface form and its beauty of effects" (Yano 1995: 18). Kata is used in Japanese traditional art, for example in traditional martial arts, flower arranging, tea ceremony, and kabuki (Japanese popular theatre) (Yano 1995: 18).

In the tea ceremony [cha-no-yu], for example, the Japanese do not just pour boiled water into the teacup that contains a leaf, but several procedures are needed in order to drink tea. Participants must be situated in a certain place (sitting room [zashiki]), use certain tools, perform the steps in a certain fixed order, with a certain position of sitting on one's knees, hold the teacup in a certain hand, and turn the cup in fixed angle. It is considered a solemn ritual. Similarly, in the martial art karate, there is a fixed order of hand and leg gestures. All these patterns are called kata. The fixed patterned forms, i.e., kata, in enka as described by Yano are: song texts (Yano 1995: 255-312), musical aspects (Yano 1995: 313-342),4 bodily aspects (Yano

as open meaning of universal that can be applied to any of the places in the world. After all 'civilized' is used more as a concept of 'over the history' or 'universal' than 'historical' or 'national.'

3This dual feature of Japanese culture is explained in the last half of this paper in Maruyama's kala.

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Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music 165

1995: 343-372),5 gender/sexuality (Yano 1995: 373-401), cross-gendered performances (Yano 1995: 402-433), and nostalgia (Yano 1995: 434-464).

In examining enka's kata of "song texts," Yano has chosen 115 enka songs that were popular from the 1950s to the 1990s and counted the frequency of word occurrence. Among the twenty-six that occur in the most number of songs, the top five most frequent words are yume [dream], kokoro [heart/soul], anata [you], namida [tears; naku (cry)], and sake [alcohol]. Following is how these words are used as kata in enka.

1) Yume [dream]: Dreams in enka are based in the past, and also are broken, scattered, and unfulfilled (Yano 1995: 264-265).

2) Kokoro [heart/ soul]: According to Lebra "kokoro is central to a Japanese concept of self .... In enka "kokoro is rarely at peace, but always in painful turmoil-throbbing, yearning, and reeling .... In enka the ultimate tragedy is a heart so cold that it can no longer feel" (Yano 1995: 268-269).

3) Anata [you]: The word "watashi [I; me]" occurs with less frequency than "anata." "The word 'anata' suggests a high degree of intimacy, and its use is particularly characteristic among women when calling their spouse or lover. More than a term of address, it is a term of endearment" (Yano 1995: 271-272). Enka songs sing of "what you did to me, more than what I did to you; what you mean to me, more than the reverse; how I feel for you, rather than the reverse" (Yano 1995: 272).

4) Namida [tears]: In enka, both men and women cry, but women cry more often (Yano 1995: 273).

Men cry for lost loves; but more frequently they cry for their furl/salo

[hometown], and for memories of their mothers .... Men try not to cry, holding back

their tears for higher principles, suppressing their sobs for the sake of a chose path .

... Women cry, and cry copiously, for men. In contrast with men's songs, there are

relatively little sung in women's songs about public issues such as furusalo and

life's path. Instead, tears flow over private affairs, broken hearts, failed romance

(Yano 1995: 274-275).

5) Sake [alcohol]

One cultural norm of drinking is that it is an activity more socially acceptable for

men than for women. The formation of social links through co-drinking is

4There is a certain fixed vocal style in el1ka performance. 5When enka singers sing a song, they have certain hand motions that every enka singers

does when they sing.

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especially true among men. Alcohol becomes a homo social lubricant, allowing men

to meet each other, kokoro to kokoro. Social drinking becomes a kind of male

initiation ritual, affirming bonds of blood and/ or friendship (Yano 1995: 281-282).

These words are sung mostly in the yonanuki scale and became a kata, or symbol, that stimulates the emotions of Japanese people. These words of emotion in enka, such as 'dreams in the past that are unfulfilled,' 'painful heart/ 'passive attitude towards you (allata)/ 'tears/ and 'social drinking between men/ seemed not to fit with the image of young city dwellers who live in Japan, one of the most advanced societies in the world today. Rather, these images seemed to fit with the values of Japanese traditional society. The purpose of these words is to evoke feelings of nostalgia, the most important characteristic of enka. If so, however, why do present-day Japanese listeners enjoy enka? Maruyama's examination of kata can help answer this question.

Maruyama's Kata

Yano's kata deals with narrow matters related to enka from a synchronic perspective, while Maruyama's kata deals diachronically with the meeting of two different cultures, namely the United States and Japan. Maruyama's definition of kata suggests a pattern that has developed over time with the recurrent cultural interaction of foreign cultures from ancient times. Maruyama uses the concept of "old layers" to describe Japan's process of dealing with cultural interaction. Through history, each foreign influence is piled on top of the old, while the Japanese traditional culture stays at the base. Maruyama uses the musical term basso ostinato,6 or obstinated bass to suggest the same pattern played repeatedly in the bass while upper voices independently.

According to Maruyama, the upper voice represents cultures from the Asian continent and those from the West. The upper voices are not the same as the original tune when first arriving to Japan. The melodies change to the repeating pattern of the bass, which represents Japanese traditional culture. This model of Japanese culture demonstrates the typical positive response to acceptance of foreign cultures. Enka is the perfect model for Maruyama's theory of "basso ostinato" because ellka maintains Japanese traditional musical elements in the bass or "old layers/' and the Western musical

6Basso osiillaio means "a figure in the bass which is persistently repeated" (Kennedy 1980: 471).

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elements in the "upper voice." Following are three examples of Maruyama's basso ostinato theory, or kata, as applied to enka.

1) In the 1880s the yonanuki scale was developed. Government officials in charge of the music education policy agreed that the Western heptatonic scale was too difficult to teach children, as it was unfamiliar to the Japanese people as a whole. A decision was made to exclude the syllables fa and si (ti) of the Western heptatonic scale, leaving five tones: do, re, mi, sol, and lao This pentatonic scale matches the ryo scale of gagaku, the imperial court music that is more than one thousand years old (Sonobe 1980: 67-69). This scale was named yonanuki, because the Japanese names for the scale degrees represented by the Western syllables fa and si are yo and na, respectively, while nuki means "pull out." Thus, yonanuki literally means "yo and na pulled out."

According to Maruyama's basso ostinato theory, the Western heptatonic scale represents the "upper voice" that when changed to the yonanuki scale, becomes the "old layer," i.e., ryo scale of Gagaku.

2) Western instruments are mostly used in enka. Among them the lead instruments, such as acoustic guitar, saxophone, or trumpet, which imitate the sound of the shamisen or koto, Japanese traditional instruments. These Western instruments represent the "upper voice," or the Western musical elements, while the imitation of Japanese traditional instruments represents the "old layer."

3) The pitches used in enka consist of those corresponding to equal tempered tuning as found in modern Western popular music. According to Marumaya's theory, this "equal temperament" in enka is the "upper voice," and "yuri," "kobushi," or "a quick-turn ornament" is the "old layer."

Because these two different elements, the "old layer" and "upper voice," are often fused together, Japanese culture is often called the negotiable culture.

According to Maruyama, "overcoming modernity [kindai no chol/kokul" means the modernity or Westernization that has already been overcome. Consequently, it suggests a return to Japanese tradition. This concept was vital in the early twentieth century. Since the Meiji era, most parts of Japanese society had become Westernized or modernized. Therefore, "We shall overcome" theorists thought that Japan must overcome such modernity, and return to its ancient cultural traditions (Maruyama 1974: XXX, in author's introduction).

The feeling of living together in one big family or this nostalgia of 'enough and

satisfied living in one family' is stimulated by the miscellaneous of megalopolis

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168

(expression of the planless!) formed a bass line that echoes from the beginning to

the end of "overcoming modernity" appear various melodies (Maruyama 1998a:

Ill)?

According to this quote, "overcoming modernity" was realized in enka. While most parts of Japanese society had become Westernized, "the feeling of living together in one big family or this nostalgia of 'enough and satisfied living in one family'" tells us that enka still has the elements of old tradition. As such, enka draws on the feelings of nostalgia found at the root of Japanese sentimentality and motivation to overcome modernity. "A bass line that echoes from the beginning to the end of 'overcoming modernity'" is a hidden pattern of Japanese culture, or kata. This kata of maintaining traditional roots and overcoming modernity is therefore represented by enka.

Conclusion

According to MaIm and Wallis there are four models of intercultural musical interactions: 1) cultural exchange, 2) cultural imperialism, 3) cultural dominance, and 4) transculturation. The beginning of the cultural exchange is the meeting of two individuals who have different cultural background. In such circumstances, the most advisable case is to exchange their culture equally. During the cultural exchange between the West and the East since the nineteenth century this equal cultural exchange did not work. It does not matter whether the West forced such exchange, or if the East found it necessary to become "Westernized," the cultural flow was from the West to the East.

Enka, the new music style in this period, is the result of this uniยญdirectional flow. Enka went through the all four above process from cultural exchange to transculturation. Transculturation means when two or more different cultures have met and creates a totally new culture (hybrid) and while this happen either anyone of them is not in superior position. I think enka, a Japanese popular music, is the result of transculturation that passed all the above processes through the twentieth century.

7 Author's translation.

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Bibliography

Badagnani, David Marc 1997 Intercultural Music-Making: The Co-Creative Process of Direct Cllltural Exchange

(M.A. thesis, Kent State University). Kennedy, Michael

1980 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. "Ostinato." Third edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

MaIm, Krister and Roger Wallis 1992 Media Policy and Mllsic Activity. London and New York: Routledge.

Maruyama Masao 1992 Clzusei to Hmzgyakll. [Loyalty and Treason]. Korean translation by Kim, Seog

Gun, and Choong-Suk, Park. Seoul: Nanam, 1998b. (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo)

1995a "Genkei, Kosou, Jizoku Teion. [Archetype, Old Layer, and Basso Ostinato]". Chap. In Hiddell Form ill Japanese Cultllre. ed. Takeda, 1991. Korean translation by Jin-man Kim. Seoul: Sowha.

1998a Nilzon 110 Shiso. [Thollght of Japan]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1961. Korean translation by Kim, Seog Gun. Seoul: Hangilsa Publishing.

1974 Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan. Translated by Mikiso Hane. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Stokes, Martin 1994 Etll11icitt/, Identitlj alld Music: The Mllsical Construction of Place. "Introduction:

Ethnicity, Identity and Music." Oxford and New York; Berg Publishers. Yano, Christine Reiko

1995 Slzaping Tears of a Nation: An Etlznography of Emotion ill Japanese Poplliar Song (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii).

Page 8: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

์–ผ์˜จ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์นด๋žด(ํ˜•)

์ •์„ฑํ›ˆ(์ผ„ํŠธ๋Œ€ํ•™)

์„œ๋ก 

L ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ณ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๊ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ

T ์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ถค์ ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ž€ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—๏ผŒ

๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ถค์ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด

๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ 1998a: 23 ๊น€์„๊ทผ์˜ โ€˜์˜ฎ๊ธด์ด

์˜ ๋งโ€™ ). ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€

์žˆ๋‹ค- ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ

๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ถค์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค

โ€œ์Œ์•…์€ ๊ฑท์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด

(์Šคํ† ์šฑ์Šค 1994: 4) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์˜€๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํŒจํ„ด๏ผŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹ , ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ

๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋ฌธํ™”ํŒจํ„ดโ€™ ๊ณผ โ€˜์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‹โ€™ ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ

์“ฐ์ธ ๋ง๋“ค์ด๋‹ค

์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์˜จ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ

์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ โ€˜์นดํƒ€โ€™ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ

์–ด๋กœ๋Š” โ€˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๏ผŒโ€™ โ€˜ํ‹€โ€™ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ๏ผŒ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—

์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์˜์—ญ๏ผŒ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๏ผŒ ์–ธ์–ด๏ผŒ ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋œ ์ทจ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ œ์˜

์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๏ผŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ โ€˜๋ฌธ๋งน๊ตญ ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„

1์š”์ฆ˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€์„ฌ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ฐธ

๋ฐฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€œ์žŠ์„ ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜๊ณ  ์˜€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ง์–ธ๋„ ํ•œ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” โ€˜๋ง ์–ธโ€™ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ•ดํ”„๋‹์ด๋‚˜ โ€˜๋ง์–ธโ€™ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ

๋ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ โ€˜์ƒ๊ฐโ€™ ์ด๊ณ  โ€˜์ฒ ํ•™โ€™ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค" (๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ 1998a: 23 ๊ฐ•์„๊ทผ์˜ โ€˜์˜ฎ

๊ธด์ด์˜ ๋งโ€™)โ€˜

Page 9: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์นด๋‹ค(ํ˜• ) 171

์ •๋„์˜ ๋“ฑ์งˆ์„ฑ (homogeneity)์„ ์ฒœ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ

1998b: 310-311) ,2 ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•œ๊ตญ๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ชป์ง€์•Š์€ ๋“ฑ์งˆ์„ฑ(ํ˜น์€ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ)์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์™”์ง€

๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜

์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ

๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์žˆ์–ด์˜จ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„

๋ฐ›์€ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ๋งŒ๏ผŒ ์ฆ‰ โ€˜๋ถ€๋‹จ

ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„โ€™ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด

โ€˜์ด์›ƒโ€™ ์—์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ

๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ โ€˜์•ˆโ€™ ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์„ ์™„๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ด์ค‘์  ์ธก๋ฉด ..

๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ฒ™ ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ

1995a: 101).

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒœ ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์—†์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ์šฐ์ฃผ

๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์˜จ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š”

๋ฌธํ™”์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์„ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ โ€˜์•ˆโ€™ ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์„ ์™„๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ์‡„์ 

์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™

์‹œ์— ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์ •๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ โ€˜๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ

๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐโ€™ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค 3 ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ผ ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ โ€˜๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐโ€™ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„

์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธ€์€ โ€˜์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…โ€™ ๊ณผ โ€˜์นดํƒ€โ€™ ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด

๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ๋ก 

โ€˜์นดํƒ€โ€™ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•™์ž ์ค‘์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋ ˆ

์ด์ฝ” ์•ผ๋…ธ(Christine Reiko YANO)์™€ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค(MARUYAMA Masao)๊ฐ€

์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์ธ ์—”์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•ผ๋…ธ์™€ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ

์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…

์ธ ์—”์นด๋ฅผ โ€˜๊ฐ์ •์˜ ์–‘์‹๏ผŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ(์นดํƒ€)โ€™ ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995) ,4 ์ฆ‰๏ผŒ ์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š”

2์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋ฌธ์˜๊ตญโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ํŠนํžˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ

์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ โ€˜๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ฌธํ™”โ€™ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ํ†ต์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๏ผŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ โ€˜๋ฌธ๋ช…โ€™ ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ๏ผŒ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” โ€˜์ดˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ฒ™์ด๋‹คโ€™ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…

์œผ๋กœ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

3์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ‹€์–ด์„œ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ฒ™์ด๊ณ  ์œ ๊ต์  ์ „ํ†ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ์˜€๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฝ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค

4์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์–ด์™€ ์–ผ๋ณธ์–ด์— ๋Šฅํ†ตํ•˜๋‹ค 1995๋…„์˜ ํ•˜์™€์ด๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ

์œผ๋กœ ์—”์นด๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ฒ™ ์ธ ๊ด€์  ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

Page 10: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

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โ€˜์นด๋‹คโ€™ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์—”์นด์˜ ๊ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์•ผ๋…ธ์˜์นดํƒ€

์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š” 1995๋…„์˜ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ โ€˜์–‘์‹ ์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ (patterning)์ด๋‚˜

ํŒจํ„ด๋“œ ํผ(patterned form) ๋Œ€์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์ธ ์นดํƒ€(kata)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ์•ผ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜

๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ์นดํƒ€๋Š” โ€œ์™ธ๊ด€์˜ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฏธโ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(์•ผ

๋…ธ 1995: 18). ์นดํƒ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ธ ๋ฌด์ˆ ๏ผŒ ๊ฝƒ๊ฝ‚์ด , ๋‹ค๋„๏ผŒ ์นด๋ถ€ํ‚ค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด

๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰๏ผŒ ๋‹ค๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋“๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ ์žฃ์ž”์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ

๋Š” ์žฃ์žŽ์— ๋ถ€์–ด์„œ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ

์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฟ‡์–ด์•‰์€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ชธ์ง“์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„

๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋งŒํผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž”์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์…” ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ

๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉ์ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •

์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ํ˜•์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—„

์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ œ์‹๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ

๋‚œ ์นด๋ผํ…Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ˆ ์€ ํ’ˆ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์†์ง“๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ง“์„

ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์นดํƒ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์—”์นด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ์•ผ

๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—”์นด์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๏ผŒ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๏ผŒ ๋ชธ์ง“๏ผŒ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—

์˜ ๋™๊ฒฝ , nostalgia) ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”์นด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์š”์†Œํ‹€์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ

ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”์•ผ๋…ธ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์„ํ•œ โ€˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์นดํƒ€โ€™๋ฅผ์†Œ๊ฐœ

ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

์•ผ๋…ธ๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1990๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์•ฝ 100์—ฌ ๊ณก์˜ ์—”์นด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜

์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์—”์นด ๊ณก๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด

๋Š” ์œ ๋ฉ”(๊ฟˆ) , ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋กœ(๋งˆ์Œ) , ์•„๋‚˜ํƒ€(๋‹น์‹ ) , ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋‹ค(๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ) , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ผ€(์ˆ )์ด๋‹ค.

๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ โ€˜์นดํƒ€ ๋กœ ์—”์นด ๊ณก์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.

1) ์—”์นด์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” โ€œ์œ ๋ฉ”(๊ฟˆ) ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€

๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๊ณ ๏ผŒ ํฉ์–ด์ง€๊ณ ๏ผŒ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 264-265) ,

2) ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ผ(Lebra) ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด โ€œ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋กœ(๋งˆ์Œr๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” โ€œ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์•„์— ๋Œ€

ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ดโ€์ด๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 268) ์—”์นด์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์€

โ€˜ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ๋งˆ์Œโ€™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” โ€˜๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ฐ€์Šด์ด ๊ณ ๋™์น˜๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ ๏ผŒ

๋™์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œโ€™ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. โ€œ์—”์นด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ทน์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์™€

์ ธ์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995:269)

3) ์—”์นด๊ณก์—์„œ โ€œ์•„๋‚˜ํƒ€(๋‹น์‹ r ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” โ€œ์™€ํƒ€์‹œ (๋‚˜r ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ

์ธ๋‹ค ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ์• ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ

์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ์• ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์—”์นด๊ณก์—์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋‹น์„ โ€™ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด

๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œ โ€˜๋‹น์„ โ€™ ์ด ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ ๏ผŒ โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋‹น์‹ โ€™ ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜

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์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์นด๋‹ค(ํ˜• ) 173

๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œ โ€˜๋‹น์‹ โ€™ ์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ ๏ผŒ โ€œ โ€˜๋‹น์‹ โ€™ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป

๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹คโ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œ โ€˜๋‹น์‹ โ€™ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 272).

4) โ€œ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋‹ค(๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ)"๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ

๋ž‘์˜ ์Šฌํ””์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„๋ฃจ์‚ฌํ† (๊ณ ํ–ฅ)์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์ฃผ

๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šธ

์Œ์„ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 274). ํ•œํŽธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„

ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๏ผŒ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง„ ๋งˆ์Œ๏ผŒ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ

๋กœ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 275).

5) โ€œ์‚ฌ์ผ€(์ˆ )"๋Š” ์นœ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ๋ ท์ด์„œ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ๋ ท์ด์„œ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ˆ ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ

์นœํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์œคํ™œ์œ  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 281). ๋˜ ํ”ผ์™€ ์šฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งบ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์†์„

ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์  ํ–‰์‚ฌใ€‚171๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค(์•ผ๋…ธ 1995: 282).

์ด์ƒ ์—”์นด์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด โ€˜์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฟˆ๏ผŒโ€™ โ€˜๊ณ ํ†ต

์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ๏ผŒโ€™ โ€˜๋‹น์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๏ผŒโ€™ โ€˜๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๏ผŒโ€™ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€˜๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„

ํ•œ ์ˆ โ€™ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์š”๋‚˜๋ˆ„ํ‚ค ์Œ๊ณ„์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์—”์นด์˜ ์ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์€

์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๏ผŒ ํ˜น์€ ์„ฌ๋ณผ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์นดํƒ€โ€™ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š”

๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ Š

์€ ๋„์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€๋Š” ์›ฌ์ง€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์™œ

๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์—”์นด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด โ€˜๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์˜ ๋™๊ฒฝ

(nostalgia) โ€™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์™œ ํ˜„๋Œ€

์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์—”์นด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์นดํƒ€

๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์นดํƒ€5

์•ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์นดํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์—”์นด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ข์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ (synchronic )๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด๏ผŒ

๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๏ผŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”

์˜ ํ†ต์‹œ์  (diachronic) ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€

์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋œ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฌธํ™”์™€์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŒจํ„ด

์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ •์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ ๊ทธ

์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์˜€๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์„ž์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด

์ง‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด์ธ โ€˜๊ณ ์ธตโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š”

๋ง์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์Œ“

์ด๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ์ธต ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”๋Š”

5๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค(1914-1996)๋Š” ํ† ์˜ค์ฟ„์˜ค๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด

์ณค๋‹ค.

Page 12: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‹€์–ด์˜จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์šฉ์–ด์ธ ์ง‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง‘์š”์ €์Œ๏ผŒ ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ”์†Œ ์˜ค์Šค

ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ํ† (basso ostinato)๋กœ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์†Œ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ฐ ๋‚˜ํ† ์˜ ๋œป์€ โ€œ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜

๋Š” ์ €์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์Œํ˜•โ€์ด๋‹ค(์ผ€๋„ค๋”” 1980: 471). ์ €์Œ๋ถ€์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์„ ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€

์ง‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๏ผŒ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ง

ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 

๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹  ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌธํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ ์œจ๋“ค์ด ์ €์Œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง‘์š”ํ•˜

๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์Œํ˜•๏ผŒ ์ฆ‰ ์›๋ž˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์„ž์—ฌ์„œ ์—ฐ

์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์ €์Œ ์Œํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ ‘์š”ํ•˜

๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•ด์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ 1995a: 111). ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์„ 

์œจ์ธ โ€˜์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€™ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜ํ’€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ €์Œ๏ผŒ ์ฆ‰ โ€˜์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŒจํ„ดโ€™

์„ ์นดํƒ€(ํ˜น์€ ๊ณ ์ธต๏ผŒ ์›ํ˜• , ์ˆจ์€ ํ˜• , ๋ฐ”์†Œ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ํ† )๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด

์œ ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋™

์‹œ์— ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜

โ€˜๋ฐ”์†Œ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ํ† โ€™ ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—”์นด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฃจ

์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์นดํƒ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—”์นด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค

1) ์—”์นด์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์Œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์š”๋‚˜๋ˆ„ํ‚ค ์Œ๊ณ„์ธ๋ฐ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด

์š”๋‚˜๋ˆ„ํ‚ค ์Œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์˜ 7์Œ ์Œ๊ณ„์—์„œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ(๋„ท์งธ์™€ ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ์Œ)์„ ๋นผ์„œ 5์Œ ์Œ

๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘์˜ 7์Œ ์Œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ‹€์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2์Œ์„

๋นผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ โ€˜์ค‘๊ฐ„๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์Œ๊ณ„โ€™ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค 6 ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”์†Œ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ํ†  ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜

ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„œ์–‘์˜ 7์Œ ์Œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃผ์„ ์œจ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2์Œ์„ ๋บ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ์š”๋‚˜๋ˆ„ํ‚ค

5์Œ ์Œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง€์†์ €์Œโ€™ ์ด๋‹ค.

2) ์—”์นด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„œ์–‘ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€๏ผŒ ์ƒ‰์Šคํฐ๏ผŒ ํŠธ๋Ÿผ

๋ › ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต ์•…๊ธฐ์ธ ์ƒค๋ฏธ์„ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ”ํ† ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ

์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋•Œ ์—”์นด์— ์“ฐ์ธ ์„œ์–‘ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ โ€˜์ฃผ์„ ์œจโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• 

์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์„œ์–‘ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต ์•…๊ธฐ์ธ ์ƒค๋ฏธ์„ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ”ํ† ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜

๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์†์ €์Œโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3) ์—”์นด๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ด๋‹ค.

์—”์นด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์œจ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€˜์ฃผ์„ ์œจโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ

๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์— โ€˜์œ ๋ฆฌโ€™ ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์ฝ”๋ถ€์‹œโ€™ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋– ๋Š” ์Œโ€™ (vibrato)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

์€ โ€˜์ง€์†์ €์Œโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ƒ‰์ธ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋‚˜

์˜จ ์—”์นด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ๏ผŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด

๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ โ€˜๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทนโ€™ ๊ณผ ์—”์นด์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋‹ค โ€˜๊ทผ

6์š”๋‚˜๋ˆ„ํ‚ค ์Œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต์Œ์•…์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์ฟ ์˜ โ€˜๋ฃŒโ€™ ์Œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค

Page 13: Patterned Form in Japanese Popular Music

์ผ๋ณธ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์นดํƒ€(ํ˜•) 175

๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทนโ€™ ์ด๋ž€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”

๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜

์˜จ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค

์ผ๊ฐ€์ผ์ดŒ์˜ โ€˜์ง‘์•ˆ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ถ“ํ•œโ€™ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์„ฌ์ • ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ์ปท์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ

์˜ ์žก๋‹คํ•จ(๋ฌด๊ณ„ํš์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„!)์— ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ์ž๊ทน๋˜์–ด๏ผŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”

โ€˜๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทนโ€™ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์šธ๋ ค ํผ์ง€๋Š” ์ €์Œ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ 1998a:

11 1) โ€˜

์ฆ‰ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทน์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—”์นด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ

์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์˜› ์ „ํ†ต์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์นด๋ฅผ โ€œ์ผ๊ฐ€์ผ์ดŒ์˜ โ€˜์ง‘

์•ˆ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ถ“ํ•œโ€™ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์‹ฌ์ • ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ

ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์นด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ทนํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๊ทผ์ €๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ 

์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทนโ€™ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์šธ๋ ค ํผ์ง€๋Š” ์ €์Œ์€ ๋ฐ”

๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ํ˜• , ์ฆ‰ ์นดํƒ€์ด๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ โ€˜์นดํƒ€ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—”์นด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ

ํ•œ๋‹ค

๊ฒฐ๋ก 

๋ง˜(Krister Malm)๊ณผ ์™ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Roger Wallis) ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€

๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด โ€˜๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ตํ™˜(cultural exchange) โ€™ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ

ํ™”๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‹ด์—์…” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ฐ€

์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์…”๋กœ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

์ด๋‹ค 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์„œ์–‘๋ฌธํ™”(์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ)์™€ ๋™์–‘๋ฌธํ™”(๋™ ์•„์‹œ์•„)์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์€ ์•„์‰ฝ

๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์—ฝ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ•์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋“ 

๋™์–‘์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋“  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์„œ์–‘๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋™์–‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์—ฝ์ด์˜€๋‹ค ์—”

์นด๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์„œ์–‘๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์ด๋‹ค- ์—”์ฐจ

๋Š” ๋ง˜๊ณผ ์™„๋ฆฌ ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์‹œ ํ•œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ์งธ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ตํ™˜(cultural exchange)

์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ณค๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ (cul tural imperialism) ์™€๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ (cultural

dominance)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ดˆ์›”์  ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™”( transculturation)ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค(๋ง˜

๊ณผ ์™„๋ฆฌ์Šค 1992) , ์ดˆ์œŒ์  ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™”๋ž€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ์ชฝ๋„ ์šฐ์›”

ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ซ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•… ์—”์นด์•ผ

๋ง๋กœ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ์ดˆ์›”์  ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ

ํ•œ๋‹คโ€™

7 โ€˜๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ทนโ€™ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 39 , 42 , 44 67-69 , 76 , 84์ชฝ์— ์˜€๋‹ค(๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ 1995b)

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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๏ผŒ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค 1995a โ€œ์›ํ˜•๏ผŒ ๊ณ ์ธต๏ผŒ ์ง€์†์ €์Œ r์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ํ˜•JJ. ๊น€์ง„๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์„œ์šธยท ๋„์„œ์ถœํŒ

์†Œํ™”(ํ•œ๋Ÿผ์‹ ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ด์„œ 1) 1995b r์ผ๋ณธ์ • ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌJJ (Studies in the lntellectual HistOlฮณ of Tokugawa Japan)

๊น€ ์„ ๊ทผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์„œ ์šธ : ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด(Translated by Mikiso Hane. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).

1998a r์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒJJ. ๊น€์„๊ทผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ . ์„œ์šธ: ํ•œ๊ธธ์‚ฌ(Nihon no Shiso. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1961.)

1998b โ€œ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜์‹์˜ โ€˜๊ณ ์ธตโ€โ€™ r์ถฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ : ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์‚ฌ์  ์œ„์ƒJJ. ๋ฐ•์ถฉ์„ , ๊ฒ€์„๊ทผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์„œ์šธ: ๋‚˜๋‚จ์ถœํŒ(Chusei to Hangyaku. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1992.)

๋ง˜(Krister Malm)๊ณผ ์™ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Roger W al1is) . 1992 r๋ฏธ ๋”” ์–ด ์ • ์ฑ…๊ณผ ์Œ์•…ํ™œ๋™JJ (Media Policy and Music Activity. London and New

York: Routledge). ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ƒ๋‹ˆ , ๋ฐ ์ด ๋น— ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ(Badagnani๏ผŒ David Marc)

1997 โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ„ ์Œ์•… ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ : ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •" (Intercultural Music-Making: The Co-Creative Process of Direct Cultural Exchange) . ์ผ„ํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์Œ์•…ํ•™ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ(M.A. thesis, Kent State University) .

์Šคํ† ์šฑ์Šค๏ผŒ ๋งˆํ‹ด (Stokes๏ผŒ Martin) 1994 โ€œ์„œ๋ก (Introduction: Ethnicity, Identity and Music)". r๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ , ๋…์ž์„ฑ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ

๊ณ  ์Œ์•… : ์ง€ ์—ญ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ตฌ์กฐJJ (Ethnicity, ldentity and Music: The Musical Construction of Place). Oxford and New York: Berg Pub1ishers.

์•ผ๋…ธ๏ผŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํ‹ด ๋ ˆ ์ด ์ฝ”(Yano๏ผŒ Christine Reiko) 1995 โ€œํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜• ํƒœ ยท ์ผ๋ณธ ์œ ํ–‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑํ•™" (Shaping Tears of

a Nation: An Ethnography of Emotion in Japanese Popular Song.) . ํ•˜์™€์ด ๋Œ€ ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ(Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii).

์ผ€๋„ค๋””๏ผŒ ๋งˆ์ดํด(Kennedy๏ผŒ Michael) 1980 r์ถ•์†ŒํŒ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์ „JJ (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music).

โ€œOstinato." Third edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press


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