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Parking Policy in Asian citiesParking Policy in Asian cities highlightshighlights

Dr Paul BarterDr Paul BarterLKY School of Public PolicyLKY School of Public PolicyNational University of SingaporeNational University of Singaporepaulbarter@nus.edu.sgpaulbarter@nus.edu.sg

Photo: Zaitun Kasim

Photo by Rutul Joshi

Study commissioned by ADB under RETA 6416: A Development Framework for

Sustainable Urban Transport - Parking Policy in Asia: Status, Comparisons and Potential

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1.1. Framework for thinkingFramework for thinking

about parking policyabout parking policy

choiceschoices

1. Conventional approaches

parking as ancillary

infrastructure for buildings,hence parking requirements

2. Parking managementapproaches

parking as a tool for widerpolicy goals

3. Market-based approaches

parking as a real-estate basedservice

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1.1. Framework for thinking aboutFramework for thinking about

parking policy choicesparking policy choicesApproaches toparking policy

What is parking?And whose

responsibility?

Central goals

Conventional

Autocentric

InfrastructureGovernment + propertyowner responsibility.

Avoid parking scarcity

Demand-realisticAvoid both scarcityand wasteful surplus

Parkingmanagement

Multi-objective

Infrastructure

Governmentresponsibility mainly

Serve wider urban &transport policy goals

Constraint-focusedKey goal is constraintof car travel (to certainlocations)

Market-based

Real-estate basedservicePrivate beneficiaries

(willingness to pay)

Ensure demand,supply and prices areresponsive to each

other

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2. Selected results:2. Selected results: Parking requirements atParking requirements atcommercial buildings (on average) versuscommercial buildings (on average) versus

approximate car ownershipapproximate car ownership

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2. Selected results: Exempting2. Selected results: Exemptingsmall buildings from requiringsmall buildings from requiring

parkingparking

Floor area threshold below which no parking requirements

Tokyo Yes (1500 or 2000 sq. m). Above this requirements phase in gradually

Taipei Yes (300 or 500m2)

Bangkok Yes (commercial, office, shopping malls: 300m2; condominiums: 60m2

per unit; hotels: 30 rooms; restaurants: 300m2; entertainment buildings500 seats)

Seoul No?

Jakarta No?

Singapore No

Kuala Lumpur No

Manila NoHong Kong No

Guangzhou Yes (500m2)

Ahmedabad Yes (60m2)

Beijing Yes?

Hanoi Low-rise residential buildings exempt

Dhaka No

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2. Selected results: On2. Selected results: On--streetstreetpricing and time limitspricing and time limits

Prices vary from place toplace or time to time?

Highest price found(PPP$/hr)

Time limits used?

Jakarta Two zones 0.37 No

Kuala Lumpur One price per municipality 0.41 Yes (3 hrs)

Bangkok Uniform where priced 0.60 No

Hong Kong Uniform legislated price 1.46 Yes (2 hrs)

Manila One price per municipality 1.71 Yes (3 hrs)

Singapore Two zones 1.90 No

Tokyo Uniform legislated price 2.58 Yes (60 min)

Taipei Higher where demand high 3.45 No

Seoul Five zones 7.86 No

Dhaka Higher in CBD 0.78 per day No

Ahmedabad Uniform where priced 0.16 No

Hanoi Two zones 0.81 No

Guangzhou Zones with different prices 1.05 ?

Beijing Two zones 1.32 ?

Source: Shoup, D.Source: Shoup, D.

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2. Selected results: Where do people park?2. Selected results: Where do people park?

Locations for shopping/entertainment parking by survey respondents

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2. Selected results:2. Selected results: Proportion payingProportion payingfor parkingfor parking (as % of respondents parking for each purpose)(as % of respondents parking for each purpose)

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2. Selected results:2. Selected results: Average workAverage work--basedbasedparking prices paid by survey respondentsparking prices paid by survey respondents

per monthper month (January 2010 US$)(January 2010 US$)

* In Manila, Seoul, and Ahmedabad fewer than 20 respondents paid for parking at work so their mean prices should be treated with extra caution.

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2. Selected results:2. Selected results: CBD parking prices compared with CBDCBD parking prices compared with CBDGrade A office rentsGrade A office rents (on a rent per square meter basis) in many(on a rent per square meter basis) in manyinternational cities, based on Colliers International data sourcinternational cities, based on Colliers International data sourceses

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2. Selected results: other highlights2. Selected results: other highlights

Parking enforcement best practices make aParking enforcement best practices make a

differencedifference (e.g. freeing the police from this role)(e.g. freeing the police from this role)

Japan's proofJapan's proof--ofof--parking policy is importantparking policy is important Priced offPriced off--street parkingstreet parking (both private and public sector)(both private and public sector)

outside of destination premises is most significantoutside of destination premises is most significant

in Beijing, Taipei, Hanoi, Hong Kong andin Beijing, Taipei, Hanoi, Hong Kong and (apparently)(apparently)

TokyoTokyo

Several cities have price controls over private sectorSeveral cities have price controls over private sectorparking (Beijing, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Jakarta)parking (Beijing, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Jakarta)

Parking policy for TDM is surprisingly rare in AsiaParking policy for TDM is surprisingly rare in Asia

(Seoul is the main exception)(Seoul is the main exception)

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3. Parking policy trajectories3. Park ing policy trajectories

in Asiain Asia

Parking requirement enthusiastsParking requirement enthusiasts ::

Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Jakarta and Manila.Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Jakarta and Manila.

South Asian cities seem headed this way.South Asian cities seem headed this way.

TDM cities with surprisingly conventionalTDM cities w ith surprisingly conventional

parking policyparking policy : Hong Kong, Seoul and Singapore: Hong Kong, Seoul and Singapore

(Inadvertent) Market(Inadvertent) Market--fosteringfostering : Tokyo: Tokyo Result of 3 pragmatic policies: low parking requirementsResult of 3 pragmatic policies: low parking requirements

that exempt small buildings; limited onthat exempt small buildings; limited on--street parking;street parking;and the proofand the proof--ofof--parking rule.parking rule.

An intermediate pathAn intermediate path : Taipei, Beijing and: Taipei, Beijing and

Guangzhou and (perhaps) Hanoi.Guangzhou and (perhaps) Hanoi.

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4. Key policy4. Key policy

implicationsimplications

Fear of chaotic onFear of chaotic on--street parking is a key motivationstreet parking is a key motivation

for requiring parking in real estate developmentsfor requiring parking in real estate developments

BUT plentiful offBUT plentiful off--street parking provides no guaranteestreet parking provides no guarantee

of orderly onof orderly on--street parkingstreet parking

Solving onSolving on--street parking problems requires onstreet parking problems requires on--streetstreet

parking management, not necessarily offparking management, not necessarily off--streetstreet

supply expansion.supply expansion. OnOn--street parking chaos is not proof of a shortagestreet parking chaos is not proof of a shortage

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4. Key policy4. Key policy

implicationsimplications

Pricing is widespread in Asian cities,Pricing is widespread in Asian cities,

especially in East Asiaespecially in East Asia A surprising proportion of parking is freeA surprising proportion of parking is free--ofof--chargecharge

(or cheap) even in cities with high property prices(or cheap) even in cities with high property prices

Price controls on privatePrice controls on private--sector parking are unwisesector parking are unwise

GovernmentGovernment--subsidized parking is a highlysubsidized parking is a highlyregressive and unwise use of taxpayersregressive and unwise use of taxpayersresourcesresources

Parking requirements seem an easy option but areParking requirements seem an easy option but are

problematic. Audacious to think that we can predictproblematic. Audacious to think that we can predict

parking demand of buildings for decadesparking demand of buildings for decades

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4. Key policy4. Key policy

implicationsimplications

ConstraintConstraint--focused parking policyfocused parking policy

deserves wider application but faces political anddeserves wider application but faces political andpractical barriers in many citiespractical barriers in many cities

MultiMulti--objective parking management has much toobjective parking management has much to

offer and deserves much wider applicationoffer and deserves much wider application

ParkPark--once neighborhoodsonce neighborhoods(most parking in shared(most parking in shared

public parking with marketpublic parking with market--prices) are alreadyprices) are alreadycommon and are highly relevant to Asiancommon and are highly relevant to Asian

conditions. They could provide a useful focus forconditions. They could provide a useful focus for

marketmarket--orientedorientedparking policies.parking policies.