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THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPAULMAUSERANDGEORGLUGER
ANDIT’SIMPACTONTHEMAUSERC96PISTOLMAUROBAUDINOANDGERBEN VANVLIMMEREN – MAUSERARCHIVE.
PRESENTEDTOICOMAM,12TH OFSEPTEMBER2017
WWW.PAUL‐MAUSER‐ARCHIVE.COMALLRIGHTSRESERVED
INTRODUCTION
• PaulMauserandGeorgLugerareprobablythemostfamousGermanfirearmsdesignersoftheTwentiethCentury.
• Theyintroducedessentialfirearmsinnovationscrucialtofuturedevelopment.
• Thispresentationpointsouthowtherelationshipbetweenthetwoinventorsdeterioratedovertimeduetolitigationoveraminortechnicalinnovation.
• ThecollateraleffectsoftheMauservs Lugercourtcasewereimportant• ThisinfluencedthedevelopmentofboththeMauserC96andParabellumpistols.
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LUGERISINTRODUCEDTOPAULMAUSER• Inaletter,datedthe22nd ofOctober1891,fromLudwigLoewe’scommercialmanagerMaxKosegartenandIsidorLoewe’ssoninlawOskarOliven,GeorgLugerisintroducedtoPaulMauser.
• Lowes’primarygoalwastohaveLugersupportPaulMauserinsaleeffortsintroducingMauserRiflestotheItalianArmy.
• LugerhadpreviouslyworkedasMannlicher’sassistant.
LetterfromLoewetoPaulMauserintroducingGeorgLuger.CourtesyJonSpeed.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
ANEXAMPLEOFLUGER’SUNIQUEAPPROACH:SELLINGTHEMAUSER RIFLETOTHEITALIANARMY
• In1892GeorgLugertravelledtoItalyonseveraloccasions.InthesameperiodaRomaniancommissionwasalsoinItalytoobservetheItalianrifletests.
• Lugertried,withoutsuccess,toinfluencethedecisionmakers,evenbyofferingbribestothewifeofRomanianOfficer,Col.Schomanesco.
Firstandlastpageofthe20‐pageletterfromGeorgLugertoPaulMauserdated6thofJanuary1892.
InthisletterGeorgLugerprovidedacompletereportabouttheMannlicherbusinessinItalyandhissuggestiontobribetheItalianandRomaniancommissions.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
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THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMAUSERANDLOEWE
• WhiletheMauserCompanywasfinanciallycontrolledbyLudwigLoewe&Cie.,PaulMauserretainedtechnicalleadership.
• LoewegainedcontrolbypurchasingMauserstocksharesfromtheWürttembergischeVereinsbankafterthesuccessfulTurkishRifleContract(1887).
• PaulMauserwasneverhappywithLoewegroupmanagementboardmembers,specificallyclashingwithMr.Gronki andMr.Gontard.
• TheDWMofficewaslocatedinDorotheenstrasse 43/44.BothMauserandLugermeteachotherinthisoffice.
• TheofficeintheDorotheenstrassewouldplayanimportantroleinthedisputebetweenLugerandMauser.
• DuringrifletestsconductedbythePrussianrifletestingcommission,Mauserriflesweresentbackandforthbetweentheprovinggrounds,Oberndorfandthisoffice.
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THEISSUEOFTHE“THIRDSAFETYLUG”
• InFebruary1894,Mausersent Loewe’smainofficeabatchofriflestoBerlinintendedfordemonstrations.• Sixriflesintotal,threefortheU.S.andthreeforSirJosephJonasintheU.K.
• It’simportanttonoteforthecourtcasethattheserifleswerenotintendedfortheGermanmarket
• Theserifleshadaminor,almostimperceptibleadditiontotheboltactionlockingmechanismintheshapeofathirdlockinglugattherear.Thisfeatureinitselfwasnotneworaninnovation.
• GeorgLugernoticedthissmallchangeanddecidedtopatentthethirdsafetylughimselfusinga‘Gebrauchsmuster’(avariationonthepatent,alsocalledautilitymodel).
• Shortlyafterthis,PaulMauserreceivedaletterfromLuger’slawyersrequestingcompensationfortheuseofthethirdsafetylug.
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MAUSER– LUGERCASE• PaulMauser wasoutragedwhenhereceivedtheletterfromLuger’spatentlawyers,seekingcompensationfortheuseofGeorgLuger’sGebrauchsmuster.
• ItwasafeaturetakenfromMauser’sowndesignandthatwaswellknownandusedbyotherengineersbeforehim.
• ThisprobablypainfullyremindedMauseroftheargumentshehadwithhisdeceasedbrotherWilhelmaboutfocusingonpatentrights.
• PaulMauserchosenottogiveupeasilyandanextensivecourtcasewaslaunched.
• MauserarguedthatthepreliminarypatentbyGeorgLugerhadtobeinvalidatedbecausetheideaheproposedwasnothingnewandhadalreadybeenusedbyothermanufacturers,includingMauser.
• CourtcasewasheldinBerlininApril1898.
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MAUSERLOSTTHECASE• ItwasnotpossibletoproveincourtthatGeorgLugerhadappliedforhispreliminarypatentafterhehadstudiedMauser’srifles.• Itwasevidentthatthistechnicalsolutionwasalreadyinusebeforehand.
• Baseduponatechnicality,Lugerwonthecase.ThereasonprovidedbytheCourtwasseenparticularlyinsultingtoPaulMauser.
• Thecourtruledthat,althoughtherewasevidencethattheconstructionofthe3rdlugwasnotanewidea,thepatentlawof1891statedthatanideacannotberegisterediftheideaorconstructionwasalreadyinuseinGermanybeforetheapplicationdate.
• AlltheriflesthatMausermade,whichhadthe3rdlug,wenttocountriesabroad.Sothecourtruledthatalthoughthe3rdlugwaspresent,itwasnotinuseinGermany.
• FurthermorethecourtruledthatGeorgLugerwasthefirstpersontoassociatethethirdlugwiththesafetyoftheshooter.
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MAUSERLOSTTHECASE• OneofthereceiptsforapaymentfromtheMauserCompanytoGeorgLuger,mostprobablyascompensationforroyaltiesassociatedwithuseofthethirdlugpatent.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
MAUSERPREPAREDHISREVENGE• EventuallyLoewe’sgeneralmanager,Isidor Loewesteppedin,wenttoOberndorfamNeckarandhadalong,difficultconversationwithMauser.
• PaulMauserwouldnotgiveinthateasilyandhehadhisrevengeready.
• In1895,theC96pistoldesignhadmaturedtosuchanextentthatitwasreadyforpatenting.
• MauserpatentedtheC96pistoldesignpersonallyinhisownnameratherthanthatoftheMausercompany.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
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MAUSERJUSTIFIEDHISPATENTCHOICE• Inadocument,PaulMauserhimselfsummarizedhisreasonsfordecidingtopatenttheC96pistolinhisownnameandathisowncost.
• Inthisinterestingdocument,PaulMauserdescribedhisfrustrationwithLoewemanagementandaboutLugerpersonally.Hewrote:
ThesecondmotivewastheobservationthatanemployeeofthecompanyLudw.Loewe&Co.,Mr.GeorgLuger,madeithislife’sworktointerveneinmypatents.Iwillnotmentiontheothermovementsofthismanagainstme,whichwerenothiddentome.Aboutthecharacteroftheman,Iwillnotmentionawordhere.IonlyrememberinwhichwayhistransfertoLudw.Loewe&Co.went.Thatthisman,whosevastnumberofpatentsondifferent‘inventions’werenotpaidforfromhisownpocket,wasusedtodiminishthevalueofmyinventions,iswithoutdoubttome,sinceIhavenotforgottenthatIam‘tooExpensive’accordingtocertainmembersofourAdvisoryBoard.HereIgettothecruxofmyexplanationrequiredbytheevents…
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LUGER’SROLEINTHELOEWEGROUP• ItisinterestingtonoteLuger’ssomewhatspecialstatuswithintheLoewegroup.
• Asanemployedengineerandconsultanthewasabletodesignandpresenthisownrifle,whilecompetingdirectlywithhisformeremployers,notnecessarilytothebenefitofhiscurrentemployer.
• ThebestexplanationforthissituationisthatIsidorLoewewasbettingontwohorsesatthesametime,seeingwhichonewouldbevictoriousandsecuringproductionrightsforwhoeverwon:LugerorMauser.
• LoeweknewthatLugerwasmuchmorelikelytoacceptLoewe’slicensingschemes.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
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C96ANDLUGERPISTOLSIMPLICATIONS• Inareportdatedthe9thofMarch1897,Mauserclaimed:
Theself‐loadingpistol,inventedandpatentedinGermanybyMr.KommerzienratPaulMauserwillonlybemanufacturedattheweaponsfactoryinOberndorf.WithoutpermissionofMr.Mauser,licensesinGermanywillnotbegranted.AdditionallyMr.Mauseristodecideonthepriceandmannerofsalesofthepistol.Thepricewillbecalculatedonabasisthataprofitof25%issecured.Mr.MauserobligeshimselftotransferthepatentforthepistoltotheCommandit‐Aktiengesellschaft "WaffenfabrikMauser"immediately.
• FromthisstatementitisquiteevidentthatMauser’sinflexibilityopenedthedoortothesuccessoftheParabellumininternalGermanForcescontractcompetitions.
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
C96ANDLUGERPISTOLSIMPLICATIONS• IfweanalysethesequenceoftestsperformedbytheGermanArmy,itisevidentthatinthebeginningtheLugerwasnotyetready,withtheadvantageoftheC96beingquiteobvious.
• LackofadecentsafetydeviceontheC96influencedthetests.
• UnfortunatelyforMauser,thelackofsupportfortheC96byLoewepreventedacombinedMauserandLoewe/DWMeffortinpromotingtheC96.
• Ludw.Loewe&Cie.werenotallowedtoproducetheC96pistol,orlicenseittoothers.
• TheconsequencewasthatLoewewastotallyfreetomotivateandsupportLuger’schangestotheC93Borchardtpistol
• Thiseventuallyledtodevelopmentofthe“Parabellum”Lugerpistolandit’sacceptancebytheGermanarmy.
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ADDITIONALINFORMATION• WhoisinterestedinthecompletehistoryaboutPaulMauserandGeorgLugercanrefertothebook:PaulMauser‐ HisLife,Company,andHandgunDevelopment1838– 1914.
• Additionalinformationonthebookisavailableonthewebsite:
www.paul‐mauser‐archive.com
• Authorscanbecontactedat:[email protected]
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