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PC Maintenance: PC Maintenance: Preparing for A+ Preparing for A+
CertificationCertificationChapter 11: Disk Drive InterfacesChapter 11: Disk Drive Interfaces
Chapter 11 ObjectivesChapter 11 Objectives
Understand floppy drive interfacesUnderstand floppy drive interfaces Explain IDE and ATA standardsExplain IDE and ATA standards Set jumpers for ATA drive installationSet jumpers for ATA drive installation Explain SCSI standardsExplain SCSI standards Set jumpers for SCSI drive installationSet jumpers for SCSI drive installation Physically install hard drivesPhysically install hard drives Troubleshoot drive problemsTroubleshoot drive problems
Drive Interface OverviewDrive Interface Overview
FloppyFloppy Integrated Device Electronics (IDE)Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Universal Serial Bus (USB)Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Drive Interface ControllersDrive Interface Controllers
Floppy InterfaceFloppy Interface
34-pin connector and ribbon cable34-pin connector and ribbon cable Usually labeled FDDUsually labeled FDD Only one per motherboardOnly one per motherboard Supports two drives (A and B)Supports two drives (A and B)
Floppy Drive CableFloppy Drive Cable
Twist in a few Twist in a few wires between wires between first and second first and second drive connectorsdrive connectors
Older cables may Older cables may have alternate have alternate connector for connector for 5.25” floppy drive5.25” floppy drive
Floppy Drive CableFloppy Drive Cable
IDE InterfaceIDE Interface
40-pin connector and ribbon cable40-pin connector and ribbon cable Most motherboards have twoMost motherboards have two Each supports two drives (for a total of 4)Each supports two drives (for a total of 4) Hard disks, CD drives, ZIP drives, tape Hard disks, CD drives, ZIP drives, tape
backup drivesbackup drives
IDE VersionsIDE Versions
XT IDE (8-bit ISA): The original standard, XT IDE (8-bit ISA): The original standard, for XT computers. Obsoletefor XT computers. Obsolete
MCA IDE (16-bit Micro Channel): MCA IDE (16-bit Micro Channel): Proprietary standard by IBM. ObsoleteProprietary standard by IBM. Obsolete
ATA IDE (16-bit ISA): Current standard ATA IDE (16-bit ISA): Current standard
ATA VersionsATA Versions
ATA-1:ATA-1: The original standard The original standard ATA-2:ATA-2: Added support for other drives Added support for other drives
than hard disksthan hard disks ATA-3:ATA-3: Added SMART error detection Added SMART error detection ATA-4:ATA-4: Introduced UltraDMA/33, Introduced UltraDMA/33,
33MB/sec33MB/sec
ATA VersionsATA Versions
ATA-5:ATA-5: UltraDMA/66, 66MB/sec UltraDMA/66, 66MB/secATA-6:ATA-6: UltraDMA/100, 100MB/sec UltraDMA/100, 100MB/secATA-7:ATA-7: UltraDMA/133, 133MB/sec UltraDMA/133, 133MB/sec
UltraDMA modes above /33 UltraDMA modes above /33 require 80-wire ribbon cablerequire 80-wire ribbon cable
ATA Ribbon CablesATA Ribbon Cables
Serial ATASerial ATA
High-speed serial connection between High-speed serial connection between motherboard and drivemotherboard and drive
Serial cables can be longer than parallel Serial cables can be longer than parallel onesones
Cables are easier to work withCables are easier to work with Speeds of 150MB/sec and higher possibleSpeeds of 150MB/sec and higher possible
Slave/Master JumpersSlave/Master Jumpers
Two IDE devices per cableTwo IDE devices per cable First drive is First drive is MasterMaster (if second drive is also (if second drive is also
present) or present) or SingleSingle (if alone) (if alone) Not all drives distinguish between Master Not all drives distinguish between Master
and Singleand Single Second drive is Second drive is SlaveSlave Cable SelectCable Select setting relies on position on setting relies on position on
ribbon cable to determine Master/Slave ribbon cable to determine Master/Slave statusstatus
Slave/Master JumpersSlave/Master Jumpers
Mixing IDE DrivesMixing IDE Drives
On a single cable, all drives will revert to On a single cable, all drives will revert to slowest ATA standard (speed) that is in slowest ATA standard (speed) that is in commoncommon
Example: UltraDMA/33 and UltraDMA/100 Example: UltraDMA/33 and UltraDMA/100 drives together will operate at 33MB/secdrives together will operate at 33MB/sec
SCSI InterfaceSCSI Interface
Small Computer Systems InterfaceSmall Computer Systems Interface Popular on high-end systems, serversPopular on high-end systems, servers More expensive than IDEMore expensive than IDE Interface not built into most motherboardsInterface not built into most motherboards Requires controller cardRequires controller card Serial ATA promises to further erode the Serial ATA promises to further erode the
SCSI marketSCSI market
SCSI Advantages over IDESCSI Advantages over IDE
Historically, overall higher throughputHistorically, overall higher throughput Multiple SCSI drives can be chained Multiple SCSI drives can be chained
together (at least 7), making SCSI well together (at least 7), making SCSI well suited for RAIDssuited for RAIDs
Drives on same bus can share bandwidth Drives on same bus can share bandwidth better than IDE better than IDE
Types of SCSITypes of SCSI
SCSI-1: The originalSCSI-1: The original 8-bit, 5Mhz bus8-bit, 5Mhz bus Lack of standardizationLack of standardization Device and expansion card typically Device and expansion card typically
purchased together as proprietary pairpurchased together as proprietary pair
Types of SCSITypes of SCSI
SCSI-2: Standardized SCSISCSI-2: Standardized SCSI Standard 5MHz and Fast 10MHzStandard 5MHz and Fast 10MHz Standard 8-bit width (standard or narrow)Standard 8-bit width (standard or narrow) Wide 16-bit width Wide 16-bit width Wide 32-bit width, never commercially Wide 32-bit width, never commercially
successfulsuccessful
SCSI-3: Ultra SCSISCSI-3: Ultra SCSI
Fast-20: The originalFast-20: The original Ultra SCSI (8-bit, 20MBps)Ultra SCSI (8-bit, 20MBps) Ultra Wide (16-bit, 40MBps)Ultra Wide (16-bit, 40MBps)
Fast-40Fast-40 Ultra2 (8-bit, 40MBps)Ultra2 (8-bit, 40MBps) Ultra2 Wide (16-bit, 80MBps)Ultra2 Wide (16-bit, 80MBps)
SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI (continued)SCSI-3: Ultra SCSI (continued)
Fast-80DT Fast-80DT (a.k.a. Ultra3, Ultra160, Ultra160+)(a.k.a. Ultra3, Ultra160, Ultra160+) 16-bit width16-bit width Data transfer up to 160MBpsData transfer up to 160MBps
Fast-160DTFast-160DT(a.k.a. Ultra4, Ultra320)(a.k.a. Ultra4, Ultra320) 16-bit width16-bit width Data transfer up to 320MBpsData transfer up to 320MBps
SCSI IDsSCSI IDs
Each device has its own ID numberEach device has its own ID number On narrow SCSI (8-bit), 0 through 7On narrow SCSI (8-bit), 0 through 7 On wide SCSI (16-bit), 0 through 15On wide SCSI (16-bit), 0 through 15
SCSI ID set with jumper or switch on SCSI ID set with jumper or switch on board, or in board’s built-in Setup utilityboard, or in board’s built-in Setup utility
Plug-and-Play SCSI ID assignment Plug-and-Play SCSI ID assignment available on most modern equipmentavailable on most modern equipment
Setting SCSI JumpersSetting SCSI Jumpers
Set ID numbers with binary system of Set ID numbers with binary system of numberingnumbering
Pins numbered right to left (usually)Pins numbered right to left (usually) On example below, ID is set to 5 (4 + 1)On example below, ID is set to 5 (4 + 1)
SCSI TerminationSCSI Termination
Both ends of SCSI chain must be Both ends of SCSI chain must be terminatedterminated
If chain ends at adapter on one end, If chain ends at adapter on one end, jumper on adapter typically usedjumper on adapter typically used
Terminator can be internal or externalTerminator can be internal or external Terminator can be active or passiveTerminator can be active or passive
SCSI TerminationSCSI Termination
Passive termination: Uses resistors to Passive termination: Uses resistors to block the signal block the signal
Active termination: Uses voltage Active termination: Uses voltage regulators to block the signal. Much more regulators to block the signal. Much more effective.effective.
SCSI TerminationSCSI Termination
Built-in versus separateBuilt-in versus separate Some SCSI devices have jumpers for built-in Some SCSI devices have jumpers for built-in
terminationtermination A separate block can be attached for separate A separate block can be attached for separate
terminationtermination
SCSI TerminationSCSI Termination
Internal vs. externalInternal vs. external Internal terminator terminates an internal Internal terminator terminates an internal
SCSI chain (inside PC case)SCSI chain (inside PC case) External terminator terminates an external External terminator terminates an external
SCSI chain (outside PC case)SCSI chain (outside PC case)
More Ways to Categorize SCSI More Ways to Categorize SCSI
Single-Ended: Standard (SE)Single-Ended: Standard (SE) Low-Voltage Differential (LVD)Low-Voltage Differential (LVD)
Greater speeds, more devices, Greater speeds, more devices, greater distance for chaingreater distance for chain
All devices must support LVD, All devices must support LVD, and must use LVD termination; and must use LVD termination; otherwise devices revert to SE otherwise devices revert to SE performanceperformance
More Ways to Categorize SCSIMore Ways to Categorize SCSI
High-Voltage Differential High-Voltage Differential (HVD)(HVD) Incompatible with SE and LVDIncompatible with SE and LVD Allows greater maximum Allows greater maximum
distancesdistances Cannot be combined with any Cannot be combined with any
other SCSI devices on a chainother SCSI devices on a chain Must use HVD terminationMust use HVD termination
Prepare a DrivePrepare a Drive
Floppy: nothing requiredFloppy: nothing required IDE: Set master/slave jumpersIDE: Set master/slave jumpers SCSI: Set SCSI ID jumpers and SCSI: Set SCSI ID jumpers and
termination if requiredtermination if required
Mount the Drive in the Bay Mount the Drive in the Bay (Internal)(Internal)
Mount the Drive in the Bay Mount the Drive in the Bay (External)(External)
Install the SCSI AdapterInstall the SCSI Adapter
SCSI onlySCSI only Set jumper on adapter for ID and Set jumper on adapter for ID and
termination if requiredtermination if required Install in PCI expansion slotInstall in PCI expansion slot
Connect Drive to Motherboard or Connect Drive to Motherboard or AdapterAdapter
Red Stripe goes to Pin 1Red Stripe goes to Pin 1 Cable might be keyed to match notch in Cable might be keyed to match notch in
motherboard slotmotherboard slot
Connect Ribbon Cable to DriveConnect Ribbon Cable to Drive
Connect Power Supply to DriveConnect Power Supply to Drive
Mini connector for floppy drivesMini connector for floppy drives Molex connector for all other drivesMolex connector for all other drives
BIOS ConfigurationBIOS Configuration
Usually Plug-and-Play, no configuration Usually Plug-and-Play, no configuration needed (except floppy drive)needed (except floppy drive)
BIOS Setup will see drive immediately if BIOS Setup will see drive immediately if attached directly to motherboardattached directly to motherboard Primary master, primary slave, secondary Primary master, primary slave, secondary
master, secondary slavemaster, secondary slave Drive must be partitioned before OS will Drive must be partitioned before OS will
see itsee it
Troubleshooting Dead DriveTroubleshooting Dead Drive
Snug all cablesSnug all cables Check jumper settingsCheck jumper settings Check for Pin 1 cable orientationCheck for Pin 1 cable orientation Check BIOS setup to make sure interface Check BIOS setup to make sure interface
is enabledis enabled Try a different power supply connectorTry a different power supply connector Try a different ribbon cableTry a different ribbon cable
Other Common ProblemsOther Common Problems
Floppy light remains onFloppy light remains on Ribbon cable is backwardsRibbon cable is backwards
Drive content does not refresh (floppy)Drive content does not refresh (floppy) Broken wire #34 on floppy drive cableBroken wire #34 on floppy drive cable
OS does not see driveOS does not see drive Drive not partitioned yetDrive not partitioned yet