Pcr1211 Meat of Mammals

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PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES

DATE 2012-09-11

CPC 2111 -2113

MEAT OF MAMMALS

2012:11

VERSION 1.0


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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

The International EPD® System is based on a hierarchic approach following the international standards:

ISO 9001, Quality management systems

ISO 14001, Environmental management systems

ISO 14040, LCA - Principles and procedures

ISO 14044, LCA - Requirements and guidelines

ISO 14025, Type III environmental declarations

ISO 21930, Environmental declaration of building products

The General programme Instructions are based on these standards, as well as instructions for developing ProductCategory Rules (PCR).

The documentation to The International EPD® System includes three separate parts (www.environdec.com ):

Introduction, intended uses and key programme elements

General Programme Instructions Supporting annexes

Supporting annexes

This PCR document specifies further and adds additional minimum requirements on EPDs of the product group

defined below complementary to the above mentioned general requirement documents. Principle programme

elements concerning the Product Category Rules (PCR) included in The International EPD® System are presented

below.

PURPOSE ELEMENT IDENTIFICATION AND PRINCIPAL APPROACH

Complying with principles set in ISO 14025

on modularity and comparability

1. "Book-keeping LCA approach"

2. A Polluter-Pays (PP), allocation method

Simplifying work to develop Product

Category Rules (PCR)

3. PCR Module Initiative (PMI) in order to structure PCR in modules

according to international classification

4. PCR moderator for leadership and support of the PCR work

Secure international participation in PCR

work

5. Global PCR Forum for open and transparent EPD stakeholder

consultation

Facilitating, identification and collection of

LCA-based information6. Selective data quality approach for specific and generic data

Product Category Rules (PCR) are specified for specified information modules “gate -to-gate”, so called core modules.

The structure and aggregation level of the core modules are defined by the United Nation Statistics Division -

Classification Registry CPC codes (http://unstats.un.org). The PCR also provides rules for which methodology and

data to use in the full LCA, i.e. life cycle parts up-streams and down-streams the core module.

The PCR also has requirements on the information given in the EPD, e.g. additional environmental information. A

general requirement on the information in the EPD is that all information given in the EPD, mandatory and voluntary,

shall be verifiable.

In the EPD, the environmental performance associated with each of the three life-cycle stages mentioned above are

reported separately.

Cover image: Gordana Jovanovic


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TABLE OF CONTENT

General Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................2

1 General information ..................................................................................................................................................5

2 Definition of the product group ................................................................. ............................................................... ..6

2.1 Specification of manufacturing company ....................................................... ......................................................6 2.2 Specification of the product .................................................................................................................................6

3 Declared unit ............................................................................................................................................................6

4 Content of materials and chemical substances ........................................................................................................6

5 Units and quantities ..................................................................................................................................................7 6 General system boundaries ........................................................... ................................................................. ..........7

7 Core Module .............................................................................................................................................................7

7.1 System boundaries ........................................................ ................................................................. .....................8 7.2 cold or frozen storage ............................................................... ................................................................. ..........9 7.3 Cut off rules .........................................................................................................................................................9 7.4 Allocation rules .............................................................. ................................................................. .....................9 7.5 Data quality rules ........................................................... ................................................................. ...................14

8 Upstream Module ...................................................................................................................................................14

8.1 Feed cultivation .................................................................................................................................................15 8.2 animal breeding .................................................................................................................................................16

8.3 Data quality rules ........................................................... ................................................................. ...................17 8.4 Rules for generic data .......................................................................................................................................17

9 Downstream Module ........................................................... ................................................................. ...................17

9.1 Use phase scenario – cold or frozen storage ....................................................................................................18 9.2 Recycling declaration and waste treatment .............................................................. .........................................18

10 Environmental performance related information ....................................................................................................18

10.1 Use of resources .............................................................. ................................................................. ........18 10.2 Potential environmental impact .............................................................. ...................................................19 10.3 Other indicators ........................................................................................................................................19 10.4 Additional environmental information ............................................................... .........................................19

11 Content of the EPD ............................................................ ................................................................. ...................20

11.1 Programme related information ................................................................................................................20 11.2 Product related information ......................................................... ..............................................................20 11.3 Environmental performance-related information ......................................................... ..............................21 11.4 Differences versus previous versions of the EPD ....................................................... ..............................22 11.5 Verification ................................................................................................................................................22 11.6 References ...............................................................................................................................................22

12 Validity of the EPD .................................................................................................................................................22

Annex 1 – Ecological footprint ........................................................................................................................................23

Annex 2 – Virtual water content ............................................................. ................................................................. ........25


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1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Date: 2012-09-11

Registration no: PCR 2012:11

This PCR was prepared by: Fabrizio Boeri and Massimo Marino, Life Cycle Engineering www.studiolce.it

Valentina Niccolucci, Simone Bastianoni , Ecodynamics Group, Siena University

COOP Italia www.e-coop.it

Assocarni www.assocarni.it

Appointed PCR moderator: Fabrizio Boeri: [email protected]

Open consultation period: First Round: 2011-08-16 – 2011-09-30

Second round: 2012-06-12 – 2012-07-31

Valid within the following geographical

representativeness:

Global

Valid until: 2017-09-11

More information on this PCR’s website: http://environdec.com/en/Product-Category-Rules/Detail/?Pcr=7842

This document provides Product Category Rules (PCR) for the assessment of the environmental performance of UN

CPC 2111 (Meat of mamm al: fresh or ch il led) and UN CPC 2113 (Meat of m amm al, frozen) and the declaration of

this performance by an EPD.

This PCR is based on the requirements and guidelines given in “PCR Basic Module, CPC Division 21: “Meat, fish, fruit,

vegetables, oils and fats” version 1.1, dated August 29, 2010. Any comments to this PCR document may be given on the Global PCR Forum or directly to the PCR moderator during

the period of validity.

The PCR document is a living document. If relevant changes in the LCA methodology or in the technology for the

product category occur, the document will be revised and any changes will be published on the international website:

www.environdec.com.

The EPD shall refer to a specific PCR version number. The production of new PCR versions does not affect the EPD

certification period.

http://www.studiolce.it/http://www.studiolce.it/http://www.e-coop.it/http://www.e-coop.it/http://www.e-coop.it/http://www.assocarni.it/http://www.assocarni.it/http://www.assocarni.it/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://environdec.com/en/Product-Category-Rules/Detail/?Pcr=7842http://environdec.com/en/Product-Category-Rules/Detail/?Pcr=7842http://environdec.com/en/Product-Category-Rules/Detail/?Pcr=7842mailto:[email protected]://www.assocarni.it/http://www.e-coop.it/http://www.studiolce.it/


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2 DEFINITION OF THE PRODUCT GROUP

Included in this product group ar e all kind of mammal’s meat.

For the purposes of this document, the terms “meat” refers to the mammal’s animal flesh that is used as food. In

particular this means the skeletal muscle and associated fat, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as

organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs.

The product group and CPC code shall be specified in the EPD.

2.1 SPECIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING COMPANY

This section highlights all information related to the producing company that is required in the EPD, separated into

mandatory and voluntary items.

Mandatory information:

Manufacturing company

Manufacturing sites involved in the production

Issuer and contact information

Examples of voluntary information:

ISO 14001 and/or EMAS certificate at the manufacturing site

Specific aspects regarding the production

Environmental policy

Manufacturers logotype

2.2 SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT

The kind of mammals shall be declared. It shall also be specified

whether the meat is fresh, chilled or frozen.

the animal breeding system adopted, whether conventional or organic.

3 DECLARED UNITThe declared unit (DU) is 1 kg of meat and the required packaging.

Please note that the declared unit is pure meat (chilled or frozen), not including bones or other possible parts not

edible.

The declared unit shall be declared in the EPD. The environmental impact shall be given per declared unit.

Please note that the carcass yield and the boning yield considered for the production of edible meat shall be declared

in the EPD document.

4 CONTENT OF MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES A minimum of 99% of all ingredients per unit product are to be declared in the EPD.

The nutritional values must also be stated in the same section.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal


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5 UNITS AND QUANTITIES

“SI units” shall be used in all notations. Exceptions are allowed for:

land use: could be used hectare (ha) in some data about crops yields. Results shall be reported in square meter

(m2);

fuel consumption in agricultural activities: data could be reported in litres per tonne of crop produced.

It is recommended to provide rounded data in respect of their scientific significance; however a maximum of two

decimal units shall be used when reporting LCA results.

6 GENERAL SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

Figure 1 shows the general system boundaries. Further information is available in the following sections of this PCR.

Figure 1. Presentation of Core Module (core process) and upstream and downstream processes.

In the EPD, the environmental performances associated with each of the three life-cycle stages above are reportedseparately.

7 CORE MODULE

The core processes includes (this list is indicative and it could be completed):

Slaughter activities

Packaging process

Cold or frozen storage

UPSTREAM

•Feed cultivation

•Feed productspreparation

•Animal breeding)includingentericfermentation)

•Manuremanagement

•Transportationfrom farm toslaughterhouse

•Packagingmaterialsproduction

CORE

•Slaughteractivities

•Packagingprocess

•Cold or frozenstorage

DOWNSTREAM

•Final prodductdistribution

•Cold or frozenstorage

•Primarypackaging enc oflife (qualitativeinformation)


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7.1 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

7.1.1 SLAUGHTER ACTIVITIES

The main activity that has to be included in the core module is the slaughter. Main environmental aspects that have to

be considered are:

energy consumption;

water consumption,

waste management

water discharge management

Other relevant hypotheses that shall be considered are:

A minimum of 99% of the total weight of the final product shall be considered.

Environmental impacts related to waste deposited in landfills should not be included in the system boundaries;

wastes must be stated as “kg of waste”. See further information about waste -management in the following

paragraphs.

The manufacturing of production equipments with an expected lifetime over three years, buildings and other

capital goods shall not be included. Maintenance activities more frequent than every three years shall be

included.

Business travel and staff commuting should not be included.

If several production plants are involved in the production chain, an average virtual plant shall be defined byaccounting for the annual production (expressed in mass) as the weighting factor.

Any deviations from these rules must be declared in the LCA and in the EPD

7.1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES.

The data for the core module shall be representative for the actual production processes and representative for the

site/region where the respective process is taking place.

7.1.3 TIME BOUNDARIES

The data should be representative of the years/time frame for which the EPD is valid (maximum three years).

7.1.4 BOUNDARIES TO NATURE

Boundaries to nature are defined as flows of material and energy resources from nature into the system. Emissions to

air, water and soil cross the system boundary when they are emitted from or leaving the product system.

7.1.5 BOUNDARIES TO OTHER PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES

Should there be any inflow of recycled material into the production system, both the recycling process and the relevant

transportation of the material from the recycling process to the site of use shall be included in the calculations.

If there is an outflow of material to recycling, the transportation of the material to the recycling process shall be

indicated. The material going to recycling is regarded as an outflow of the production system.

Transportation of waste to landfills or other final treatment plants should be included.(See Supporting Annex of the EPD programme; A.7.1; www.environdec.com)

http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/


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7.2 COLD OR FROZEN STORAGE

If the product needs a cold storage for preserving its shelf life, the environmental impacts related to this process shall

be estimated.

Since the impacts could be quite variables, the following expression shall be adopted in order to calculate the values in

a “comparable” way. This expression comes from www.lcafood.dk.

Electric energy due to the cold storage shall be evaluated by the following formula:

Ep = Es × 100%/u × Vp × t

Where

Es is the specific energy consumption of the cooling room (kWh per m3 per day)

u is the degree of utilisation of the storage room (%) Vp is the volume of the considered product (m

3).

t is the time of the storage (days).

Values have to be set as follow:

Es = 0,59 kWh per m3 per day in the product is stored in a cold place (5°C);

= 0,63 kWh per m3 per day in the product is stored in a frozen place (-20°C);

u = 50%

Vp = 0,001 m3(if more specific data are available, the hypotheses shall be included in the EPD).

t = standard storage time of the product in the plant (days).

Different default value could be used but they have to be presented in the EPD.

7.3 CUT OFF RULES

Life Cycle Inventory data for a minimum of 99 % of total inflows to the core module shall be included. Inflows not

included in the LCA shall be documented in the EPD.

7.4 ALLOCATION RULES

Should the production of meat generate more than one product, the inputs and outputs of the system should be

partitioned between these different products or functions.

The meat production chain deals with numerous co-products; therefore the impact allocation rules can be rather

complex and significant to end results. Aside from this fact, meat production chains may all seem alike for what

concerns phase sequence, though in truth they may reveal substantial differences in terms of chain proportions and

sectors.

The definition of common rules must contemplate a balance between absolute scientific rigor and pragmatic

applicability. This is the scope of the rules contained within these PCR.

Products that are not compliant to the quality requirements and are destined to other chains (such us animal food)

must be considered waste and reported as indicated in the specific section.

Any deviation from these rules must be declared in the LCA and in the EPD

7.4.1 DEFINITIONBefore delving further into the subject, this Paper feels it necessary to define several terms that can aide in illustrating

the calculation rules. Below is a definition of the following terms for the purpose of this paper:

http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/


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Mammal : non-reproducing mammal destined to meat production (ex. calf in cow meat farming);

Reproductive mammal : mammal of female gender that has reproduced and that at end of career (when no longer

destined to reproduction and/or milk production) is destined to meat production (ex. Reproductive cow in cow meat

farming).

Economic value: product (or co-product) wholesale price that is object of the allocation.

7.4.2 PRODUCTION CHAIN CYCLES

Given that both Mammals, and Reproductive Mammals can be destined for slaughter, it is necessary to clarify

production chain cycles.

Meat from mammals (ex. cow meat)

In this case, the mammal is the object of meat transformation processing; and the impacts that must be consideredregard (Figure 1):

mammal lifecycle environmental impact;

impact of the reproductive mammal lifecycle phase dedicated to the reproduction and nurturing of mammals

divided by the number of mammals produced;

Reproductive mammal meat (ex. Meat from dairy cows at end of career)

In this case, the reproductive mammal is object of the transformation into meat; therefore, the impacts that must be

taken into account are (Figure 2):

the impacts of the mammal’s lifecycle before entering the reproduction phase;

the impacts of the reproductive mammal’s lifecycle starting from the last breeding phase up to its slaughter.

All cases must contemplate that:

the impacts of the male breeding mammal’s lifecycle are not accounted for;

the impacts of the mammal or of the reproductive mammal must be calculated also accounting for co-products (ex.

leather), as explained hereafter.


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Birth

Reproductive

mammals

Slaughter

Reproductive

mammals

Start

Reproduction period

End

Reproduction Period

Reproduction

Period

*

* Phase contemplated only impact calculations of Reproductive Mammal meat

**Phase attributed to meat from mammals produced (contemplating allocating with any co-products)

*

**

Reproductive mammals

lifecycle

Parto 1 Pato 2 Parto 3 Parto n

Figure 2 – Reproductive mammal lifecycle

7.4.3 ALLOCATION WITH CO-PRODUCTS

Meat chain co-products may vary in relation to the type of mammal considered; and may come in the form of food

products or miscellaneous goods; below is an indicative and non-comprehensive example:

MAMMAL TYPOLOGY COPRODUCTS

Cow

Meat

Milk

Leather

Sheep

Meat

Milk

Wool

Pig Meat

Goat

Meat

Milk


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In all cases, impact allocation for all sub-products must be done considering an estimate of the economic value of thevarious products.

The value employed for the allocation of these impacts must be calculated in relation to the average economic value

over the last 3 years, with annual verification of updates.

These values must be published within a specific section of the environmental declaration, along with a description of

sources and main hypotheses. Below is an example of calculations that may serve as reference.

7.4.4 CALCULATION EXAMPLE – COW (THE DATA ARE PURELY INDICATIVE)

As support to using the allocation rules proposed, the PCR provides a sample calculation below that uses estimates

intended to support this illustration of calculation method (Figure 3).

Before going into details of calculation, base hypotheses are made regarding the overall impacts associated with thelife of the animal (data per head and for entire life), as well as the amount of useful products in terms of economic

value and bulk.

Milk

Beef cattle

(Production 1 beef

cow per cycle)

Reproductive

mammal meat

Dairy cow (milk and

calf production)

Mammal leather

Meat from mammal

Reproductivemammal leather

Reproductive

mammal

Mammal

Figure 3 – Example of product and co-product related to Dairy cow.


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IMPACT FOR ENTIRE

LIFE CYCLE (DATA PER

HEAD)

TYPE OF MAMMAL ACRONYMKG CO2 EQUIVALENT

PER HEAD

Cow (mammal) ML 1 350

Milk and

reproduction cow

(reproductive

animal)

Impact since birth

start reproduction

phase

RL1 2 000

Impact of

Reproduction Phase

(5 parts)

RL2 15 000

Impact End of

Reproduction phase

Slaughter

RL3 1 000

PRODUCTION

QUANTITY (DATA PER

HEAD)

TYPE OF MAMMAL PRODUCT ACRONYM ECONOMIC VALUE

Cow (mammal)

Meat

- 150 kg carcass

MM 600 €

Leather MS 250 €

Milk cow that

produces calves

(reproductive

mammals)

No. calfs born NB

5 calves during

reproduction period (1

calf per cycle)

Veal sold RB 200 €

Meat from slaughter of

end-of-life milk cow

- 290 kg carcass

RMM 500 €

Milk produced RMK 2800 €

Leather RMS 250 €

The two calculation examples respectively regard:

cow meat production (mammal),

the production of meat starting from the dairy cow at end of career (reproductive mammal).

Calculation of environmental impact for meat from veal (mammal):

Veal Meat

[ ( )][

( )]

[ ()] [

( )]


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Total impact (1 750) must be divided by total weight of veal produced (150 kg): 11.6 kg of CO2 per kg of meat.

Environmental impact of meat from dairy cow at end of career (reproductive mammal):

Dairy cow meat

() ()

( ) ()

Total impact (2 000) must be divided by total weight of meat produced from slaughter of a dairy cow at end of career(290 kg): 6.9 kg of CO2 per kg of meat.

7.5 DATA QUALITY RULES

Specific data (often called site-specific data) shall be used for the all core processes.

Specific data is collected from sites where specific processes are carried out. If many sites are involved in the analysed

production system, site-specific data must cover at least the 90% of the whole production.

The electricity generation mix shall be given and proved by means of reproducible and verifiable information such as

administrative documents (such as invoices) or similar.

If specific data is unavailable or if the electricity procured is not specified for parts of the Core Module, the electricity

mix used in such parts shall be approximated as the official electricity mix in the country of manufacture.

8 UPSTREAM MODULE

The upstream processes include the following inflow of raw materials and energy wares needed for the production of

the final product:

Feed cultivation. This phase includes e.g. air and water emissions and emissions from energy wares used in the

agriculture as well as emissions related to fertilization activities (i.e. N2O and NH3).

Production of fertilizers used in the agriculture.

Feed product preparation.

Animal breeding including the farm management (i.e. energy consumption, waste production, water

consumption), enteric fermentation and the manure management.

Manufacturing of primary and secondary packaging. Secondary packaging shall be considered; quantities lower

than 1 g per DU could be excluded by the system

Production processes of energy wares used in agriculture, at the farm, and in manufacturing.

Production of auxiliary products used such as detergents for cleaning etc.

Transportation of animal from the farm to the slaughterhouse.

More details about the upstream operation are given in this section.


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8.1 FEED CULTIVATION

Since feed is one of the relevant environmental aspects of the meat production system, field cultivation has to be

assessed through data related to the geographical area in which the feed is cultivated. Considering that there be

several sources of origin, an average field for each feed product (based on the quantity used) should be defined.

8.1.1 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

The cultivation of feed must be assessed considering the following processes:

Field cultivation (farm tractor and any other equipment use) from the soil preparation to harvest;

Production of fertilizers used in the agriculture;

Production and use of other chemicals (i.e. pesticides) used in the agriculture;

Use of fertilizers (chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers like manure from animals) including releases to soil,

air and water.

Soil emissions, e.g. ammonia, nitrous oxides, nitrate and phosphorus leaching.

8.1.2 CROP YIELD

Yield represents the quantity of feed produced in a selected area of crop; it is usually expressed in tonnes per hectare

(t/ha) or tonnes dry matter per hectare (tDM/ha).

Information about yield has to be specific in relation to both the raw materials used in the production and the region of

cultivation.

8.1.3 EMISSION FROM FERTILIZERS

The use of fertilizers must be related to the specific areas.

The production of fertilizers and chemicals can be assessed using secondary database. Sources must be cited in the

LCA report.

Emission from use of fertilizers must be accounted for. If site-specific data is not available, the following information

could be used.

Data on emissions due to N-based fertilizers. This data come from the experience of the team involved in the PCR preparation

and it could be used in lack of more detailed information.

N-BASEDFERTILIZERS

UNIT N-CONTENT AMOUNT OF NH3 RELEASED

AMOUNT OF N2ORELEASED

AMOUNT OF NOX RELEASED

Urea – CO(NH2)2 g/kg 460 83,79 14,19 2,98

Ammonium Nitrate

NH4NO3

g/kg 200 4,86 6,27 1,32

g/kg 300 7,29 9,41 1,97

Data on emissions due to P-based fertilizers. This data come from the experience of the team involved in the PCR preparation

and it could be used in lack of more detailed information.

P-BASED FERTILIZERS UNITP2O5-CONTENT IN

FERTILIZERS P-CONTENT I FERTILIZERS P EMISSIONS

Triple Super Phosphate g/kg 460 83,79 14,19


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Any deviations from these rules must be declared in the LCA and in the EPD.

8.1.4 USE OF PESTICIDES

Other chemicals employed feed cultivation must be indicated, at least as preliminary estimation; the production and

use of pesticides and chemicals can be assessed using secondary database. Sources must be cited in the LCA

report.

8.1.5 TIME BOUNDARIES

The data should be representative of the years/time frame for which the EPD is valid (maximum three years).

8.2 ANIMAL BREEDINGThe phase of animal breeding represents another relevant environmental aspect of the meat production system.

The animal breeding phase includes:

Energy consumption related to farm management (in particular, electricity consumption and fuel used);

Consumption of raw materials (detergent consumption and any other auxiliary materials used for farm

management)

Water consumption;

Generation of waste divided according its destination (landfill, recycling or any other destination)

Emissions associated to enteric fermentation

Emission related to manure management.

8.2.1 ENTERIC FERMENTATION

Enteric fermentation is a digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down by micro-organisms into simple

molecules for absorption into the bloodstream; the process generates methane as a by-product.

The amount of methane that is released depends on the type of digestive tract, age and weight of the animal, andquality and quantity of the feed consumed.

If site-specific data are not available, data could be evaluated considering literature references or referring to the

emission factors reported in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories1.

The specific value referred to the emission from animals enteric fermentation used for the study and the data sources

must be declared in the EPD document.

8.2.2 MANURE/SLURRY MANAGEMENT

At farm level, the manure/slurry management represents a key issue that must to be deeply analyzed in order to

evaluate the environmental impact of meat production system.

It is usually associated with the emission of greenhouse gases, with particular regard to Methane (CH4) and nitrous

oxide (N2O).

If specific data are not available, data could be evaluated considering the methodology reported in the IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories1.

1 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land

Use -Chapter 10 Emissions from livestock and manure management http://www.ipcc-

nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.htmlhttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.htmlhttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.htmlhttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.htmlhttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html


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The Guidelines provides guidance on estimating the quantities of greenhouse gases which are emitted in function ofthe specific manure management system.


As regard the emission of ammonia (NH3) if specific inventory national data are not available, data could be evaluated

considering the methodology reported in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory Guidebook2.

The Guidelines provides guidance on estimating the quantities of ammonia which are emitted for Animal husbandry

and manure management


8.3 DATA QUALITY RULES

Selected generic data shall be used for other parts of the LCI, such as the life-cycles of additives or fertilizers, i.e. data

from commonly available data sources such as commercial databases and free databases, describing specific raw

materials or processes usually referring to the system under study or to other systems equivalent from a technical point

of view.

For allowing the use of selected generic data, a number of pre-set characteristics must be fulfilled and demonstrated:

Representativeness of the geographical area for industrial processes should adhere to “Data deriving from areas

with the same legislative framework and the same energetic mix”,

Representativeness of the geographical area for agriculture should adhere to “Data deriving from areas with the

same production conditions and the same yield levels”.

Technological equivalence adhere to “Data deriving from the same chemical and physical processes or at least

the same technology coverage (nature of the technology mix, e.g. weighted average of the actual process mix,best available technology or worst operating unit)”,

Boundaries towards nature adhere to “Data shall report all the quantitative information (resources, solid, liquid,

gaseous emissions; etc.) necessary for the EPD”, and

Boundaries towards technical systems adhere to “The boundaries of the considered life cycle stage shall be

equivalent”.

8.4 RULES FOR GENERIC DATA

If these data sources do not supply the necessary data, other generic data may be used and documented. The

environmental impact of the processes where the other generic data are used must not exceed 10% of the overall

environmental impact from the product system.

9 DOWNSTREAM MODULE

The downstream processes include:

The cold or frozen chain for the storage (where applicable)

Recycling or handling of packaging waste/materials after use

2 Environmental European Agency - EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook (2009) - Technical report

No 9/2009 – Chapter 4.B. Manure Management. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-

guidebook-2009

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009


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The distribution of the final product from the slaughterhouse plant to the distribution platform. In this case anaverage platform shall be considered and the hypotheses shall be presented in the declaration.

9.1 USE PHASE SCENARIO – COLD OR FROZEN STORAGE

If the product needs a cold storage for preserving its shelf life, the environmental impacts related to this process shall

be estimated.

Since the impacts could be quite variables, the following expression shall be adopted in order to calculate the values in

a “comparable” way. This expression comes from www.lcafood.dk.

Electric energy due to the cold storage shall be evaluated by the following formula:

Where:

Es is the specific energy consumption of the cooling room (kWh per m3 per day)

u is the degree of utilisation of the storage room (%)

Vp is the volume of the considered product (functional unit = 1 kg).

t is the time of the storage (days).

Values have to be set as follow:

Es = 0,59 kWh per m3 per day in the product is stored in a cold place (5°C);

= 0,63 kWh per m3 per day in the product is stored in a frozen place (-20°C);

u = 50%

Vp = 0,001 m3 (if more specific data are available, the hypotheses shall be included in the EPD).

t = shelf life of the product (days).

An average European energy mix shall be used.

Different default value could be used must be presented in the EPD.

9.2 RECYCLING DECLARATION AND WASTE TREATMENT

Recommendations for the responsible and correct recycling of packaging materials, as well as recommendations for

other waste treatment of product parts, if relevant, shall be provided. The potential environmental impacts and benefits

of recycling of primary packaging shall be illustrated in the EPD.

Impacts could be calculated taking into account a typical scenario of the area in which the product is mainly distributed

10 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE RELATED INFORMATION

10.1 USE OF RESOURCES

The consumption of natural resources and resources per declared unit shall be reported in the EPD, divided into core,

upstream and, if relevant, downstream module.

Input parameters, extracted resources: Non-renewable resources

- Material resources

http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/http://www.lcafood.dk/


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- Energy resources (used for energy conversion purposes)

Renewable resources

- Material resources

- Energy resources (used for energy conversion purposes)

Water use

Electricity consumption (electricity consumption during manufacturing).

10.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The following environmental impact categories shall be reported in the EPD: (CPC 21)

The emissions of greenhouse gases (expressed in global warming potential, GWP, in 100 year perspective).

Information about biogenic CO2 emissions is optional. If reported, the biogenic CO2 emissions shall be separated

from the other greenhouse gases. CO2 sequestration shall not be considered. CO2 emission due to land

transformation and from organic soil should be considered and reported separately

Emission of ozone-depleting gases (expressed as the sum of ozone-depleting potential in CFC 11-equivalents,

20 years).

Emission of acidification gases (expressed as the sum of acidification potential expresses in SO2- equivalents).

Emissions of gases that contribute to the creation of ground level ozone (expressed as the sum of ozone-

creating potential, ethene-equivalents).

Emission of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion (expressed as PO43-

-equivalents).

The tables from General Programme Instructions, Annex B shall be used.

10.3 OTHER INDICATORS

The following additional indicators shall be reported in the EPD:

Material addressed to recycling

Hazardous waste

Other waste

Co-products that are destined to other chains (such as animal feed industry).

10.4 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

Some additional optional indicators that could be included in the LCA report and in the EPD include the ecological

footprint and the virtual water content, as described hereafter.

10.4.1 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

This indicator is to be expressed as “global m2” (square meter) per DU. Further information about the calculation

procedure is available in Annex 1.


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10.4.2 VIRTUAL WATER CONTENT

This value shall be calculated according to the indications presented by the “Water footprint network” in the specific

accounting protocol. The indicators shall be expresses in litres of water per DU. Further information is presented in

Annex 2.

10.4.3 LAND USE

This indicator represents the land that is used per functional unit during a certain period of time and could be

expressed in total square meter * year. Land use give indication about the impact on ecosystem and biodiversity and

shall includes: agricultural land, farm land, grazing land, forestry land, built environment land, etc...

Further information about the calculation procedure is available on http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/

10.4.4 LAND USE AND LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY [LULUCF]

The indicator expressed in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (kg of CO2 eq.) represents an estimate of the

absorption and emission of carbon resulting from the:

Land use

Change of land use

Forest management activities

Further information about the calculation is available on http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/

11 CONTENT OF THE EPD

11.1 PROGRAMME RELATED INFORMATION

The programme related part of the EPD shall include:

Name of the programme and programme operator

The reference PCR document

Registration number

Date of publication and validity

Geographical scope of application of EPD

Information about the year or reference period of the underlying data to the EPD

Reference to the homepage – www.environdec.com – for more information.

11.2 PRODUCT RELATED INFORMATION

11.2.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCTION COMPANY

See 2.1.

11.2.2 SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT

See 2.2.

http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.environdec.com/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/roe/


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11.2.3 DECLARED UNIT

See 3.

11.2.4 CONTENT OF MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

See 4.

11.2.5 COMPARISONS OF EPDS WITHIN THIS PRODUCT CATEGORY

Only EPDs based on this specific PCR may be compared within this product category. The user of the EPD

information should be made aware of this by the inclusion of the following statement in the EPD:

“EPDs from different programmes may not be comparable”

11.2.6 VALIDITY OF THE EPD

The validity of the EPD shall be reported in the EPD.

11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED INFORMATION

11.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE DECLARATION - MINIMUM SET OFPARAMETERS FROM THE LCA STUDY, REPORTED PER DECLARED UNIT

Upstream and core modules shall be reported separately for resource use, potential environmental impact and other

indicators such as waste.

Downstream module results may be presented in a more “communicative and qualitative” way.

11.3.2 USE OF RESOURCES

The consumption of natural resources per declared unit shall be reported in this category.

See 10.1

11.3.3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The potential environmental impact per declared unit shall be reported in this category.

See 10.2

11.3.4 OTHER INDICATORS

The relevant indicators per functional unit shall be reported in this category.

See 10.3

11.3.5 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

See 10.4


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11.4 DIFFERENCES VERSUS PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF THE EPD

The main causes for any changes in environmental performance in comparison with previous EPD versions shall be

described shortly.

11.5 VERIFICATION

The EPD shall give the following information about the verification process:

PCR review, was conducted by: Technical Committee of the International EPD® System

Independent verification of the declarationand data, according to ISO 14025:

EPD process certificate or EPD verification, name of thethird party verifier

Accredited or approved by (if relevant): Name of the organisation

11.6 REFERENCES

The EPD shall, if relevant, refer to:

The underlying LCA

The PCRs used

Other documents that verify and complement the EPD

Programme instructions

Sources of additional information

12 VALIDITY OF THE EPD

If changes in any of the environmental impacts are larger than +- 5% the EPD shall be adjusted. Regardless, the EPD

shall be reviewed every three years.


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ANNEX 1 – ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

The “Ecological Footprint” (EF) is a measure of the quantity of biologica lly productive land and water any individual,

population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates using

prevailing technology and resource management practices.

The Global Footprint Network 3 has developed the “Ecological Footprint Accounting” (EFA) method. It is usually

measured in global hectares (gha): by conversions and equivalence factors for different land use (Energy up take land,

Crop land, Grazing land, Forest, Built-up land, Fishing ground ) translated into a single unit.

Even if the EF have been designed for the calculation of the regions impacts rather than the products impacts, it is

quite interesting and common to use this indicator to represent the “land use” due to the agricultu ral chain. For this

reason, the life cycle assessment of meat could be integrated with a calculation of the ecological footprint based on the

same system boundaries considered for the LCA. In order to have an EF estimation aligned to LCA results as much as

possible, the environmental aspects used for the EF calculation must originate from the same sources used for the

LCA inventory.

While LCA data usually refers to a physical unit (such as mass of products), the EF indicator is refers to a specific

period. In other words, the EF indicates the quantity of land used during one year by the system under analysis.

Total EF is calculated as the sum of the single 6 EF contributors (crop, forest, etc) that for the purpose of this PCR

could be calculated by multiplying the specific impact for the equivalence factors (Table A1.1) as indicated in the

following specifications.

COMPONENT UNIT EQUIVALENCE FACTOR

Carbon up take land (energy land) gha/ha 1,26

Cropland gha/ha 2,51

Grazing land gha/ha 0,46

Forest gha/ha 1,26

Built-up land gha/ha 2,51

Fishing ground gha/ha 0,37

Table A1.2. Calculation of the energy land for the main environmental aspects related to the operations included in the

system boundaries.

Note that for the meat production system forest land and fishing ground are not applicable. Built-up land could be

negligible.

In details, for the each kind of land, the following hypotheses have been considered.

A1.1 CARBON UP TAKE LAND (ENERGY LAND)

Carbon up take land represents the land needed to sequestrate the CO2 (not CO2 equivalent) generated by the

system. The methodology does not take into account the emission of other greenhouse gases because only CO2

undergoes a natural process of forest sequestration.

These figures shall be calculated by multiplying the specific CO2 emissions related to each environmental aspect of the

considered system by the EF conversion factors, which is 0,208 global hectares (per year) per t of CO2, by the energy

land equivalence factor. An example of this calculation is shown in Table A1.2.

3 www.footprintnetwork.org


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ENVIRONMENTAL

ASPECTUNIT CO2 PER UNIT (g)

LAND FOR CO2

SEQUESTRATION

(gha/t CO2)

EF ENERGY LAND

EQUIVALENCE

FACTOR (gha/ha)

GLOBAL m2 PER UNIT

Electricity (Italy) MJ 174,0

0,208

1,26

Text

Text

Text

0,456

Natural gas (Italy) MJ 57,8 0,015

Oil (Italy) MJ 77,0 0,020

Transport by truck tkm 55,3 0,014

Table A1.2. Calculation of the energy land for the main environmental aspects related to the operations included in the

system boundaries.

A1.2 CROP LAND

This component shall be calculated by multiplying the inverses of specific yields considered for the feed cultivation by

the EF equivalence factor of cropland. Source of this information could be the FAOSTAT web site

(http://faostat.fao.org/).

An example is shown in Table A1.3.

REGION YIELD (t/ha)EF CROPLAND EQUIVALNECE

FACTOR (gha/ha)Text

Maize 9

2,51

0,28

Wheat 7,5 2,99

Table A1.3. Example of the calculation of the cropland related to the feed cultivation

A1.3 GRAZING LAND

Grazing land is one of the six contributes necessary for the Ecological Footprint estimation and it represents the land

required to support the grazing of the livestock.

For a the calculation of grazing land necessary for the animal during the whole life cycle, it has been taken into

consideration the average yield of fresh grass and the total amount of fresh grass intake for a cattle.

Following an example of the calculation:

average yield for grass: 6,5 t/ha;

animal grass intake during the whole life cycle: 12.000 kg/head;

meat yield (kg of meat/head): 300 kg

total land required: 0,006 ha/kg that is equal to 61 m2/kg

Grazing land is calculated by multiplying the total land required per the equivalence factor:

61 x 0,46 = 28 global m2 per kg of meat.

http://faostat.fao.org/http://faostat.fao.org/http://faostat.fao.org/http://faostat.fao.org/


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ANNEX 2 – VIRTUAL WATER CONTENT

The indicator “virtual water content” measures the water consumption in terms of water volumes consumed (directly,

indirectly and evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. Main reference for the methodology is the Water Footprint

Network 4, founded by Twente University, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education e World Business Council for

Sustainable Development.

The total virtual water content breaks down into three components:

the blue water footprint is the volume of freshwater evaporated from the global blue water resources (surface

water and ground water) to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community;

the green water footprint is the volume of water evaporated from the global green water resources (rainwater

stored in the soil as soil moisture);

the grey water footprint is the volume of polluted water that is associated with the production of all goods and

services for the individual or community. The latter was calculated as the volume of water required to dilute

pollutants to an extent that the quality of the water remains above established water quality standards.

As in the typical LCA approach, the virtual water content should take into account two components: direct water use by

the producer (for producing/manufacturing or for supporting activities) and the indirect water use (the water use in the

producer’s supply chain).

The calculation of this indicator must follow the main hypotheses explained below.

The use of data regarding virtual water content, available at www.waterfootprint.org, is suggested.

A2.1 GREEN WATER CALCULATION

The calculation could be made by mean of the database and the software available on the FAO web site5.

A2.2 BLUE WATER CALCULATION

The sum of irrigation water from the cultivation phase and the amount of processing water for the industrial production

must be considered.

Be careful that the irrigation amount of water could be calculated with the same tool used for the green water.

A2.3 GREY WATER CALCULATION

The grey water, shall be calculated by mean of the rules presented in the “Water Footprint Assessment Manual”

published by the Water footprint network6

.

The formula that shall be used is:

( )( )

Where:

α = the leaching run of fertilizer fraction (%),

AR = the chemical application rate to the field per hectare (kg/ha),

Cmax = maximum acceptable concentration of chemical in the waste water (law level, kg/m3)

4

www.waterfootprint.org5 http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html

6 Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2011); The Water Footprint Assessment

Manual: setting the Global Standard, Earthscan, London, UK

http://www.waterfootprint.org/http://www.waterfootprint.org/http://www.waterfootprint.org/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.htmlhttp://www.waterfootprint.org/


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Cnat = natural concentration for the pollutant considered (kg/m3)

Y = crop yield (t/ha)

For the purposes of this PCR, the following simplification and hypotheses could be made:

α could be assumed equal to 10%;

AR could be reached from the FERTISTAT database7 or from specific data;

Cmax depends on the country law limitation;

Cnat could be assumed equal to zero;

Y could be reached by the FAOSTAT8 database or from specific data.

7 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/

8 http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx

http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspxhttp://faostat.fao.org/default.aspxhttp://faostat.fao.org/default.aspxhttp://faostat.fao.org/default.aspxhttp://www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/


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