ImpactAssessmentofLiftIrrigationandRainwaterHarvestingintheTribalVillagesof
JharkhandState,India
AND
InsightintotheCSRActivitiesofTataMotors,Jamshedpur.
RosalynneSophieWattEmmanuelCollege,UniversityofCambridge
TataInternationalSocialEntrepreneurshipScheme
July‐August2009Jamshedpur,Jharkhand,India
2
WhatisTISES…
The Tata Group of companies have a number of policies driving community
developmentwiththeaimof improvingthequalityof lifeandtheenvironment
surroundingTataindustries.TheTataInternationalSocialEntrepreneurship
Scheme (TISES) was set‐up by a collaboration between Tata and the Judge
Business School at the University of Cambridge. The scheme aims to give
students experienceof living in Indiawhile at the same timeallowing them to
work on a social entrepreneurship project within a Tata company in India.
People from diverse educational backgrounds were selected to add a fresh
perspectiveonimportantdevelopmentissues.
Someofmyfavouritepictures…
Photos1:SomeofmyfavouritephotosfrommytimeinIndia:Column1:
Top:JagdishSoren,Beekeeper(SeeAppendixD).Middle:Myself,NishiScrivastavaandherfamily.Bottom:MyselfandtheotherTISESinternsinBombayHouse,Mumbai.
Column2:Top:Ayounggirlwithmindiataworkshopforteenagegirls.Bottom:StaffatCommunityServicesDivision,TataMotors,Jamshedpur.
Column3:Top:Twogirlsshowingmetheirdancingskillsataleprosycolonyschool.Middle:Nishijudgingahaircompetition.Bottom:MyselfandfellowinternsinJamshedpur:AndrewPantonandSianHerschel.
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Summary
I was posted to the Community Services Division (CSD) of Tata Motors, Jamshedpur
in the state of Jharkhand, in the North Eastern region of India. Two aspects are
presented in this report: First of all, in Section 1, an impact assessment of water
management structures in two different tribal villages in the outskirts of Jamshedpur.
CSD not only works with tribal villages but also in the local vicinity of Tata Motors
in many projects such as schools and healthcare. ThroughoutTISESIwasexposed
tothemajorityofTataMotors’scorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)activities.
AsummaryispresentedinSection2alongsidemymostprominentthoughtsand
views.ThroughoutmytimeinJamshedpurImetmanyinspiringandmotivated
people including Mr. Jagannath Deogam, Mr Jagdish Soren and Mr Jugeshwar
Singhwho’scasestudiesarepresented inappendicesat theendof thisreport.
Mypersonalstatementandacknowledgementsarealsoincludedattheend.
The impact assessment focused on two types of irrigation structures: lift
irrigation and rainwater harvesting in the tribal villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih,
respectively, located in the outskirts of Jamshedpur. The study was carried out via
participatory rural appraisal (PRA), structured questionnaires and semi-structured
interviews. In this report impact is discussed in terms of the agricultural,
environmental, economic, social and lifestyle changes.
The early-stage impact assessment of the irrigation structures concluded that, in
general, income level has been raised due to greater crop yield and the ability to grow
a greater variety of crops, which, can subsequently be sold at market. Due to the rise
in income level the villagers aim to enhance their standard of living through education
and better diet hence, better health. In the future villagers aim expand their irrigation
structures allowing larger scale cultivation. Villagers also aspire to create bore wells
in their village however I would advise against this as it is would be detrimental to the
currently rapidly depleting groundwater level of the earth. Alternative suggestion
could be to explore other irrigation schemes such as drip irrigation
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Anarticle….
I went to India not really knowing what to expect but if I think about it, I
expectedtoseetheextremepovertyasnormallyconveyedintheUKmedia.The
areainwhichIwaspostedallowedmetoobservethelifeoftribalvillagers.My
impressionwas of an overall contentedbut basic lifestyle. Currently, themain
problemofthevillagersisthelackofwater,especiallythisyearduetoalackof
monsoonrain.Anumberofaspectofvillagelifecouldbeimprovedupon,many
ofwhichIthinkarewellsummarisedinthefollowingarticlefromtheHindustan
Timespublishedon10thSeptember2009.
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Tableofcontents
1ImpactAssessmentofLiftIrrigationandRainwaterHarvestingintheTribalVillagesofJharkhandState,India…………………………………….………………..7
1.1Introduction ................................................................................................................. 61.2BackgroundInformation ........................................................................................ 81.2.1VillageProfile ............................................................................................................ 81.2.2Irrigation ...................................................................................................................111.2.2.1LiftIrrigation ..................................................................................................11
1.2.2.2Pondstructures................................................................................................121.3Methodology ................................................................................................................131.4ResultsandDiscussion ............................................................................................161.4.1SocialandResourceMappingexerciseinKanikola...............................161.4.2PreferenceRanking...............................................................................................171.4.3ImpactSummary....................................................................................................181.4.4KanikolaDiscussion ...............................................................................................231.4.5JaskhandihDiscussion...........................................................................................24
1.5Dorkasai .........................................................................................................................261.6PersonalviewpointofImpactstudy..................................................................261.7Conclusion.....................................................................................................................27
2InsightintotheCorporateSocialResponsibilityActivitiesofTataMotors,Jamshedpur .......................................................................................................................................282.1Introduction ............................................................................................................................282.2Education .................................................................................................................................292.2.1ABusinessOpportunity? ................................................................................................32
2.3Agriculture...............................................................................................................................332.4PersonalViewpointofmyVisits ....................................................................................343Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................35APPENDIXA:Questionnaire........................................................................................................37APPENDIXB:ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)Exercises ......................................39AppendixC:CaseStudy‐Mr.JagannathDeogam...............................................................43AppendixD:CaseStudy‐MrJagdishSoren..........................................................................45AppendixE:CaseStudy‐MrJugeshwarSingh....................................................................46AppendixF:PersonalStatement................................................................................................47Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................48References ...........................................................................................................................................50
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1Impact Assessment of Lift Irrigation and RainwaterHarvestingintheTribalVillagesofJharkhandState,India
1.1 Introduction
Water scarcity is a huge problem for a country such as India [Kelkar, 2008,
James,2005,Bouma,2007,Kumar,2007,Mall,2006]whichreliesonmonsoon
weather for a large majority of its cultivation practices. As weather patterns
become increasing erraticwith time,most likely due to globalwarming, being
prepared for water shortage in the future is essential. Communities greatly
affectedbywaterscarcityarethetribalvillagesofJharkhandstate[Subramania,
2008]. These tribal villages aremainly self‐sustained in their living habits and
relyheavilyon thepaddy crop for survival (seePhoto2 for aphotographof a
typical paddy field). It is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain tribal
lifestyle due to the unknown weather patterns emerging over time and with
pressurefromsocietytoraisestandardoflivingintermsofhealthandeducation
[Kerr,2002].Itisnowwellknownthatwhentimesgettoughforvillagersthere
tendstobemigrationfromvillagestocitiestoseekemployment.Thiscancause
over‐crowdingincitiesandformalesssatisfyingenvironmentinwhichtolive.It
isthereforeimportanttomaintainanacceptablestandardoflivinginvillagesto
reducethe likelihoodofmigration intocities.Thiscanbeachievedbyensuring
therearesufficientcropstofeedvillagersandtosellatmarkettoallowincome
generation.
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Photo2:AtypicalpaddyfieldintheEastSinghbumdistrictofJharkhandstate.
Irrigationisnowessentialinmanyareasoftheworldtoharnesssufficient
freshwatersupplyforthesuccessfulgrowthofcrops,inparticularpaddywhich
is extremelywater intensive. In India,numerous formsof irrigationhavebeen
used for centuries [Vermilliotn, 1997]. Here, the impact of lift irrigation and
rainwaterharvesting[Samuel,2008]intheformofpondswhichoccupy5%ofa
field are investigated. Two tribal villages in the Jharkhand state of Indiawere
chosenforthestudy:KonikulaandJaskhandih,ontheoutskirtsofJamshedpurin
thenortheastofIndia.ThesevillagescomeundertheprojectareaofGramVikas
Kendra (GVK), the integrated rural development office under the community
services division of Tata Motors. In both villages, the irrigation projects were
initiatedoneyearago.Theimpactstudyisthereforeinitsearlystages,hencethe
long‐term benefits or failings of the irrigation systems can not, yet be fully
determined.Thestudieswerecarriedoutviaparticipatoryruralappraisal(PRA)
[Chambers, 1994], questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews [Maskey,
1996]. The findings are qualitative and are presented in terms of agricultural,
environmental,economic,lifestyleandsocialimpact.
This section begins by presenting the background information of the
villagesunderstudyandanoverviewoftheirrigationtechniquesemployed;lift
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irrigationand5%pondstructuresforrainwaterharvesting.Themethodologyof
thestudyandresultsanddiscussionoftheimpactstudythenfollow.
1.2BackgroundInformation
1.2.1VillageProfile
Twotribalvillagesformthemainfociofthestudy:Konikula[GramVikasKendra
Proposal]andJaskhandih,.Anothervillage,Dorkasaiisalsodiscussedtomake
comparisontoavillagewithoutanirrigationstructure.ThevillageofDorkasaiis
not tribal. The villages are located in the East Singbhum district of Jharkhand
state just slightly southeastof Jamshedpuras shown inFig.1.Thepopulation
landstatisticsarepresentedinTable1.
Figure1:MapofJamshedpurandsurroundingregion.ThelocationsofKonikula,Jaskhandih,andDorksaiareannotated.(MapcourtesyofGoogleMaps).
Kanikola
Dorkasai
Jaskandhi
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VillageParameterKonikula Jaskandih Dorkasai
Unit
Numberofhouseholds 89 215 154 housesPopulation 417 1118 804 people
Cultivable 235 400 400Irrigatedland 235 25 25Non‐irrigatedland 0 1075 1075Wasteland 0 700 700
Land
Other 0 0 0
acres
Tribeorcast Santhaltribe Hotribe Mahatocast Table1:VillagestatisticsforthevillagesofKanikola,Jaskhandih,andDorkasai
Traditional village or tribal lifestyle dates back to the Neolithic revolution,
around10,000BC(i.e.12,009yearsago),whenhumansstoppeda“hunterand
gatherer”existencetobegincultivationandsettleinoneplace[Roshen,2003].
Photos3showjusthowuniquetriballifestyleis:housesare,ingeneralmadeof
mudsometimeswithathatchedroofbutmostcommonlywithatiledroof.Living
facilities are basic, clean and tidy. Villagersmake their own fuel, KalaGola, by
mixing mud and coal powder and then leave it out in the sun to dry. Their
lifestyleisveryintunewithnature,forexamplemudutensilsareusedincooking
practices. The tribal communities are not immune to advancements in
technology: electricity is found in the home alongsidemobile phones andTVs.
Village schools are simplewhere children ofmultiple stages are taught in the
sameclass.Somevillagesmayalsohaveapoultryfarmasanindustry.
ThereareanumberoftribaldenominationswithinIndia.Table1includes
the specific tribes of the villages in this study. The total tribal population of
Jharkhand was last counted to be 580,1547 [Commission of India, 2001].
Kanikola is of the Santhal tribes men who form 32.52 % of the total tribal
population of Jharkhand [Commission of India, 2001]. The Santhali are God‐
fearing and have boundless faith in Merghbo (Mountain) the ominescient,
supreme Santhali God. The most sacred centre of Santhal village is jakesham
where thevillagepriest or theNakeSoleminzerperformreligious ceremonies.
Farming, animal rearing and collection of minor forest produce are the chief
occupations.
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Photos3:Photographsdepictinglifeinatribalvillage:Column1:
Top:Courtyardofatribalvillagehouse.Ingeneral,tribalhousesaremadeofmud.Middle:Atypicaltribalkitchen.Bottom:Atypicalvillagebedcalledakhatia.
Column2:Middle:KalaGolafuelleftouttodryinthesun.Thefuelismadeofmudacoalpowder.Middle:Typicaltribaldrums,mandar.
Column3:Top:Atypicalvillageschool.Bottom:Avillagechickenfarm.
Thevillagers inJaskhandihareHopeople.Thename“Ho”evolvedfromthe
word “Horo” meaning human. The Ho village is ruled over by traditional
administratorcalled“HatuMunda”(villageheadman).Thesocialorganisationof
the community is based on “Munda‐Maki” system that presides over 10 to 12
“HatuMurdas”. The Ho tribe was last counted tomake up 9.24% of the total
tribalpopulationofJarkhand[CommissionofIndia,2001].
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1.2.2Irrigation
1.2.2.1LiftIrrigationLift irrigation isbasedarounda concept to liftwater froma lowerpoint,most
commonlyarivertoahigherpointoflandwhereitistheguidedtoirrigatethe
requiredareofland.Themainreasonbehindtheneedforliftirrigationisdueto
poordistributionofwaterratherthanthelackofwater.Waterisliftedbymeans
ofapumpfromthesourceofwatertothemaindeliverychambersituatedatthe
topmostpointinthecommandarea.Waterisdistributedviachannelswherethe
waterfallsduetogravity.Photos4depictstheliftirrigationsysteminthevillage
ofKanikola.ThetopleftphotoodPhotos4showsthepumphouseandriver(the
SubarnarekhaRiver).ThepipelineinshowninthetoprightimageofPhotos4is
employed to contain water being pumped up‐hill from the pump house (see
bottomleftphotoofPhotos4)tothedistributionpointinthebottomrightphoto
inPhotos4forsubsequentdistributiontofields.
Photos4:LiftirrigationsysteminthevillageofKanikola.Column1:
Top:TheSubarnarekhariverandpumphouseBottom:Pipelineemployedtocontainwaterfrompumphousetodistributionpoint
Column2:Top:Uphillviewpointfrompumphouseuptodistributionpoint.Bottom:Liftirrigationdistributionpoint.
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Liftirrigationisparticularlyusefulincaseswherewatercannotbeprovided
toa fieldwhereatahigherpoint than themostavailablewatersource. In this
case,waterisrequiredtobeliftedataconvenienthigherspotfromwhichitcan
be supplied to the fields under command. To implement the lift irrigation
technicalknowledgeandassistanceisrequired.
The lift irrigation set‐up in Kanikola is operated as follows: one person is
appointed by election to manage the lift irrigation system in terms of
maintenanceandrunning. Villagersarecharged10Rsperhour foruseof the
pump and the individual usermust provide the oil required to run the pump
whichcostsapproximately38‐40Rsperlitre.Villagersholdameeting2‐3times
a month to decide when the pump is used and who by, a system which the
villagerssayworkswellandnoconflictarises.
1.2.2.2PondstructuresToharvestrainandsavepaddycropsfromfrequentfailureaportionoffarmland
can be left aside for rainwater harvesting, holding back rainwater in the land
itself. In Jaskhandih, 5%of landhasbeen set‐aside for this purpose.Themain
objective of this 5%model is to ensure that all small landholdings have their
ownwaterbody forharvestingrain.Photo5showsa typicalpondstructure in
Jaskhandih. The ponds are normally 10x5x5 m. An added benefit of pond
structures is the opportunity for pisci‐culture allowing fish to be kept, hence
adding potential for income generation and an added source of food for the
villagers. InJaskhandih, itcostaround3540Rstodigonepondwhichincludes
theemploymentoflabourersanddiggersoveraperiodof3to4days.
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Photo5:ApondinthevillageofJaskhandih.
1.3 Methodology
In order to understand the impact of the new irrigation structures in the villages of
Kanikola and Jaskhandih an impact assessment was performed via the following
techniques:
• Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires [AsiaForestNetwork,2002] were
carried out in both Kanikola and Jaskhandih. Thestructuredquestionnaire is
presented in Appendix A alongside a list of the village beneficiaries who
participated in the questionnaires. Following on from the questionnaires
semi‐structured interviews were carried out. Other beneficiaries who
participated in the group discussions are also listed. In Kanikola 4
beneficiaries were interviewed and in Jaskhandih, 5 beneficiaries were
interviewed.Iftimepermittedagreaternumberofpeoplewouldhavebeen
interviewedtoobtainmorequantitativedata.
• Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) also provided key information in the study of
the Kanikola. PRA[Chamber,1994,AsiaForestNetwork,2002] isaconcept
which aims to provoke discussion within local communities to express,
enhance, share and analyse knowledge of village life and conditions. The
purposeofwhichcanbetoidentifytheneedsandissuesofacommunity.In
thiscase,PRAwasusedtostudytheimpactofliftirrigationinthevillageof
Kanikola.PRA can consist of a variety of exercises including, for example, social
mapping, preference ranking or historical transect. Here semi-structured
14
discussion alongside social and resource mapping and a preference ranking
exercise based around different crops was employed. Around 30 to 40 villagers
were present when the PRA exercise took place in Kanikola.
The impact assessment also allowed identification of improvements which could
be made to the existing irrigation practices and hopes for the future of the villagers.
Undernormalcircumstances,PRAiscarriedoutoveranextendedperiodoftime
allowing the researcher to build up a strong rapport with the community of
interest. In this study, time was limited to a period of twomonths, therefore
limitingtherelationshipthatcouldbemadebetweenmyselfandthecommunity.
Underthecircumstancesitwaspossibletocarryoutanumberofexercisesdue
to thestrongrelationshipbetweenGVKstaffmemberssuchasSandeepKumar
andR.P.Gupta.AppendixBsummarisessomeexerciseswhichcouldbecarried
out inaPRA andalso lists the some information Iwaseager to findout from
villagers. InPRA, theconversationdetermines thepathof informationsharing,
thereforethelistpresentedinAppendixBdoesnotrepresentexactlywhatwas
discussed,itonlygivesanoutlineofwhatIinitiallythoughtIwouldliketoknow
fromthevillagepeople.Photos6depictsomeofthePRAstudyalongsidesome
picturesofgettingtoknowthevillagersandhavingfunwiththem.ForexampleI
dancedandsharedlocalvillagemusicwiththevillagers.
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Photos6:PRAstudyinthevillageofKanikola.Column1:
Top:GroupofvillagerscongregatingforthePRAstudy.2ndrow:Avillager,Dasmatdrawingamapofthevillageandmyselftakingnotes.3rdrow:SandeepKumaractingasatranslatorduringthePRAdiscussion.Bottom:Preferencerankingexercisewithpebbles.
Column2:Middle:XLRIstudentsdancingwiththevillagersafterthePRAexercise.2ndrow:SandeepKumardrummingwiththevillagersafterthePRAexercise.3rdrow:Agroupofvillagerswhocarriedoutthestructuredquestionnaire.Bottom:Myself,XLRIstudentsandvillagersofKanikola.
Column3:Top:Avillagefishingnet.2ndrow:Tradiationalvillageploughs.3rdrow:Ironore.Bottom:Anewlycreatedpondstructureinthevillage.
16
1.4ResultsandDiscussion Impact was assessed in terms of agricultural, economic, social and lifestyle
changes. To begin with I present two of the PRA exercises; social and resource
mapping and one preference ranking exercise carried out in the village of Kanikola.
This is followed by presentation of the main findings in Table 3 with subsequent
discussion for each village.
1.4.1SocialandResourceMappingexerciseinKanikola
Socialandresourcemappingisanexerciseinwhichthevillagersdrewamapof
theirvillagewhile,atthesametime,provokingdiscussiononanumberoftopics.
This mapped out the village giving information on population, number of
households, the geography, the infrastructure and resources. Figure 2 a) is a
photograph of the map drawn by the villagers alongside a schematic
reproductioninFig.2b).
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Figure2:Socialandresourcemapping.a. PhotographofthesocialandresourcemapofKanikolavillagedrawnbyavillager.b. Reproductionofthesocialandresourcemap.
1.4.2PreferenceRanking
Preference ranking was performed with respect to food [AsiaForestNetwork,2002].
This process allowed discussion of the importance of a crop in the village and why
importance may have changed due to the implementation of irrigation. The main
a)
b)
18
points noted from this was that greater preference is given to crops which will be sold
for more at market rather than a crop which will be enjoyed more by the villagers.
The resulting preferences are listed in Table 2 where a preference of 10, marks a high
preference. It can be seen that preference of rice is lower after the introduction of
irrigation, this is most likely due to a now greater of variety of crops available. Also,
interestingly, the crop required for making the local alcoholic drink is now lower in
preference. The villagers believe this is due to better education at schools of the
detrimental effects of alcohol. Finding out about the alcohol habits of the village
presents a good illustration of how preference ranking in PRA opens up discussion of
topics out-with crop production.
Crop Before AfterFish 10 10Rice 10 7Tomatoes 2 6Ladiesfinger 2 6BottleGourd 3 5Wheat 1 5Corn 4 4Potato 7 4Brinjal(Aubergine)
3 4
Repree 3 4Fruits 5 4Alcoholcrop 6 3Ricebeer 8 3Fullgram 3 1
Table 2: Preference ranking of crops for the village of Kanikola
1.4.3ImpactSummary
Table 3 summarises impact of the irrigation structures in both villages, Kanikola and Jaskhandih in terms of agricultural, economic and social impact.
Kanikola Jaskhandih Irrigation Lift Irrigation Pond Structure Farming Practices
Manmade irrigation did not exist in Kanikola previous to the lift irrigation system. Although there is a river nearby manpower alone was not sufficient carry water for irrigation required hence the need for lift irrigation.
Due to the pond structures alternative transplanting method of paddy was employed rather than broadcasting. Area of cultivable land has increased (see Table 4).
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The planting style of paddy was changed from broadcasting to a more efficient technique called transplanting. This technique is likely to achieve a greater yield than the previously employed, broadcasting method. Area of cultivable land has increased (see Table 4). In some households people from outside the village are employed to work on the fields hence creating employment and further income generation for not just their own community.
Growing Season
Before the irrigation system was introduced the growing season was just during the rainy season, i.e. June to September. Vegetables could only be harvested around 10 days/year before lift irrigation. Now, however, crops can be grown all year round.
Previous to the pond structure, the growing season was just the rainy season. Now however the growing season is all year round as vegetables can be grown in 10 months of the year. In previous years, paddymayhavebeenlostbetweenthefirstandsecondrainduelack of rainfall. Now, thewatersavedinthepondscanbe employed to top up thepaddy water and thereforeloss of paddy is unlikely aslong as there is sufficientwaterintheponds.
Crops grown The type and yield of crops allowed to grow have increased significantly. The basic crops which used to be grown were rice, potatoes, brinjal (aubergine), repree, fruits (e.g. mango, jamoon). The crops which are now grown include paddy, tomatoes, ladies finger, bottle guard, wheat, brinjal (aubergine), repree, full gram. Less fruit is grown as the fruit trees have been chopped down to make way for farmland. Crop yield has increased by around 3 fold.
Previous to the pond structure, paddy was the only crop grown. Now, vegetables can also be grown such as Thurso,pisparo,ladiesfinger,maize.
Environmental Soil moisture has improved. Soil moisture has improvedand underground water
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levelhasincreasedthereforebetter access todrinkwaterfromthewells.
Annual Income
Average annual income increased(see Table 4) .The main reasonbeing,greatercropyieldtobesoldat market. Preference of cropsgrownisgiventooneswhichhavea higher value atmarket.Manuallabouralsobringsinextraincomeand is carriedoutbymembersofthefamilywhodonotworkinthefields.
Previous to the pondstructure all the paddy cropwaskeptforconsumptionbythe family. Vegetables arenow sold at markettherefore increasing theannual income of a villagefamily(seeTable4).Some vegetables are sold atmarket. Ladies finger sellsfor 15‐20 R/kg. Manyvillagers sell their vegetabletoothervillagersratherthantakingthemtomarket.Inparticular,onevillagerMrJagannath Deogam (seeAppendix C) owns a shop.Last year the income was4000Rs.Thisyear,5000Rs.MrDeogamdoesnotthinkthatthischangeinincomeisrelatedtothenewpondstructures.
Expenditure The community is currentlyunsurewhat to dowith the extraincome generated. Eachhousehold have opened a bankaccount and will save the moneyuntiltheyknowwhattodowithit.In the future a possibility wouldbetobuymoreland.
Someextraincomeisnowusedtopurchase more food from themarket.TheirBPL(BelowPovertyLine) card can be used to obtaindiscountsatmarketanditisusedmorenowincomparisontobefore
The extra income is currently saved and it is hoped that it will be spent on the children’s education.
Loans Loans have never been taken out. In the past a loan has been taken out to buy fertilizer. This year, this has not be necessary.
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Most family’s have never take out a loan.
Migration for work/ manual labour
Manual labour is carried out bymembersofthefamilywhodonotwork on the land. Typically, 8hrs/day. Due to the closeproximity of Kanikola toJamshedpur manual labour isaccessible on a daily commute sovillagers do not need to migratefrom their village to find work.The number of hours of manuallabour carried out since theintroduction of the irrigationsystemhasnotchanged.
Migration for work has not been necessary in the Deogam family. Manual labour time has not changed but is still carried out. It is probably too early to tell the effect of this.
Employment Due to the irrigation system, thevillage now employ people fromother villages to work in theirfields.
Womenarepaid40Rs/daywhichinvolves weeding, fertilisation,planting.
Men are paid 50 Rs/day for jobsthataremorephysicallyintensivesuchasploughing.
Culture and traditions
Culture and traditions have not been affected.
Culture and traditions have not been affected.
Health As yet, health implications havenot been observed. The villagersexpect health to improve as theyhave more income to buy betterfood, e.g. apples. This summer,there have not been as manyillnesseswhich could be due to achange in weather conditionswhere monsoon rains have notbeenassevereasusual.
As yet, health implicationshavenotbeenobserved.
Education Children used to study until 10thclass. Now, they study until atleast 12th class. There is oneprimary school in the village,Assamani. For secondary schoolor college, children can either goto Jamshedpur or Gaharhuter.Theaddedextraincomehasmadethis possible however, income is
There is now more money to send the children to school. The aim is to send children to school until they are at least 17. The ability to send the child to school until this age is due to the extra income earned through cultivation.
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still not sufficient for furtherstudy after 12th grade. It isthought that if further educationopportunities were available thevillagers would take up theopportunity
Social status Thesocialstatusofthevillagehas
increased as other villagecommunities now come toKanikola to ask for advice onirrigationandfarmingpractises.
Other villages now have more respect for the village of Jaskhandih due to the success of the pond structure. Other villages are keen to learn about carrying out similar projects in their village.
Diet There is more variety in diet asnew crops are grown such aswheat. Rice is the favourite andmostimportantcrop.Alcohol consumption hasdecreasedduetobettereducationwith respect to understandingprioritiesinlifeandeducation.
More variety in their diet
Table 3: Impact table for irrigation structures introduced to the villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih.
Village Cultivableareabeforeirrigation
Cultivableareaafterirrigation
Incomebeforeirrigation
Incomeafterirrigation
Kanikola 3.125acres 6.1acres 13,750Rs 22,500Rs
Jaskhandih 4.5acres 5.5acres 7,250Rs 18,250Rs
Table 4: Impact on cultivable area and income in the villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih due to the introduction of irrigation.
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1.4.4KanikolaDiscussion
Photos 7: Photographs depicting the impact of irrigation in the village of Kanikola. Column1:
Top:Kanikola Paddy fields. Bottom:Vegetables grown in Kanikola.
Column2:Atribalvillagersurroundedbyvegetables grown in Kanikola.
The majority of the information gained in Kanikola village was via PRA and 5
questionnaires (see appendix A for the names of the beneficiaries questioned). The
main impacts of the irrigation system was found to be the extension of the growing
season in that vegetables can be grown all year round – thus increasing family income
by selling vegetables at market. Another major impact is the increase in cultivable land
and hence income. It emerged that the villagers were currently unsure as to what they
should do with their extra income. I would suggest that the villagers invest the
moneysomehow.CSDcouldprovidethevillagerswithinformationonhowtodo
this.
The villagers of Kanikola hope that, in the future they will be able to develop a
second lift irrigation system. In asking how they expect fund another irrigation
structure, it emerged that they hoped GVK would fund this. It would be my suggestion
that they find alternative sources of funding or use their extra income and save to build
a lift irrigation system for the future.
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1.4.5JaskhandihDiscussion
Photos8:PhotographsfromthevillageofJaskhandih:Column1:
Top:PondstructureandJagannathDeogam.2ndrow:ThevillagersofJaskindhi,DrHelenHaughandmyself.3rdrow:AsemistructuredinterviewwithMrsDeogam.Bottom:Munniram,afarmerinJaskindhiwhomIinterviewed.
Column2:Top:ApicturesquesceneinthegardenoftheDeogamfamilyhome.Bottom:.JagannathDeogamwalkingthroughhispaddyfield.
Column3:Top:ThreememberoftheDeogamfamily.Bottom:AvillagerofJaskhandihusingamachinetoobtainricefrompaddy.
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The impactsofpondstructures in Jaskhandihweresimilar to the impactof lift
irrigation in Kanikola. Key to the success of the pond structure initiatives is a
man called Mr. Jagannath Deogam (see Appendix C) with whom I had much
interaction and very much enjoyed talking to. Jagannath taught me about his
villagewhileat the same timeshowedgreat interest inmycountryandhelda
veryopenmindtonewideas.
Jagannathmentionedhewouldliketochangethemindsetofpeopleinthe
village. He believes that superstition should be abandoned for more scientific
fundamental understandings. For example, crops grow because of water not
becauseofaritualthatwascarriedout.Itwasalsoapparentthatmanyvillagers
arenotopenedmindedto introducingpondstructures inthevillageas it takes
away fromcultivationarea.This is slowly changingaspeople cannowsee the
positiveimpactthepondstructureshavemadesofar.
In Jaskhandih it seemedcertain that thevillagersaspired tospend their
extra income to educate their children.When asked: “What improvements can
youenvisageinthecurrentcultivationorirrigationsystem?”.Thevillagerssaid
theywould like tohavemorevegetable farming.Thiswouldallowthemtosell
moreatmarketandthereforeraisetheirincome.
In Jaskhandih it emerged that ahope for the futurewouldbe tohave a
boreholewell to access groundwater supply. However, I would advise against
thisasitwouldbeenvironmentallydetrimental[Changon,1998,Garrido,2006,
Rodell, 2009]. ‐It has beenobserved globally that groundwater level is rapidly
decreasing with time as it takes much longer to replenish groundwater. This
would lead to further lackof freshdrinkingwater for communities. It ismuch
bettertoharvestrainwaterhencemaintainingtopsoilmoisture.
Whilespeaking to thevillagers, I found themtobeverycontentpeople.
Themainproblemthisyear(2009)hasbeenthelackofmonsoonrain,however
the lift irrigationandpond structureshaveenabled them tokeeppaddy crops
going.The villagers seem tohavenodebtproblemandhave access tomanual
labourinnearbyJamshedpurwhenrequired.
26
1.5Dorkasai
A semi‐structured interview was carried out in the village of Dorkasai to
understand what life could be like in a village where no irrigation structure
exists(seePhoto9foraphotographofsomevillagersfromDorkasai).Thisyear,
duetolackofsufficientmonsoonrain,paddyhasnotbeengrown.Thevillagers
have therefore had to reply on manual labour jobs to maintain a living. A
significantdifferenceintheattitudeofthevillagerscouldbeobserved.Thismay
have been due to their lack of contentment in not being able to cultivate this
year.
Photo9:Dorkasaivillagers
1.6PersonalviewpointofImpactstudy
IreallyenjoyedgettingtoknowthevillagersandwishIhadthetimeto
gettoknowthembetter.Itproveddifficulttoobtainmeetingswiththevillagers
duringmonsoonseason,asthisisthebusiestperiodoftimeinthefieldsandat
home with festival celebrations. If time permitted, many of the other PRA
exercisesinAppendixBcouldhavebeencarriedoutforamoreindepthstudy.
Also, more questionnaires could have been conducted to obtain more
quantitative data. While carrying out my study I came up against much
frustrationintryingtofindouthowthevillagersexpectedtowilldealwithwater
scarcity in years to come. The main barrier in communication came in
translation in which, I think a huge amount of information was lost and
conversationstifled.
27
1.7Conclusion
ThemainimpactsobservedduetotheintroductionofirrigationinbothKanikola
andJaskhandihwereariseincultivableareaandhenceariseinannualincome
duetotheabilitytosellmorecrops.Bothvillageshaveaspirationstoexpandor
addnewirrigationstructures.ItwouldbeusefulforGVKtoadvisethevillagers
on how they can find their own funding to carry this out. On thewhole, both
villagesexhibitedacontentedlifestyle.
28
2InsightintotheCorporateSocialResponsibilityActivitiesofTataMotors,Jamshedpur
2.1Introduction
Tata Motors undertake a variety of initiatives to support and improve the
communities in its vicinity, by promoting health, education, environment and
economicself‐sustenance.InJamshedpur,initiativesarealsoinplacetoimprove
thequalityof life in itsadjoiningruralareas.TheCommunityServicesDivision
(CSD)ofTataMotorsconsistsoffivesectionswiththefollowingresponsibilities.
• Gram Vikas Kendra (GVK): integrated rural development. The water
management project presented in this report was run under the GVK
group.
• ParivarKalyanSansthan(PKS):healthcare
• ShikshaPrasarKendra(SPK):education
• NavJagratManavSamaj(NJMS):leprosy
Arecentlypublishedreport[TataReport]describestheactivitiesofeach in
detail. Here I will give a brief summary of some activities followed by
photographsdepictingthemanyvisitsIwasprivilegedenoughtomake.
Programmes for economic fostering economic, social and environmental
improvementsofthevillagessuchasself‐initiatedcottageindustries,sericulture,
community and social forestry, drinking water projects, road projects, pulse
polio drives, family planning, sanitation projects, plantation projects and self‐
employedtrainingtonamebutafew.CSDalsosupportsotheragenciessuchas
START,acentreofadultdisabled,AshaKiranSchoolandMahilaSharan.
29
2.2Education
Providingchildrenwithahappyandsafeenvironmenttogrowupinisessential
toensuringstabilityoftheworldforgenerationstocome.Photos10depictsthe
threeverydifferentschoolsIvisited:AhsaKiranschoolfordisabledchildren,Hill
TopSchool,anEnglishmediumschool,andaschool forthechildrenof leprosy
sufferers.
AshaKiranschoolwasthefirstCSDvisitImadeinJamshedpurinwhichI
had to learn about being the centre of attention and develop my idea of the
purposeofmevisitingtheCSRactivitiesofTataMotors.AtfirstIwasuncertain
astomypurposeorwhatIcouldcontributeasavisitor.Intheend,Ichosemy
purpose to share my culture with the children, and open their eyes to other
aspectsoftheworldandalsoformetolearnabouttheirlifeandingeneralwhat
children are like. I havemuch respect for the parents and teacherswho have
broughtthewonderfulchildrenImettobeverypoliteandrespectful.
Iwas surprised to find that in India there is a huge emphasis on being
competitive and there is great pressure on children to become scientists,
engineersordoctors.Ithinkitisexcellenttodrivechildreninsuchadirectionif
theyareinterested.HoweverIthinkitcouldprovetobedetrimentalforchildren
whoarenotinterestedinthesecoresubjectsorstyleof learning.Fromvisiting
Hill Top School, the EnglishMedium school I could seemany similaritieswith
educationintheUK.
Leprosy is an illness of the past, however there is still a social stigma
attached to the disease resulting in exclusion of leprosy suffers and their
children from mainstream activities such as schooling. NJMS is successfully
working towardseradicating thisnegative social attitude.Mymostmemorable
time from TISESwasmy visit to this schoolwhere children sang, danced and
recitedpoemsforme.IenjoyedtellingthemaboutwhereIwasfromanditwasa
privilege forme tobe, inmany cases, the first foreigner the childrenhad ever
met.
Frommyvisitstotheseschoolsitwasevidenttomethatchildrenarethe
sameworldover:theylovetolearnandtheylovetoplaynomatterwherethey
arefrom.Ihopethenegativesocialstigmaattachedtoleprosydiessoon.
30
Photos10:SchoolsinJamshedpur:Column1:AshaKiranSchool(SPK)
Top:danceclass,Middle:twoyoungdeafboyswhogavemetheirpaintingsandBottom:aclassfordeafchildren.
Column2:HillTopSchool(SPK)Top:computerclassMiddle:primaryclassBottom:secondaryclass
Column3:Schoolforthechildrenofleprosysufferers(NJMS)Top:Ayoungboyperformingforme,Middle:ayounggirlperformingforasongformeBottom:theleprosycommunitysurroundingtheschool.
IalsoparticularlyenjoyedvisitingworkshopsrunbySPKtoteachyoung
girls about dressing in a sari, mindi, hair dressing, make‐up application and
knitting. Therewas awonderful atmospherewhere I could see the girlswere
having fun andmaking new friends. Iwas lucky enough to have a young girl
applyhennatomyarm.
31
Photos11:Workshopforteenagegirls.Column1:
Top:GirlstakingabreakfromaworkshopMiddle:Knittingclass.Bottom:Kolampicture.
Column2:Middle:Haircompetition.Middle:Knitting.
Column3:Top:Applicationofhenna.Middle:Mendicompetitionjudgingsession.Bottom:Kolampicture.
Iwould like to thankNishi Srivastava (Photo12) for introducingme to
theactivitiesmentionedinthissectionandmanymore.
Photo12:NishiSrivastava
32
2.2.1ABusinessOpportunity?Ialsovisitedapre‐school,LittleAngelSchool.Frommyvisit there itwasclear
thattheyneedmoremoneytokeeptheschoolrunning. AsIunderstood,Little
AngelSchoolisverydifferenttoanaverageIndianSchool:emphasisismadeon
adaptingeducationtoachild’spersonality,encouragingplayandcreativity.Iwas
impressed to see that staffmadeall the toys (seePhotos13). As theschool is
shortofmoney,Ienquiredweatherornottheysellthetoysornot.Asitstands
theydonotbut theywould likehowever, they lack thebusinessknowledge to
carry out such a venture. If possible it could beuseful for CSD to advise Little
AngelSchoolonhowtoselltheirbeautifulproducts.
Photos13:LittleAngelSchoolColumn1:
Top:TheheadmistressofLittleAngelSchoolMiddle:AppliquetextilepicturemadebytheteachersofLittleAngelSchool.Bottom:Ateachershowingmeanappliquetextilepictureofanelephant.
Column2:Top:Teachersattheschool.Middle:.Puppettheatre.Bottom:Appliquetextilepicturebook.
33
2.3AgricultureGVKrunastrongplantationsprojectimagesfromwhicharedepictedinPhotos
14.EmployeesarealsoencouragedonaSunday togooutandplant treesona
Sunday. I think this is awonderful scheme, primarily for the environment but
alsoforprovidingafun,familyrelationships.
Photos14:Plantationproject.Column1:
Top:Myselfhelpingtoweedsapplingstobereadyforplantation.Bottom:Villagersdiggingreadyforplantation
Column2:Top:PlotoflandreadyforplantationofsaplingsBottom:Afullygrownplantationspot.
GVKalsorunagriculturaldevelopmentcentre, somephotosof thework
done in the centre are shown in Photos 15. Many new cultivation techniques
havebeen tried and testedhere such asnovelpaddy cultivation techniques to
obtainhigheryields,mushroomsgrowingandthegrowthofpotentialnewcrops,
whichmaybesuitableforgrowthintheJamshedpurregion.Anothersuccessful
projectinclude“wormycompost”whichisnowsoldinJamshedpur.
34
Photos15:Agriculturalcentre.Column1:
Top:Expertsattheagriculturalcentre.Bottom:Wormycompost.
Column2:Top:Mushroomgrowingstacks.Bottom:Saplings.
2.4PersonalViewpointofmyVisits
I greatly enjoyed my visits to all the CSR activities of Tata Motors. I felt
extremelyprivilegedtobe,inmanycases,thefirstforeignersomeindividuals
hadevertalkedto–mostimportantlychildren.
35
3Conclusion
Animpactstudyoftwodifferenttypesofirrigationstructures:liftirrigationand
rainwater harvesting in the tribal villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih
respectively,locatedintheoutskirtsofJamshedpurinIndiawascarriedout.The
study was carried out via participatory rural appraisal (PRA), structured
questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews. Impact was qualitatively
assessedintermsofagricultural,economic,lifestyleandsocialimpact.Oneyear
on from implementation, this early‐stage impact study concluded that income
levelhasrisenduetogreatercropyieldandtheabilitytogrowagreatervariety
ofcrops,which,cansubsequentlybesoldatmarket.Achallengeencounteredfor
GVKinprojectimplementationwas,insomecases,thatvillagerswerenotopen
to adopting a new technique – in particular in the 5% rainwater‐harvesting
model as thepond structureswould takeaway fromcultivable area.Now,one
yearon,manyfarmerscanseethepositiveimpactofthepondsandthefarmers
whowerenotopentosuchirrigationstructurespreviously,noware.Inthiscase,
it became evident that a strong and open‐minded leader to guide villagers is
crucialinreapingthebenefitsofanewproject.
It was also clear that it is crucial to include villagers in every stage of
implementingthe irrigationstructuressothattheycanbecomeindependent in
maintaining the system and, in the future, implement irrigation projects for
themselves.Teachingonevillageaboutirrigationhasaknock‐oneffectwhereby,
one village can teach a neighbouring village about how irrigation canmake a
positive impact.Asuggestion foranalternativesourceof irrigationcould lie in
the implementation of drip irrigation scheme whereby a water‐saving
technologyenablesslowandregularapplicationofwaterdirectlytotherootsof
a plant through a network of economically designed plastic pipes and low
dischargeemitters.
36
IgainedatremendousamountfromtheTISESexperienceincludingsocial
researchskills, theopportunityto learnaboutIndianculture,most importantly
about the work and family culture. Working in country other than my own
allowedmetoreflectuponmyowncountry,theUK.Mostprominently,Irealised
howmuch I appreciatemy freedom in theUK.The freedom togowhere I like
fromdaytodayandfeelsafemainlyintermsofthetransportsystemandalsoin
termsof being able to trust people. The strength of theBritish pound and the
nature of the British passport has allowed me to travel more freely. Having
accesstoafreeeducationupuntiltheageof18andalsoaccesstoafreehealth
caresystemintheUKhasalsoprovidedmewithgreatfreedominmylife.With
all this freedom, I recognize the responsibility to make the most of the
opportunitiesIhave–tomakethemostofmyeducation,totakecareofmywell‐
beingandmysurroundingenvironment.
OnreturningtotheUKtherearemanyaspectsofIndiaIwanttotakewith
me: amore open andwelcoming attitude to guests in country,more colourful
attire and a better understanding of how theworldworks as awhole. I had a
wonderfultimeinIndiaandIcan’twaittogobackandexplorethediverseand
colourfulcountrymore!
37
APPENDIXA
QuestionnaireThis questionnaire aims to understand the impact of a……………………irrigationsystemintroducedtothevillageof…………………………....……………………………..,nearJamshedpur,India.GeneralInformationNameofBeneficiary Age Gender Mainprofession MainSourceofincome Household Number of familymembers (Adults/children)
Literate/illiterate AgriculturalInformation Before AfterTypeofCropgrown Crop kept for the familyofsoldatmarket?
Cultivablearea Growingseason Does conflict arisebetween past methodsandtimescales?
EconomicInformation Before AfterAnnualIncome What are the mainreasons for the changeinincome,ifany?
Have loans ever beenrequired?
Migrationforwork? What gadgets do youown? E.g. Mobilephones,TV,bicycles...
What was/ is moneyspent on? What do youhope to spend yourextraincomeon,ifany?
38
LifestyleInformation
Before AfterEducation
Number ofchildrengoing toschoolandtowhatage
Health Dominantdiseases andnumber ofcases?
Woman Man Son(s)
WorkingHours & onwhat
Daughter(s) Hashappinessofthefamilychanged?
Main problems of thevillage
Have dynamics betweenvillagerschanged?
Tableofbeneficiariesinterviewedforquestionnaire:Village Name Age MainOccupation
JagdishSoren 44 Secretary of the irrigation system,farmer
DorgaMara 60 FarmerBaralamBaski 55 Farmer
Kanikola
BourdrayMedi 35 FarmerJagannathDeogam 47 Farmer,shopkeeperMunniram 52 FarmerJagannath Deogam2
55 Farmer
SelaiSamad 60 Farmer
Jaskhandih
BaboolaSamad 58 FarmerOtherbeneficiarieswhoparticipatedJaskhandihdiscussionsRahulDeogam UshaHonhagaSurajDeogam TulsiDeogamSabritDeogam SunilDeogamSaritaDeogam NirsoDeogamSarinaDeogam GambiDeogamNandiniDeogam
39
APPENDIXB
ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)ExercisesIn this work social and resource mapping, preference ranking and generaldiscussion points were employed for the PRA study. If time permitted otherexerciseswouldhavebeenemployedsuchasaseasonalcalendarandhistoricaltransect [Asia Forest Network, 2002]. The PRA discussion points are only aguideline as towhat could be discussed if the point did not arise through theinitialexercises.
Exercisesemployedinthiswork:Socialmapping
Thiswillmapoutthevillagegivinginformationonpopulation,numberofhouseholds.Ifthevillagealreadyhasamapdrawntakeapictureandletthevillagersdiscussaroundthemap.SeeTable1:Villageprofile.Different castes/ tribes/ income level living on different areas of thevillage.
ResourceMapping
Map the rivers/ anything and any other natural resources important tothevillage.Mapwherelowland/uplandlies.
PreferencerankingPreference ranking involves ranking a specific element of society in importance allowing for discussion and insight into how certain elements of village lifestyle may have changed.
Otherexerciseswhichcouldbeemployed:TransectWalk
Walkthroughvillage,whatyouhaveseenonyourleftandright.SeasonalCalendar/Timelineofayear:
Gothroughthegrowingseasonsanddescribetheweather,whatisgrownandwhatvolume.Alsofindoutiftherehavebeenanymarkeddifferencesinthegrowingseasoninthepastyearsandwhatarethereasons.
40
Organisationalchart
Illustrateorganisationalstructureand individualswhocontribute to thecommunity. This can reflect indigenous organisations including villagechiefs, council of elders, healers, watermanagement organisations, andleadershippositions.
HistoricalTransect
Gothroughthehistoryofthevillageandfindoutaboutimportantevents.Thisexercisecouldhelptoidentifysuccessfulandunsuccessfulirrigationsystemssothatanewmanagementsystemcanavoidthesamemistakesandpromotethepositiveaspectsendorsedbythecommunity.Drawfromvillageeldersforexperience.E.g.Weather.Land/drought?Cropdisease?Wateravailability?
PRApossiblediscussionpoints
1. Howdoestheirrigationsystem/pondbasedirrigationwork?Howdoesitdifferfrompasttechniques
2. What is the cost of the irrigation system/pondbased irrigation systemand how is itmanaged and funded? Financial cost to villagers – is thismanageable?
3. Ifthereareanyproblemshowisthatsolved.
4. Ifthereislackofwater–howisthewaterdistributed.
5. ImpactonAgricultural
a. Cropvolumeandtype,growingseasonb. Changeinthefoodhabits?c. Agriculturalpractice/irrigationpracticed. Landcoverage:cultivableareae. Idlemonths–hasthegrowingseasonchanged?f. Couldanynewtechnologiesassistincropcollection/growth?g. Istheirrigationsystemsufficientforcurrentneeds?h. Futureofcropgrowth?
6. Doesconflictarisebetweenpastmethodsandcurrentpractice?a. Whocancollecttheharvest?b. Isthereenoughtimetocollectharvest?c. Havetraditionsbeenlostduetodifferentharvesttimescale?d. Planningtobuyatractor.
7. Impactontheenvironmental:
41
a. Surfacerun‐offb. Soilerosionc. Soilmoistured. Groundwaterrecharge–doyounoticeadifferenceinthewells.e. Were the fields already there or were trees cut down to make
fields
8. Impactonnaturalresources:a. Impactonnaturalresources.E.g.availabilityofwater?b. Are theyusing thesamewater forother jobs…e.g.washingbody,
utensils,andclothes?c. How have things changed ‐ do you nowwash your hands after
toiletduetogreateravailabilityofwater.
9. Economicimpact:
a. Howhasincomelevelchangedandwhy?b. Migrationofworkers?c. Loans?d. Foodhabitschangede. Newshop inthevillage. Inthevillageshop,howlonghas itbeen
openfor?Hasincomeoftheshopincreased?f. Seedseller–increaseinbusiness?g. Anychangeinthepriceoftheland?h. Fragmentation: how is land divided between children? Has this
changed?
10. Impactinlifestyle:a. Education(literacy)b. Health:whatarethedominantdiseasesandnumberofcases?c. Medicalfacilitiesmorepregnantwomengoingtohospitaltohave
babies.d. Betterrelationships…e. Happiness/motivation/aspirationsforthefuture?f. Villageinfrastructureg. Leisureactivities foradultsandchildren(typeandtimespenton
activity).Reasons?
11. Socialimpact:a. Hassocietalstatusofthevillagechangedandwhy?Marriage?b. Communication:E.g.Mobilephones.Whydoyouthinkyouneeda
mobilephone?
12. Impactonvillageinfrastructure(e.g.roads,drainage,wells,handpumps)?
13. Whatisthefutureoutlookforthevillage?:a. Whatimprovementscouldbemadetothecurrentirrigation/pond
system?b. Whatplansarethereforthefuture
42
c. Canyouenvisageanyfutureproblems?E.g.howdoyourespondtowaterscarcity?
14. Other:
a. Doyou thinkwater isusedefficiently in thevillage?Howdoyouensurethis?
b. Isfuelusedefficientlyforthepump?c. Would the community benefit from any other external help/
education?E.g.cropgrowingexpert?Ismaintenancesatisfactory?Isthefinancialrunningoftheirrigationsystemsatisfactory?
43
AppendixC:CaseStudy
Mr.JagannathDeogam
Photo16:JagannathDeogam
OneyearagothetribalvillageofJaskhandihdidnothaveanyformofirrigation.Thevillagerssubsistedonmeagerearningsascasuallaborers.Cropsfrequentlyfailed, often due to inadequate rain and the rocky terraine. Mono‐cropping ofpaddywas only possible. Today, one can see a transformation in Jaskandih tovast stretches of paddy fields alongside vegetable cultivation. The reason: theimplementationofarainwaterharvestingprojectentitled“Improvedagriculturewith 5%model and seepage tanks”. Gram Vikas Kendra, Jamshedpur initiatedtheprojectinthevillageinJune2006.
Initially, itwasagreatchallengetoconvincevillagersto introducepondstructures.Theconceptoftakingawaypreciouslandfromalreadyunproductivecultivation area to make way for ponds seemed to them more negative thanpositive. Mr. Jagannath Deogam, a villager from Jaskhandih has beeninstrumental in pushing forward the project resulting in the rapidtransformationofthevillage.
Jagannathcouldseepastinitialfearsofthevillagetowardsthebenefitsofsuch an irrigation project. Jagnnath took the initiative to motivate his fellowvillagers and to explore the benefits of the project in his own farmland. Theresultofwhichhasraised thesocio‐economicconditionof thevillager throughimproved agriculture practices by creating rainwater harvesting structures intheformofponds.
A ‘GramVikas Samity Jaskhadih’ constituting of 60 farmer familieswasformedasabeneficiarygrouptocarryouttheproject.Thecommitteeundertookthejobofimplementingtheproject,makingproperuseofallresourcesavailable.JagannathtookontheroleofPresidentusinghispersuasivepowerstoeducatevillagersonthebenefitsofrainwaterharvesting.
The first pondwas dug on Jagannath’s land demonstrating it’s positiveeffects thus leading to thecreationofotherponds in thevillage. Jagannathhasselflessly acted as a great community facilitator, making change possible.Whetheritwasorganisingvillagemeetingsbymakingdoor‐to‐doorcontactsorconvincinghisneighbourstocontributelabor,hehasalwaysgivenhisvaluabletimefortheupliftmentofJaskhandih.
44
Jagannathhasalsorunsmallgroceryshopinhisvillageandasmallricehaulingmachinewhoseclientsmainlycamefrompaddygrowersofothervillage,demonstrating theenergy Jagannathhas. Jagannathhopes that thepaddynowgrown inhisvillage,after the rainwaterharvestingprojectwillbehauledwithhis machine. Thanks to the MESO officer of the District Rural DevelopmentAgency(DRDA)forgivingGVKJtheopportunitytowork,thefundingsupport,itsEngineers and the District Soil Conservation Officer for extending all theguidance and help in the projectwithoutwhich this development could neverhavebeenpossible.
Upuntilnow,GVKhasbeenable to create157ponds in thevillageandhasbeeninstrumentalinbringingmanychanges:anincreaseinincomelevel,thepromotion of newer agriculture methods, and better health and educationalstandards. The village outlook has been transformed under the leadership ofwherethewatermanagementprojecthasprovedtobethecatalysttore‐shapethevillageforthebetter.
45
AppendixD:CaseStudy
MrJagdishSoren
Photo17:JugeshwarSingh
Bee keepingwas introducedbyMr. Jagdish Soren in collaborationwithGramVikas Kendra, Jamshedpur in 1981. Trained as an expert on bee keeping forhoneyinKhadiGramUdyog,hehadavisiontocreatebeekeepingasaprofitableventureforfarmers.Initially,peopledidnotbuyhisconceptwithease,ifatall.However,ahandfulofpeoplebelievedinhisideaandtookupbeekeepingasadomesticactivityonanexperimentalbasis. Slowly,thewordofsuccessspreadwiththepossibilityofharvestingfreshandpurehoneyofseveralvarietieswithverylittleinvestment,riskoreffort.
Therehasbeengreatdemandfortraininginbee‐keepingpracticeswhereover500bee‐rearershavebeentrained.ThepassionandprofessionalismofthehoneymakersshinesthroughasaresultoftheeffectivetrainingreceivedfromJugeshwar.
Today Jugeshwar finds his dream come true as these bee‐rearers,commonlyknownas ‘palaks’movearoundon trucks loadedwithbeeboxes toseveralorchards,gardens&forestsofmanydistrictsofBihar&Jharkhand.Thepalaks know the detailed nature of bees, their attractions, their reasons formigrationand,ofcourse, theseasonalityfactorssuchasthedifferentfloweringand pollination timings of different plant species such as Lichi, Karanj, Neem,Jhamun andMango. Movement of the palaks is verymuch governed by thesefactorstohavetheoptimumcollectionofhoney.
Sofar,600bottlesofpurehoneyfromthepalakshavebeensoldthroughtheVikasShowRoom,afacilitycreatedbyGVKforsaleofruralproductsforthevillagers. The producers have also sold an additional 800 bottles of honeyindependently. The honey has a unique brand image due to its purity andvariety.
46
AppendixE:CaseStudy
MrJugeshwarSinghMrJugeshwarSingh isaprogressivetribalfarmerfromthevillageofKanikolainthePotkaBlockofEastSinghbhum.Jagdishhasapassionforagricultureanddependssolelyonitforhislivelihood,growingbothpaddyandvegetables.
Jagdish’spassionforfarmingcametotheattentionofTataMotorswhenGramVikasKendraimplementedasocialforestryprojectinKanikolaafewyearsago.GVKsubsequentlyexposedhimtoagriculturetraininguponrecognisinghisenergetic attitude. It became apparent agricultural productivity in the villagewashinderedduetotheabsenceofanassuredirrigationfacilitythatcouldcaterto the large tractsofpaddyandvegetablecropping.GVKthereforeset‐upa liftirrigationprojectlastyearwiththehelpfromRotaryInternational.JagdishwasnominatedbythevillagerstobecometheSecretaryofLiftirrigationcommitteein the village. Following on from this the idea of combining lift irrigation andpond structures formed water could be lifted from the nearby river ofSubarnarekhatoapondstructureanaddedsourceofirrigationcouldbeformed.An integrated villagedevelopment planwasprepared in full consultationwiththe villagers: three ponds, one lift irrigation unit, agriculture training, piscine‐culture,formationandpromotionofselfhelpgroups(SHGs)andafforestation.Adetailed layout for construction of ponds and the lift irrigation unit wasconstructed alongside experts of Pradan, an organization specializing inwatermanagement. Resourcesweremobilized fromwilling donors: Telcon providedanexcavatorandtheRotaryInternationalprovidedfurtherfunding.
The villagerswerewilling labourers; digging 641m of trench lainwithpipelines. An 8 HP diesel motor pump having 6 discharge outlets capable ofirrigating40acresoflandpoweredtheirrigationsystem.Twopondswerealsocreatedallowingirrigationofafurther15acresofland.
Jagdish says: “When I found agriculture to be not only profitable but aprofoundlydignifiedvocation,Ionlywonderedwhenwouldmyvillagersbeabletofightoutthevagariesofmonsoonandthinkthesameway.ButnowwiththeliftirrigationsystemandtwopondscreatedinthevillagethroughGVKandmanyotherdevelopmentsintheoffing,itismydreamcometrue.”.Jagdish’sleadershipqualities are immense, he has motivated all villagers to contribute to theirrigationproject.
Prior to the introductionof the irrigationsystems, Jagdishearntaround8000Rsfromrain‐fedagriculture,providingtwosquaremealsadayandlimitedpossibilities to think past this. Training provided to villagers by GVK haschallengedthevillagerstothinkbeyondtheirboundariesandexploremoreforthemselvesandtheirfamily.
Takingadvantageoftheknowledgeinputsonmultiplecropping,hebegangrowing cabbage, cauliflower, ladies’ finger and different varieties of gourds,apartfromtherainfedpaddy,whichnowfetcheshimRs40,000/‐perannum.Heismarket sensitive and grows and sells his vegetables on time directly at themarkets of Dorkasai, Jadugada, Narwa, Govindpur and TataMotors colony. AllthishasmadeJagdishamodelfarmerinhisvillage.
47
AppendixF
PersonalStatement
ForaslongasIcanremember,Ihavebeenextremelyinterestedinlearningmoreabout life in India. This curiosity began at a young age, sparked by themanystoriesIheardofthetimemyGreatGrandfatherspentworkingforthejutemillsof theEast IndiaCompanyandthetimethatmyGrandfatherspentworkingonan Indian teaplantation in the1930's.TISESprovided theperfect opportunityfor me to experience working in India, to learn about its contrasting culturewhileatthesametimetotakeabreakfrommycareerinscienceanddevelopmysocial and communication skills. With no previous experience in the field ofwatermanagement or in social research I was very excited to take on a newresearchtopicandusemypreviousexperiencesofproblemsolvingtoaddanewperspectiveonthewatermanagementissuesofthetribalvillagesofIndia.
Mostof all, theTISESprojecthas allowedme to see, firsthand that theworld has a dilemma: there are not enough resources to sustain the currenthuman population for generations to come.With a thriving human populationrelyingonwaterforsurvivalandanever‐decreasingsupplyofaccessiblewatersources,theabilitytomanagewaterefficientlyisessentialforfuturesurvivalofour race. India’s population is booming and it’s land over cultivated. It istherefore evident thatwemust find away of livingwith theworld in amoreecologically balanced way. This must either be done by changing the way inwhichwe live or by developing new technologies tomaintain our standard oflivingwithoutcausingadetrimentaleffecttooursurroundingenvironment.
IhaveenjoyedtheTISESprojectimmensely,IhavenotonlylearntaboutwatermanagementbutIhavealsobeenprivilegedenoughtolearnabouttriballifestyle,aculturevastlydifferenttomyown.Talkingtopeoplesocontentwiththeirliveswithoutagreatnumberofmaterialpossessionsprovidedarefreshingchange.Thevibrancyof the Indiancultureandtheopen, friendlynatureof themanyIndiansIhavemetandworkedwithhasbeenwonderful‐theIndianstreattheirguestswithgreatrespect.ThemainchallengeIfaced,asascientistwastherealisation that in social work, there is no perfect solution to a problem ‐compromisesmustbemadealongtheway.
When deciding on my next career step, the social entrepreneurshipactivitiesofacompanywillbeakeyfactorinwhoIdecidetoworkfor.TISEShasenabledme toobservehowa largecompanycanmakeapositive impactupontheworldwith its drive tomake a difference in the communities surroundingTataindustries.MytimeinIndiahasalsogivenmeagreaterperspectiveontheworldasawholeandhasconfirmedtomethatmyactionsandlifestyleintheUKaffect theentireworld, inparticular, the fragilityof theweather forecast,mostlikely due to the effects of global warming. I will therefore make the upmostefforttoleadamoreenvironmentallyconsciouslifestyleonmyreturntotheUK.
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AcknowledgementsAlthough I only spent twomonths in India, there are an incredible number ofpeopleIwouldliketothank.ManyaredepictedinPhotos18.
SandeepKumarprovidedmewithexcellentguidancethroughoutmytimein the Community ServicesDivision (CSD) of TataMotors. Although extremelybusy,healwaysprovidedthepatiencefordiscussionandtaughtmeagreatdealabout water management. Alongside Sandeep in the rural affairs team R. P.GuptaandSunilKumarMahtoandC.MSinghwereinstrumentalinallowingmetocarryoutmyfieldresearchbothofwhomexhibitedmuchpatience.
Jayanti Datt is an excellent leader of CSD, she most of all, providedstraightforwardandproductiveadvicewhenrequired.IadmireherandIwouldlike to thank her for welcoming me into her team and making my stay inJamshedpurverycomfortable.
Nishi Strivistava was a wonderful friend to me throughout my time inJamshedpur. Nishi initially introduced me to the education activities in TataMotors,everyvisitalwaysleftmewithawarmfeelinginsidefromwhichIfeltIalwaysgainanewperspectiveontheworld.Nishicontinuedtobeawonderfulfriend throughoutmy time in Jamshedpur: givingmeadvicewhat towearandtransporting me to and from Tisco Guesthouse when required in her newmaroon car. Most importantly she introduced me to her family from whom IgainedinsightintothewonderfulfamilycultureforwhichIndiaisrenowned.
ManythankstoKamlahforaidingmeinmyattemptstospeakHindiandfor herwelcoming smile every time I entered the office. Thanks also to Ila forwearing incrediblybeautifulsariseverydayandfor theopportunity toseehercharmingfamilysinganddance. Iwouldalso liketothankthemanydriversofCSDandotherstaffwhomademefeelextremelywelcomeinJamshedpur. AunindoRoyandDr.R.RoywerewonderfulinwelcomingmetotheirhealthinitiativesatPKS.
IwouldliketothankDrHelenHaughfororganisingtheTISESprogrammefrom Cambridge, her patient manner and ease of conversation are admirable.Helen alsoprovided to extremelyhelpful advice and aidwhenproblems arosethroughoutmyinternshipexperience.
MyfellowTISES2009interns:SianHershel,AndyPaton,DavidNefsandNickEvansforsharingmanygreatadventurestogether.
Thank you to my family (David, Rhona and Robyn) and friends (Mica,JasonandSimonandKatherine)forsupportingmeinmyendeavourtocometoIndiawhileatthesametimesupportingmeinmyattempttocompletemyPh.Dstudies.
IndiaisawonderfulcountryandIcannotwaittocomebackandvisitthemanygreatpeopleImetinmytimehereandexplorethecountryfurther.
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Photos18:SomeofthewonderfulpeopleImetduringmytimeontheTISESprogramme.Column1:
Top:NishiSrivistava,SandeepKumar,R.P.Gupta,myself,JyanttiDatt.2nd row: On the tour of the Tata Motors plant: Nishi Srivistava ,driver, Dev Das, SianHerschel,AndyPanton.3rdrow:Ilateachinggirlstoknitataknittingworkshop.Bottom:Nishi’sfamilyandmyself.
Column2:Top:DilithCastletonofTataSteel.Middle:JayantiDatt,SianHerschel,myself,AndyPantonandNishiSrivistava.Bottom:Rockmina,atriballadyandSianHerschel
Column3:Top:Ayounggirlshowingmehermindiataworkshopforteenagegirls.Middle:KamlahBottom:NewpondstructureforrainwaterharvestinginthevillageofKonikula:avillager,R.P.GuptaandC.M.Singh.
Column4:Top:AwaiteratDalmaHouse.2ndrow:AndyPanton,Dr.HelenHaughandatriballady.3rdrow:SianHerschel,AndyPantonandmyselfonabeachnearChilkaLake,Orissa.TheBottom:TheDeogamfamilyandmyselfinJaskandih.
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