Biofuels and Emerging IssuesBiofuels and Emerging Issuesfor for for for
Emergency RespondersEmergency Responders
An overview of the biofuels industry and An overview of the biofuels industry and EPA case studiesEPA case studies
SCAASCAA
A l M ti A l M ti 2012 2012 Annual Meeting Annual Meeting March 8, 2012March 8, 2012
Feedstocks, Conversion Processes, and Fuel TypesFeedstocks, Conversion Processes, and Fuel Types
FeedstockFeedstock ConversionConversionTechnologyTechnology
ProductsProductsand Usesand Uses
Agricultural Crops Agricultural Crops
Agricultural ResiduesAgricultural Residues
ThermoThermo--chemical:chemical:-- PyrolysisPyrolysis-- Hydrothermal Hydrothermal
DepolymerizationDepolymerization
Fuel Types:Fuel Types:-- EthanolEthanol-- BiodieselBiodiesel
Animal ResiduesAnimal Residues
Food Processing Food Processing
DepolymerizationDepolymerization-- GasificationGasification-- CombustionCombustion-- Fuel SynthesisFuel Synthesis
-- Renewable DieselRenewable Diesel-- Green DieselGreen Diesel-- FT Diesel & GasolineFT Diesel & Gasoline
Higher AlcoholsHigher AlcoholsggWasteWaste
Woody BiomassWoody Biomass
Biochemical:Biochemical:-- FermentationFermentation-- Acid HydrolysisAcid Hydrolysis
P t t t &P t t t &
-- Higher AlcoholsHigher Alcohols-- Dimethyl EtherDimethyl Ether-- Synthesis Gas, Synthesis Gas,
Biogases, & HBiogases, & H22
MSW and MSW and Construction and Construction and Demolition (C&D) Demolition (C&D)
-- Pretreatment & Pretreatment & Enzymatic HydrolysisEnzymatic Hydrolysis
-- Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestion
Chemical:Chemical:
-- HydrogenHydrogen
Other Products:Other Products:-- CHP (steam & electricity)CHP (steam & electricity)
2
WastesWastes Chemical:Chemical:-- TransesterificationTransesterification
-- Chemical FeedstockChemical Feedstock
Biofuels Supply ChainBiofuels Supply ChainFeedstockProduction
BiofuelsProduction
BiofuelsDistribution
BiofuelsEnd Use
FeedstockLogistics
Ag Crops
Ag Residues
Energy
Harvesting & Collecting
Storage
Fuel types
Biochemical Conversion
Thermochemical
Distribution by barge,
Transportation fuelsin light & heavy duty vehicles & trucks, Off -
Crops
Forest Residues
Wastes
Storage
Pre-Processing
Transportation
Thermochemical Conversion
Biological Conversion
Chemical
by barge, truck, rail, pipeline
Storage in tanks
,Road vehicles, Locomotives, Flight technologies, Boats/Ships
P & G tAlgae
Chemical Conversion
Blending
DispensingPower & Generators
Feedstocks for Manufacturing
Biofuels Integration into Biofuels Integration into Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure
Vessels with Crude Petroleum Oil as Cargo
Oil FieldProduction
Oil FieldProduction
Pipeline/Vessel
TraditionalPetroleum Refinery Terminal
g
CompanyAnimal Fats/Vegetable Oils (AFVO)
y Terminal
PipelineVessels with Petroleum P d t C
RailcarDealersBiofuel
Generator
Pipelines (under development)
BiorefineryEthanol/biodie
sel
Blending Terminal
Dealer
Products as Cargo
D d F l E h l C
Railcar or Tanker Truck
Denatured Fuel Ethanol
Railcar
Transloading TruckDenaturant
Company
Dealer
Tanker Truck
44Wholesale/Jobber Consumer
Biodiesel
ETHANOL ETHANOL
Typical Ethanol Dry Mill ProcessTypical Ethanol Dry Mill Processyp yyp y
Grain (Corn) Cleaning and Milling
Mash Preparation
Enzymes
FermentationDistillationDenaturant
Dehydration DDGS Separation
Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS)
M l l
190 Proof~ 2-5% Gasoline
Ethanol DDGS
pMolecular
Sieves 200 Proof
Storage Drying
DDGS
6
DDGSStorage
Fuel Ethanol
Livestock
Ethanol and Gasoline BlendsEthanol and Gasoline BlendsEthanol and Gasoline BlendsEthanol and Gasoline Blends
E100: NonE100: Non denatured fuel ethanoldenatured fuel ethanol E100: NonE100: Non--denatured fuel ethanoldenatured fuel ethanol E95: Denatured fuel ethanolE95: Denatured fuel ethanol ASTM 4806ASTM 4806 Min 92% ethanolMin 92% ethanol Denaturants: 2% to 5%Denaturants: 2% to 5% Natural gasolineNatural gasolineNatural gasolineNatural gasoline Gasoline componentsGasoline components Unleaded gasolineUnleaded gasoline
E85: “Flex Fuel” ASTM D 5798E85: “Flex Fuel” ASTM D 5798 E85: Flex Fuel ASTM D 5798E85: Flex Fuel ASTM D 5798 Three ethanol classes: 70%, 74%, 79%Three ethanol classes: 70%, 74%, 79%
E10: “may contain 10% ethanol”E10: “may contain 10% ethanol”
77
~90% gasoline~90% gasoline “E00” “ethanol free gasoline”“E00” “ethanol free gasoline”
Major Chemicals Involved in Major Chemicals Involved in Ethanol ProductionEthanol Production
C C d dd d Corn Corn –– Used productUsed product Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide –– pH control during fermentationpH control during fermentation AmmoniaAmmonia –– pH control and yeast nutrient during fermentationpH control and yeast nutrient during fermentation
S lf i A id S lf i A id t i t t h fib d t i t t h fib d Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid –– separates corn into starch, germ, fiber, and separates corn into starch, germ, fiber, and proteinprotein
Fuel for process heat, Yeast Fuel for process heat, Yeast –– used in fermentation, Enzymes used in fermentation, Enzymes (amylase) (amylase) –– converts starch to dextrose, Antibiotic such as converts starch to dextrose, Antibiotic such as (amylase) (amylase) converts starch to dextrose, Antibiotic such as converts starch to dextrose, Antibiotic such as penicillin penicillin –– controls bacteria during fermentationcontrols bacteria during fermentation
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide –– byproduct, Hydrogen Sulfide byproduct, Hydrogen Sulfide –– process process emission, Sulfur dioxide emission, Sulfur dioxide –– process emissionprocess emission
i i idi i id i ii i i ii i Nitric oxide Nitric oxide –– process emission, VOCs process emission, VOCs –– process emission, process emission, Ethanol Ethanol –– final productfinal product
GasolineGasoline –– final product additive (if used)final product additive (if used) 22--5% of natural gasoline conventional unleaded gas straight run gas naptha kerosene5% of natural gasoline conventional unleaded gas straight run gas naptha kerosene 22--5% of natural gasoline, conventional unleaded gas, straight run gas, naptha, kerosene5% of natural gasoline, conventional unleaded gas, straight run gas, naptha, kerosene
Denatured Ethanol Denatured Ethanol –– final blended product final blended product
Current Ethanol PlantsCurrent Ethanol PlantsCurrent Ethanol PlantsCurrent Ethanol Plantshttp://www.card.iastate.edu/research/bio/tools/ethanol.aspxhttp://www.card.iastate.edu/research/bio/tools/ethanol.aspx as of 01/16/2008as of 01/16/2008
Relevant Emergency Response Relevant Emergency Response IssuesIssues
Fires and spills involving ethanol Fires and spills involving ethanol and ethanol/gasoline blends pose and ethanol/gasoline blends pose some complex challenges for some complex challenges for emergency respondersemergency respondersemergency respondersemergency responders
Ethanol is a polar/waterEthanol is a polar/water--miscible miscible flammable liquid (one that mixes flammable liquid (one that mixes readily with water)readily with water)yy
Degrades the effectiveness Degrades the effectiveness of fire fighting foams that of fire fighting foams that are not alcohol resistantare not alcohol resistant
DOT Guide 127 DOT Guide 127 -- Flammable Flammable Liquids Polar/WaterLiquids Polar/Water--misciblemiscible, , 2008 Emergency Response 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2008)Guidebook (ERG2008)Guidebook (ERG2008)Guidebook (ERG2008)
10
EXPECTED FATE OF ETHANOL EXPECTED FATE OF ETHANOL EXPECTED FATE OF ETHANOL EXPECTED FATE OF ETHANOL
Release in SoilRelease in Soil Release in air as result of Release in air as result of ill/fiill/fi-- Ethanol tends to biodegrade in Ethanol tends to biodegrade in
soil.soil.
Release in WaterRelease in Water
spill/firespill/fire--Ethanol vapor, like gasoline Ethanol vapor, like gasoline vapor, is denser than air and vapor, is denser than air and tends to settle in low areas. tends to settle in low areas. However ethanol vapor However ethanol vapor
-- Fuel ethanol will mix with Fuel ethanol will mix with water, and at high enough water, and at high enough concentrations of water, the concentrations of water, the gasoline will separate from the gasoline will separate from the
h lh l
However, ethanol vapor However, ethanol vapor disperses rapidly.disperses rapidly.
Release to storm/sanitary Release to storm/sanitary se ersse ersethanol. ethanol.
-- Ethanol preferentially Ethanol preferentially biodegrades relative to BTEX in biodegrades relative to BTEX in groundwater and surface water. groundwater and surface water.
sewerssewers--Ethanol released to water may Ethanol released to water may volatilize and biodegrade. The volatilize and biodegrade. The potential decrease in dissolved potential decrease in dissolved oxygen as a result of ethanol oxygen as a result of ethanol -- Some studies are focusing on Some studies are focusing on
the possibility of ethanol the possibility of ethanol inducing the transport of other inducing the transport of other chemicals such as benzene. chemicals such as benzene.
oxygen as a result of ethanol oxygen as a result of ethanol degradation can upset microbial degradation can upset microbial functions at wastewater functions at wastewater treatment plants. The potential treatment plants. The potential flammability hazard must be flammability hazard must be yyaddressed when ethanol is addressed when ethanol is released to a sanitary or storm released to a sanitary or storm system. system.
Spill to Broadland CreekSpill to Broadland CreekMay 17, 2008May 17, 2008May 17, 2008May 17, 2008Info. Courtesy of Info. Courtesy of Kim McIntosh, SDKim McIntosh, SD--DENRDENR
Dry Mill plant in Huron, South DakotaDry Mill plant in Huron, South Dakota Transfer line hose broke during filling of Transfer line hose broke during filling of
tank cartank car Approx. 6000 gallons of Approx. 6000 gallons of denatured ethanol denatured ethanol
dischargeddischarged 100s of fish killed in creek100s of fish killed in creekMinnows bullhead carpMinnows bullhead carp
1212
Minnows, bullhead, carpMinnows, bullhead, carp Recreational lake closed for 10 daysRecreational lake closed for 10 days
ResponseResponseResponseResponse
D l b d 3 i dD l b d 3 i d Deploy boom and aerators 3 mi downstreamDeploy boom and aerators 3 mi downstream Daily check of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivityDaily check of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity
5/20/2008 am D.O. 0.2 to 10.6 mg/L5/20/2008 am D.O. 0.2 to 10.6 mg/L 5/21/2008 am D O 0 3 to 5 4 mg/L5/21/2008 am D O 0 3 to 5 4 mg/L 5/21/2008 am D.O. 0.3 to 5.4 mg/L5/21/2008 am D.O. 0.3 to 5.4 mg/L 5/21/2008 pm D.O. 1.0 to 7.6 mg/L5/21/2008 pm D.O. 1.0 to 7.6 mg/L 5/22/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 6.0 mg/L5/22/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 6.0 mg/L 5/22/2008 pm D O 1 2 to 5 7 mg/L (downstream)5/22/2008 pm D O 1 2 to 5 7 mg/L (downstream)5/22/2008 pm D.O. 1.2 to 5.7 mg/L (downstream)5/22/2008 pm D.O. 1.2 to 5.7 mg/L (downstream) 5/22/2008 pm D.O. 0.4 to 8.0 mg/L5/22/2008 pm D.O. 0.4 to 8.0 mg/L 5/23/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 6.6 mg/L (upstream)5/23/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 6.6 mg/L (upstream) 5/23/2008 pm D.O. 0.3 to 5.8 mg/L5/23/2008 pm D.O. 0.3 to 5.8 mg/Lp gp g 5/23/2008 pm D.O. 0.1 to 5.6 mg/L (downstream)5/23/2008 pm D.O. 0.1 to 5.6 mg/L (downstream) 5/24/2008 am D.O. 0.2 to 5.9 mg/L 5/24/2008 am D.O. 0.2 to 5.9 mg/L 5/27/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 8.0 mg/L 5/27/2008 am D.O. 1.0 to 8.0 mg/L
1313
Moved aerators as plume moved downstreamMoved aerators as plume moved downstream
6000 l h l ill Broadlands Cr
Huron, S.D., May 17, 2008
6000 gal ethanol spill Broadlands CrFish Kill.
10 Day Closing of Recreational LakeRecreational Lake
1414
CommentsCommentsCommentsComments
No gasoline observedNo gasoline observed 4 water samples for VOCs 5/214 water samples for VOCs 5/21
BTEX t iBTEX t i th lb th l th lth lb th l th l BTEX, triBTEX, tri--methylbenzenes, ethanol, methanolmethylbenzenes, ethanol, methanol Most results ND, one sample ethanol at 6800 ppbMost results ND, one sample ethanol at 6800 ppb
Generally increased D O by 5/27/2008Generally increased D O by 5/27/2008 Generally increased D.O. by 5/27/2008Generally increased D.O. by 5/27/2008 Fish kill happened before oxygen spargingFish kill happened before oxygen sparging Does the depletion of oxygen kill the fish?Does the depletion of oxygen kill the fish?p ygp yg Does the ethanol + hydrocarbons kill the fish?Does the ethanol + hydrocarbons kill the fish? (replenishing the D.O. may not save the fish)(replenishing the D.O. may not save the fish)
1515
BIODIESEL BIODIESEL
What is BioDiesel?What is BioDiesel? General Definition of Biodiesel:General Definition of Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils like soybean oil, and which meets the specifications of ASTM natural oils like soybean oil, and which meets the specifications of ASTM D 6751.D 6751.
Clarifying language to general definition:Clarifying language to general definition:Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum based diesel Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification Biodiesel is notfuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification Biodiesel is notfuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process the same thing as raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process which removes the glycerin from the oil.which removes the glycerin from the oil.
Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) and Biodiesel Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) and Biodiesel ( )( )Blend:Blend:Biodiesel, nBiodiesel, n——a fuel comprised of monoa fuel comprised of mono--alkyl esters of long chain fatty alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.
Biodiesel Blend, nBiodiesel Blend, n——a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleumpetroleum--based diesel fuel, designated BXX, where XX represents the based diesel fuel, designated BXX, where XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.
Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield monocatalyst to yield mono--alkyl esters and glycerin, which is removed. alkyl esters and glycerin, which is removed.
Current Biodiesel PlantsCurrent Biodiesel PlantsCurrent Biodiesel PlantsCurrent Biodiesel Plants
Typical Biodiesel GenerationTypical Biodiesel Generationypyp
Vegetable Oil NaOH Methanol
Feedstock Preparation
Catalyst Preparation
Transesterification Reaction
Phase Separation
li i idifi i &
Acid AcidCrude Biodiesel Glycerin Phase
Water
Neutralization Acidification &FFA Separation
WaterFFA
Free Fatty Acids
Washing Methanol Recovery
FFA
DryingCrude Glycerin
GlycerinRefining
Purified Glycerin
Finished Biodiesel
y
19
Major Chemicals Involved in Major Chemicals Involved in Biodiesel Production Biodiesel Production
Soybean hulls and finesSoybean hulls and fines Hexane Hexane –– extracts soybean oilextracts soybean oil
SS Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide –– removes removes fatty acids from soybean oilfatty acids from soybean oil
MethanolMethanol replaces glycerol in soybean oil toreplaces glycerol in soybean oil to Methanol Methanol –– replaces glycerol in soybean oil to replaces glycerol in soybean oil to make oil less viscous (transesterification)make oil less viscous (transesterification)
GlycerolGlycerol –– byproduct of transesterificationbyproduct of transesterificationGlycerol Glycerol byproduct of transesterificationbyproduct of transesterification Fuel for process heat (i.e. natural gas, Fuel for process heat (i.e. natural gas,
propane, etc.)propane, etc.)
Biodiesel Feedstock SpillBiodiesel Feedstock SpillBiodiesel Feedstock SpillBiodiesel Feedstock Spill
Properties similar to petroleumProperties similar to petroleum
Light nonLight non--aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL).aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL).
Harmful effects: Harmful effects: coating of feathers, fur, and gillscoating of feathers, fur, and gills
Absence of odor and sheen results in reduced Absence of odor and sheen results in reduced avoidance.avoidance.
Reduces thermal insulation and buoyancy.Reduces thermal insulation and buoyancy.
May burn if ignitedMay burn if ignited
May clog water treatment plants (due to the May clog water treatment plants (due to the polymerization property).polymerization property).
21
Effects of Biodiesel Feedstock Effects of Biodiesel Feedstock SpillsSpills High BOD may cause oxygen depletionHigh BOD may cause oxygen depletion
Greater effect on DO than petroleum oilsGreater effect on DO than petroleum oils
Unsaturated oils (liquids at cold temperatures) are Unsaturated oils (liquids at cold temperatures) are subject to (abiotic) oxidationsubject to (abiotic) oxidationsubject to (abiotic) oxidationsubject to (abiotic) oxidation Polymerization due to chemical oxidation and crossPolymerization due to chemical oxidation and cross--linkinglinking
Rancid odors may develop rapidlyRancid odors may develop rapidly
U t t d il f b ll d i h i f U t t d il f b ll d i h i f Unsaturated oils form gum balls and varnishes in presence of Unsaturated oils form gum balls and varnishes in presence of oxygen, which resist biodegradationoxygen, which resist biodegradation
Some saturated or unsaturated oils turn solid or semiSome saturated or unsaturated oils turn solid or semi--solid at cool temperatures, highly resistant to solid at cool temperatures, highly resistant to biodegradationbiodegradation
May be toxic or form toxic productsMay be toxic or form toxic products May be toxic or form toxic productsMay be toxic or form toxic products Especially free fatty acids and chemical oxidation products.Especially free fatty acids and chemical oxidation products.
Appropriate Mitigation Measures Appropriate Mitigation Measures for Release of Biodiesel Fuelfor Release of Biodiesel Fuel
Ai i i i Ai i i i Proper Air Monitoring Equipment Proper Air Monitoring Equipment Biodiesel fuel has a very low volatility at normal ambient Biodiesel fuel has a very low volatility at normal ambient
temperatures and vapors are not typically an issue. However, temperatures and vapors are not typically an issue. However, vapors/mists may be generated when heated above ~266 degrees vapors/mists may be generated when heated above ~266 degrees F h h it (ºF)F h h it (ºF)Fahrenheit (ºF).Fahrenheit (ºF).
Proper Spill ContainmentProper Spill Containment Containment/response should follow typical oil containment Containment/response should follow typical oil containment
procedures. Example: use oilprocedures. Example: use oil--dry, petroleumdry, petroleum--compatible absorbent compatible absorbent p pp p y py p ppsocks, booms, etc; the absorbent material used should be resistant to socks, booms, etc; the absorbent material used should be resistant to alcohol in the event methanol has further commingled with the alcohol in the event methanol has further commingled with the biodiesel release. Disposal of biodieselbiodiesel release. Disposal of biodiesel--contaminated soil or products contaminated soil or products can be considered noncan be considered non--hazardous provided methanol and/or hexane hazardous provided methanol and/or hexane have not commingled with the release to meet the flammability have not commingled with the release to meet the flammability have not commingled with the release to meet the flammability have not commingled with the release to meet the flammability characteristic for hazardous waste.characteristic for hazardous waste.
Note: The Response Overview includes measures for the other major Note: The Response Overview includes measures for the other major chemicals involved in the manufacturing processchemicals involved in the manufacturing processchemicals involved in the manufacturing process.chemicals involved in the manufacturing process.
EXPECTED FATE OF BIODIESELEXPECTED FATE OF BIODIESELEXPECTED FATE OF BIODIESELEXPECTED FATE OF BIODIESEL
l i S ill i S il l i Ai l f l i Ai l f Release in SoilRelease in Soil--Biodegradation, with faster Biodegradation, with faster rates under aerobic rates under aerobic conditions than anaerobic conditions than anaerobic
Release in Air as result of Release in Air as result of spill/firespill/fire--Combustion produces carbon Combustion produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide monoxide, carbon dioxide
conditions, if it doesn’t conditions, if it doesn’t polymerize polymerize
Release in WaterRelease in Water
,,along with thick smoke.along with thick smoke.
R l / i R l / i Release in WaterRelease in Water--Insoluble in water. Insoluble in water. Degradation varies in aquatic Degradation varies in aquatic environments. environments.
Release to storm/sanitary Release to storm/sanitary sewerssewers--May be high in free fatty May be high in free fatty acids and glycerol, and can acids and glycerol, and can g y ,g y ,have a high biochemical have a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These oxygen demand (BOD). These can disrupt wastewater can disrupt wastewater treatment plant operations. treatment plant operations. p pp p
Defiance Biofuel SpillDefiance Biofuel SpillDefiance Biofuel SpillDefiance Biofuel Spill Initial report called in to state:Initial report called in to state: COMPANY HAD AN COMPANY HAD AN pp
EXPLOSION. THERE ARE 2 LARGE TANKS ON SITE EXPLOSION. THERE ARE 2 LARGE TANKS ON SITE CONTAINING GLYCERIN. SEWER BEING CONTAINING GLYCERIN. SEWER BEING IMPACTED WITH FF WATERIMPACTED WITH FF WATERIMPACTED WITH FF WATER.IMPACTED WITH FF WATER.
Ohio EPA OSC respondedOhio EPA OSC responded Two tanks were in the fire: 10,000 gallon and 4,000Two tanks were in the fire: 10,000 gallon and 4,000Two tanks were in the fire: 10,000 gallon and 4,000 Two tanks were in the fire: 10,000 gallon and 4,000
gallongallon Only 1650 gallons of glycerin reported on handOnly 1650 gallons of glycerin reported on hand Also about 700 gallons of biodiesel Also about 700 gallons of biodiesel “Empty” 55“Empty” 55--gallon drumsgallon drums
R l t d d tR l t d d t Release to ground and storm sewerRelease to ground and storm sewer Release threatened creek and river via storm sewerRelease threatened creek and river via storm sewer
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Fire and release point
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill (continued)(continued)
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill (continued)(continued)
Ohio EPA responded and assessed situationOhio EPA responded and assessed situation Called EPA spill phone duty officerCalled EPA spill phone duty officer
D t ffi di t d ith OSCD t ffi di t d ith OSC Duty officer coordinated with OSCDuty officer coordinated with OSC Both told Ohio EPA to respond as if diesel spillBoth told Ohio EPA to respond as if diesel spill Were not sure what regulations applied to biodieselWere not sure what regulations applied to biodiesel Were not sure what regulations applied to biodiesel Were not sure what regulations applied to biodiesel
productionproduction Both continued research that nightBoth continued research that night Advised state on limited info obtainedAdvised state on limited info obtained
Ohio EPA determined spill contained, but not Ohio EPA determined spill contained, but not l dl dcleaned upcleaned up
They decided to wait till morning for removalThey decided to wait till morning for removal
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Drums consumed in fire
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill (continued)(continued)
Release came out of structure with fire fighter water
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill pp(continued)(continued)
“Fats” floated“Fats” floated 3 layers in 3 layers in
water water observedobserved
Some Some d d id d isuspended in suspended in
waterwater“Milk ” la er“Milk ” la er “Milky” layer “Milky” layer observedobserved
Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill Defiance Biofuel Spill (continued)(continued)
Response TechniquesResponse Techniques Ohio EPA made PRP hire a contractorOhio EPA made PRP hire a contractor
ThTh l d ill t dl d ill t d The onThe on--land spills were excavatedland spills were excavated The spill to the ditch was collected and put in frac The spill to the ditch was collected and put in frac
tankstankstankstanks 3 distinct layers were noted in ditch waters3 distinct layers were noted in ditch waters Analytical results of frac tank water revealed Analytical results of frac tank water revealed
styrene and perchloroethylenestyrene and perchloroethylene Showed more than “glycerin” spilledShowed more than “glycerin” spilled
S t d d i th t lS t d d i th t l Some wastes suspended in the water column were Some wastes suspended in the water column were lostlost
Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources
DOT PHMSA Guide 127 DOT PHMSA Guide 127 -- Flammable Liquids Polar/WaterFlammable Liquids Polar/Water--miscible. miscible. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2008)2008 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2008)
http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/g127.pdfhttp://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/g127.pdf
Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC)Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC)Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC)Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition (EERC) http://www.ethanolresponse.comhttp://www.ethanolresponse.com
Guidebook for Handling, Storing, & Dispensing Fuel Ethanol Guidebook for Handling, Storing, & Dispensing Fuel Ethanol (DOE) (DOE) (DOE) (DOE) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30849.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30849.pdf
EPA Region 5 EPA Region 5 -- Ethanol & Biodiesel Response ManualsEthanol & Biodiesel Response Manualsg 5g 5 pp OSC websiteOSC website
EPA Region 7 EPA Region 7 -- Ethanol & Biodiesel plant ManualsEthanol & Biodiesel plant Manuals http://epa gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/biodiesel manual pdfhttp://epa gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/biodiesel manual pdf http://epa.gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/biodiesel_manual.pdfhttp://epa.gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/biodiesel_manual.pdf
http://epa.gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/ethanol_plants_manual.pdfhttp://epa.gov/region07/priorities/agriculture/ethanol_plants_manual.pdf31
QUESTIONS ???QUESTIONS ???
