World War I

Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea, 1914,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front; Royal Irish Rifles in a

communications trench, first day on the Somme, 1916.,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

Review

• Industrialization

• European countries had been industrializing throughout the 1800s

• Competition

• The rise of a new German nation in the middle of Europe increased the competition for resources.

• Following the Franco Prussian War, the new united Germany received an influx of indemnity payments which were used to fund industry.

The Creation of Modern Germany

• Information

• When was Modern

Germany Created?

• Modern Germany is a

relatively new creation.

• Revolution, annexations,

political intrigue and war

with Russia, Austria, and

France led to the 1871

unification of eighteen

German states

• Germany quickly

industrialized and by the

turn of the 20th century

they were a force to be

reckoned with.

The German Empire of 1871–1918. By excluding the German-speaking part

of the multinational Austrian Empire, this geographic construction

represented a little Germany solution.,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany

Growing Tensions

• Knowledge

• Why did the leaders of

Europe not trust their

neighbors?

• Industrialization and

colonization put Europe on a

collision course.

• Diplomatic disagreements

began to look very

dangerous.

• Colonial disputes are difficult

to negotiate when modern

warships rattle their guns. 1909 cartoon in Puck shows (clockwise) US, Germany, Britain,

France and Japan engaged in naval race in a "no limit"

game.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93German_

naval_arms_race

Assassination!!!

• Information

• What event directly led to the outbreak of WWI?

• The June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand by a Serbian national extremist in Belgrade set in

motion a regional crisis that turned into WWI.

http://farm8.staticfli

ckr.com/7164/6460

212475_7489fc719

a_z.jpg

The Key Players

• Who were the Key Players in

WWI?

• Austria-Hungry; Serbia;

Russia; Germany; Belgium;

France; Great Britain; USA.

• Nicholas II Tsar of Russia,

Georges Clemenceau Prime

Minister of France, King

George V of Great Britain,

Vittorio Orlando Italian Prime

Minister, President Woodrow

Wilson of America, Kaiser

Wilhelm II of Germany,

Austria’s Kaiser and Hungary’s

King Franz Joseph and Sultan

Mehmed V of the Ottoman

Empire.

The Path To War

• Information

• What happened in the month

between the assassination

and the “Guns of August” to

actually send Europe to war?

• Austria-Hungry launched an

investigation, searching for a

conspiracy.

• Behind the scenes,

diplomats were working to

ensure that their allies would

support them. Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in

Sarajevo, 29 June 1914.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz

_Ferdinand_of_Austria

The Ultimatum

• What is an Ultimatum?

• The issuing of the

Ultimatum to Serbia

was a shock to Europe.

• Serbia had three days

to answer demands.

• Serbia actually made a

valiant effort to meet

the demands but they

could not agree to all

the terms.

Serbien muss sterb[i]en! ("Serbia must die!"; last word altered to rhyme).

The propaganda caricature shows an Austrian hand crushing a Serb terrorist.;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_A

ustria

Path to War

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLZWVG2BVIc

Left, Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Britain attempting to keep the lid on the simmering cauldron of imperialist and nationalist tensions in the

Balkans to prevent a general European war. They were successful in 1912 and 1913, but did not succeed in 1914. Upper Right, "The Chain of Friendship", an

American cartoon from 1914 depicting the web of alliances, captioned, "If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and

France and England upon Germany.“, Lower Right, European military alliances shortly after outbreak of war,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I

Assassination Revived

• Knowledge

• Why did the death of

Ferdinand lead to war?

• The assassination

added to tensions that

were already there.

• The absence of

Ferdinand though was

even more influential.

Left, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Right, Gavrilo

Princip;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz

_Ferdinand_of_Austria

Alsace-Lorraine

• Knowledge

• Why did France choose

to use the bulk of their

forces to defend a

region that had limited

tactical value?

• The Alsace-Lorraine

region is representative

of certain issues that

were debated before

and after the war;

identity vs. culture vs.

nationality vs. ideology. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=alsace-

lorraine&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=DE28320

1EECDA6902AAFA5EE4DB28A349FE5C3C4&select

edIndex=87

Excitement Over the Start of the War

Excitement over war induced

many of Germany’s young

men to head to war.

Celebrations and parades

masked the realities of war

which the young soldiers

soon faced.

Left, Berliners cheer a regiment of

Lancers headed for the Front.

August 1914, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/duke.htm

Excitement Over Start of War

• Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwYV6T

1lRsA

• (Begin clip at 3:23 (about ½ min.).

Why Did Men Fight?

Posters

• Fin

Poster Review

• “Great Britain

(1915): ‘These

Women are Doing

Their Bit. Learn to

Make Munitions.’

Poster depicts a

new member of

the workforce

starting her

factory job as a

soldier, in the

background, goes

off to war.”

• “Austria

(1917):

Translation

of title: ‘And

You?’”

• “United States

(c. 1918):

‘Rivets are

Bayonets.

Drive Them

Home!’ This

poster

emphasizes

the cooperation

between U.S.

soldiers at the

front and the

machinists

back home

producing war

supplies.”

• “United

States (1918):

‘Remember

Belgium, Buy

Bonds, Fourth

Liberty Loan’

Depicts an

evil German

soldier

dragging

away an

innocent

young

Belgian girl.”

War!!!

• The Great War is

typically overshadowed

by WWII.

• The Industrial

Revolution made

devastating weapons

possible.

• Conditions were far

different than what

soldiers had

experienced before.

How Britain Prepared, 1915 film,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda

Western Front

• Information

• What is the Western

Front?

• The Front ran from the

North Sea to the

mountains of Switzerland

• Much of the Front was

fortified by a system of

trenches that faced barren

fields that were sighted by

machine guns.

Map of the Western Front, 1915–16,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)

Toward the Trenches

Left, Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea, 1914, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I), Right, Map of the

Schlieffen Plan and French Plan XVII, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan

Toward the Trenches

• Knowledge

• Why did this war end up

in the trenches.

• Race to the Sea!!!

• WWI was a conflict of

miscalculations and the

trenches themselves

were a result of that.

German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to

the front in 1914.

Early in the war, all sides expected the conflict to be a short

one,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war_1#Opening_hostiliti

es.

Top, French bayonet charge, Middle, German

infantry on the battlefield, 7 August 1914,

Bottom, German tank in Roye, 21 March 1918,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(W

orld_War_I)

In the Trenches

• Video: "Soldiers in the Trenches during World War I."

Thought Equity Motion Collections [Video] 1918. World

History in Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. (Navigate to

World History in Context site, Click WWI, then

Videos….).

• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/Video

sDetailsWindow?total=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&window

state=normal&mode=view&limiter=&displayGroupName

=Videos&currPage=1&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&cat

Id=GALE%7C00000000MXHG&view=docDisplay&docu

mentId=GALE%7CPC4295840070&source=Bookmark&

u=alaskatrial&jsid=1b80a0fd94a33e3f2d579d20cc3faaf3

In the Trenches

• Knowledge

• Why was trench

warfare so torturous?

•

French 87th regiment near

Verdun, 1916,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World

_War_I

Human Cost of War

• "Soldiers on the Battlefield in World War I." Thought

Equity Motion Collections [Video] 1917. World History in

Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014 (1/2 min.). (Navigate to World

History in Context site, Click WWI, then Videos….).

• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/Videos

DetailsWindow?total=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowst

ate=normal&mode=view&limiter=&displayGroupName=Vi

deos&currPage=1&displayGroups=&sortBy=relevance%2

Cdescending&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&catId=GALE

%7C00000000MXHG&view=docDisplay&documentId=GA

LE%7CPC4295840069&source=Bookmark&u=alaskatrial

&jsid=978e8502cdf1d9a97eef43f4f37adc8a

Human Cost of War

• 6,000,000 casualties in

WWI…6,000 per day

over 4 years.

• Those who returned

home were “destroyed

men,” either in mind,

body, or both.

Upper Left, A French soldier is shot crossing no-man's-

land near Verdun, France, 1916. The battle of Verdun

lasted ten months and claimed over 700,000 lives,

World History in Context, Verdun; Right British hospital

at the Western front,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war_1#Opening_host

ilities. Lower left, Man chokes on Mustard Gas.

Battle of Verdun; Alsace-Lorraine

370 mm French Filloux mortar firing,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun

Tensions of War

• "Battle of the Somme During World War I." BBC Motion Gallery Collection

[Video] 2010. World History in Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014 (2 min.).

(Navigate to World History in Context site, Click WWI, then Videos….).

(Battle of Somme and some of the tensions that began to erupt in Britain).

• http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/VideosDetailsPage/VideosDetailsWindow?tot

al=4&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&mode=view&limiter=&di

splayGroupName=Videos&currPage=1&displayGroups=&sortBy=relevance

%2Cdescending&p=WHIC%3AUHIC&action=e&catId=GALE%7C00000000

MXHG&view=docDisplay&documentId=GALE%7CPC4295840377&source=

Bookmark&u=alaskatrial&jsid=58f5367aeb1e2fc43f535b8b77295502

• The Hell of Verdun, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKxhE9eY2uA

• (Film clips of war, music in background)

• World War I, Battle of Verdun Documentary,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7KW5cZv2Pg (3.5 min stop mark).

Tensions of War

• Citizens throughout

Europe were

discontented after years

of war and deprivation.

• Empires collapsed in

the years after the war

and new political

systems took their

place.

• Tensions in Russia

broke first.

A scene from the July Days. The

army has just opened fire on street

protesters.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October

_Revolution

The Fall of Imperial Russia

• There had been social

discontent and unrest in

Russia since the early

years of the 1900s.

• In 1917, strikes,

mutinies and protests

led Tsar Nicholas II to

attempt to remedy the

tensions.

• The Tsars attempts

ended in bloodshed and

full-blown Revolution.

Red Guards at Vulkan factory in

1917.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octob

er_Revolution

A Painful Peace

• American President

Woodrow Wilson had

advocated for a “Peace

without blame,” but

European leaders wanted

to place blame.

• Germany was forced to

take full blame for the war

and pay costly reparations.

• The map of the world was

redrawn by the signers of

the Treaty of Versailles.

The allied representatives at the signing of the armistice. Ferdinand

Foch, second from right, seen outside his railway carriage in the forest

of Compiègne. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany

Legacy?

The

cemetery

outside of

the

ossuary,

Verdun,

France,

http://en.

wikipedia.

org/wiki/D

ouaumont

_ossuary

The cemetery outside of the ossuary,

Verdun, France,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaumont_o

ssuary

Demonstration against

the Treaty in front of the

Reichstag.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wi

ki/Treaty_of_Versailles

Right, Austro-Hungarian soldiers

executing men and women in Serbia,

1916; Left, Austro-Hungarian troops

executing captured Serbians, 1917.

Serbia lost about 850,000 people during

the war, a quarter of its pre-war

population.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

“Grand Fleet”

English and German

governments were

hesitant to risk their

expensive fleets in battle.

• World War I poster by Winsor McCay, urging Americans to buy Liberty Bonds, 1918 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda