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Peace Corps TEFL Manual

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai _R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1 ]ONI Kaeuai (Pro-PR] Khmuios) Moar Prhspobtgvo ]rageoos, Voibhko th tdo ]ONI Dhko Prop Prhfrak. ]dgs prhfrak was mosgfeom th prhvgmo  yhu wgtd a shigm nhuem atghe nhr tdo ]ONI pro-sorvgbo trage gef, wdgbd wgii j ofge uphe  yhur arrgvai ge _crageo ge Hbthjor. _sgef tdgs dhko p rhfrak, yhu wgii ro vgow toabdgef nuemakoetais subd as tdo rhio hn tdo toabdor, toabdgef kotdhms aem ae awaroeoss hn tdo O efigsd iaefuafo. Antor bhkpiotg ef tdgs prhfrak, yhu wgii jo jottor proparom th utgigzo tdo 1: woocs hn pro-sorvgbo tragegef th moivo moopor geth coy prabtgbai aroas sp obgngb th toabdge f ge tdo _crageo bhetoxt. ]do prhfrak gs nhiihwom jy a kuitgpio bdhgbo tost th doip yhu assoss yhur frasp hn tdo genhrkatghe prosoetom. Whu kay taco tdo tost as hntoe as yhu igco. Gt bhetage s a quostghe raemhkgzor nuebtghe wdgbd wgii authkatgbaiiy bdaefo tdo a sshrtkoet hn quostghes oabd tgko yhu taco tdo tost. Vo asc  yhu th prabtgbo as kubd as yhu waet aem tdoe nhrwarm tdo tost rophrt th ]ragegef Kaeafor, Gryea Crupsca at [email protected]  jy Aufust 21. Aeaiysgs hn tdo t ost rophrt s wgii oeaj io us th gmoetgny aroas hn mgnngbuity tdat kay eoom ammgtgheai rovgow murgef tdo pro- sorvgbo tragegef. ]do ]ONI Dhko Prop Prhfrak was movoihpom ge :00>, sh gt gs stgii a ’whrc ge prhfross. Gn yhu davo aey suffostghes nhr gkprhvokoet hr gn yhu oebhuetor aey mgnngbuitgos, pioaso mh eht dosgtato th bhetabt us. Vo wgii jo dappy th doar nrhk  yhu. ]daec yhu nhr abboptgef tdo ge vgtatghe th sorvo ge Poabo B hrps/_crageo. Vo ihhc nhrwarm th yhur arrgvai. Vark rofarms, Poabo Bhrps _crageo ]ragegef aem Prhfrakkgef ]oak
Transcript
Page 1: Peace Corps TEFL Manual

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1 

]ONI Kaeuai (Pro-PR] Khmuios)

Moar Prhspobtgvo ]rageoos,

Voibhko th tdo ]ONI Dhko Prop Prhfrak. ]dgs prhfrak was mosgfeom th prhvgmo

 yhu wgtd a shigm nhuematghe nhr tdo ]ONI pro-sorvgbo tragegef, wdgbd wgii jofge uphe

 yhur arrgvai ge _crageo ge Hbthjor. _sgef tdgs dhko prhfrak, yhu wgii rovgow

toabdgef nuemakoetais subd as tdo rhio hn tdo toabdor, toabdgef kotdhms aem ae

awaroeoss hn tdo Oefigsd iaefuafo. Antor bhkpiotgef tdgs prhfrak, yhu wgii jo

jottor proparom th utgigzo tdo 1: woocs hn pro-sorvgbo tragegef th moivo moopor geth

coy prabtgbai aroas spobgngb th toabdgef ge tdo _crageo bhetoxt. ]do prhfrak gs

nhiihwom jy a kuitgpio bdhgbo tost th doip yhu assoss yhur frasp hn tdo genhrkatghe

prosoetom. Whu kay taco tdo tost as hntoe as yhu igco. Gt bhetages a quostgheraemhkgzor nuebtghe wdgbd wgii authkatgbaiiy bdaefo tdo asshrtkoet hn quostghes

oabd tgko yhu taco tdo tost. Vo asc  yhu th prabtgbo as kubd as yhu waet aem tdoe

nhrwarm tdo tost rophrt th ]ragegef Kaeafor, Gryea Crupsca at

[email protected] jy Aufust 21. Aeaiysgs hn tdo tost rophrts wgii oeajio us

th gmoetgny aroas hn mgnngbuity tdat kay eoom ammgtgheai rovgow murgef tdo pro-

sorvgbo tragegef.

]do ]ONI Dhko Prop Prhfrak was movoihpom ge :00>, sh gt gs stgii a ’whrc ge

prhfross‛. Gn yhu davo aey suffostghes nhr gkprhvokoet hr gn yhu oebhuetor aeymgnngbuitgos, pioaso mh eht dosgtato th bhetabt us. Vo wgii jo dappy th doar nrhk

 yhu.

]daec yhu nhr abboptgef tdo gevgtatghe th sorvo ge Poabo Bhrps/_crageo. Vo ihhc

nhrwarm th yhur arrgvai.

Vark rofarms,

Poabo Bhrps _crageo ]ragegef aem Prhfrakkgef ]oak

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo : 

Pro-PR] ]ONI Kaeuai Khmu ios Huti ge o

G.  Getrhmubtghe

1.  Vdat gs ]ONI/]ORHI8

:. 

]do Zhio hn tdo ]oabdor2.

 

Roin-Assosskoet ]ost

GG.  Foeorai ]ONI Kotdhmhihfy

1.  ]oabdgef Kotdhms. Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabd:.

 

Ruffostghes nhr _sgef Roiobtom Iaefuafo ]oabdgef ]obdegquos

2.  Hvorvgow hn tdo Jasgb Iaefuafo Rcgiis< Igstoegef aem Zoamgef

=.  Hvorvgow hn tdo Jasgb Iaefuafo Rcgiis< Rpoacgef aem Vrgtgef?.  ]oabdgef ̂ hbajuiary

GGG.  Iaefuafo Awaroeoss

1.  Frakkatgbai ]orks

:. 

 Ehues, Prhehues, Amlobtgvos aem Amvorjs

2.  Ehue Motorkgeors. Artgbios=.

 

^orjs. Zofuiar aem Grrofuiar ^orjs. Ngegto aem Ehe-Ngegto ^orj

Nhrks. Khmai Auxgigary ̂ orjs.

?.  _so hn ]oesos>.  Bhemgtgheais

6. 

_.R. vs. Jrgtgsd Oefigsd

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 2 

Getrhmubtghe 

1. Vdat gs ]ONI/]ORI8

]doso twh torks bae jo bhenusgef aem aro shkotgkos getorbdaefom, jut tdoro aro mgnnoroebos tdat

davo ae gkpabt he toabdgef.

]ONI< ]oabdgef Oefigsd as a Nhrogfe Iaefuafo

]ONI biassos aro hnnorom ge bhuetrgos wdoro Oefigsd gs eht tdo mhkgeaet iaefuafo. Oefigsd mhoseht surrhuem tdo stumoets ge sbdhhi, at whrc, hr ‟he tdo stroots„. Rtumoets ge ]ONI biassos ge

 pujigb sbdhhis usuaiiy sdaro a iaefuafo aem ae abamokgb bhurso hn stumy. ]dogr scgiis kay mgnnor,

 jut tdoro gs a bortage mofroo hn promgbtajgigty. ]ONI toabdors aem toxtjhhcs prhvgmo tdo geput . Ge

kaey bhuetrgos, dhst ]ONI Oefigsd toabdors aro scgiiom at toabdgef tdo iaefuafo as a sujlobt, aemshko toabdors kay stgii roiy he rhto ioaregef. Bhuetrgos gevgto Poabo Bhrps toabdors th broato

hpphrtuegtgos nhr stumoets th uso iaefuafo nhr autdoetgb bhkkuegbatghe.  

]ORI< ]oabdgef Oefigsd as a Robhem Iaefuafo ]ORI biassos aro hnnorom ge bhuetrgos wdoro Oefigsd gs tdo promhkgeaet iaefuafo. Rtumoets ge]ORI biassos hntoe bhko nrhk mgnnoroet iaefuafo aem buiturai jabcfrhuems, aem tdoy kay davo

 jooe ge tdo _R nhr mgnnoroet ioeftds hn tgko. Ge suk, ORI stumoets aro mgvorso. Wot, tdoy davo

hefhgef Oefigsd geput ge tdo bhkkuegty, at sbdhhi, aem he tdo lhj. ORI toabdors bae mraw uphetdo roai iaefuafo tdat stumoets aro doargef, roamgef, soogef, aem usgef. ORI toabdors doip

stumoets kaco soeso hn tdo iaefuafo geput, sh tdat tdoy bae partgbgpato wgtd niuoeby aem abburaby

ge tdogr lhjs, at sbdhhi, aem ge tdo bhkkuegty.

]ORHI< ]oabdgef Oefigsd th Rpoacors hn Htdor Iaefuafos whuim gebiumo jhtd ]ONI aem ]ORI

aem gs shkotgkos pronorrom jobauso stumoets kay jo ioaregef Oefigsd as a tdgrm, nhurtd, hr ngntd

iaefuafo. 

:. ]do Zhio hn t do ]oabdor

]rgaefio hn Rubboss

]doro sook th jo tdroo ossoetgai bhkpheoets tdat bhetrgjuto th tdo subboss hn toabdors ge _crageo

(aem khst prhjajiy ge htdor bhuetrgos thh)

Iaefuafo

]obdegquos Buituro 

As gt nhiihws nrhk tdo toabdors' aem ioareors' getorvgows, tdo kgssgef igec he tdo bdage hn subboss

gs tdo "buituro", koaegef toabdgef buituro hr shbgaiiy oxpobtom biassrhhk oxporgoebo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo = 

Dhw Eatgvo Oefigsd Rpoacors Bae Jo Jottor Oefigsd ]oabdors ge _crageo

 Eatgvo spoacgef Oefigsd iaefuafo toabdors aro vory kubd eoomom ge _crageo aem ge khst basos

tdoy aro kot wgtd tramgtgheai _cragegae dhspgtaigty aem robogvo fhhm ovaiuatghes. Eatgvo spoacors

hn Oefigsd as toabdors usuaiiy mokhestrato fhhm staemarm Oefigsd aem prhvgmo abboss th gmghkatgb

iaefuafo aem siaef. Ae getorostgef ture hn attoetghe ge tdo _cragegae aumgoebo das roboetiy jooethwarms autdoetgb jodavghr (fosturos, oxbiakatghes, oxpiagegef ovorymay jodavghr, o.f., dhw th

wagt ge igeo "ge tdo Akorgbae way" otb.), sh a eatgvo Oefigsd spoacgef toabdor gs usuaiiy warkiywoibhkom geth a bhkkuegty. Aehtdor vaiuo nhr dhstgef a eatgvo Oefigsd iaefuafo spoacgef

toabdor gs th prhvgmo a figkpso hn "nhrogfe" toabdgef kotdhmhihfy aem buituro.

 Eatgvo spoacgef toabdors hn Oefigsd hntoe mokhestrato toabdgef tobdegquos, wdgbd sook

getorostgef aem aro robogvom oetdusgastgbaiiy. Dhwovor, tdo bdgon roashe nhr tdgs oetdusgask kay

 jo tdo ehvoity hn tdoso prabtgbos as woii as tdo toabdors— aem ioareors— oxpobtatghes nhr

kgrabuihus rosuits wdgbd wgii dhponuiiy jo abdgovom wgtd tdo doip hn tdoso tobdegquos. Rh jodgema foeoraiiy wark woibhko, tdoro kay jo brgtgbgsk, wdgbd nhr nabo-savgef roashes aem buituraiiy

bhemgtgheom phigtoeoss, kay eht jo kamo oxpigbgt. ]doronhro ge shko gestaebos, muo th buituraimgnnoroebos aem mgnnoroebos ge oxpobtatghes, eatgvo Oefigsd spoacgef toabdors kay eht jo sooe as

onnobtgvo as tdoy bhuim jo.

Hrfaegzatghe hn a Iosshe ge _crageo

A iosshe hn Oefigsd ge _crageo (as woii as hn htdor sujlobts) wgii usuaiiy, tdhufd eht strgbtiy,

davo tdo nhiihwgef noaturos<

  Iosshes usuaiiy davo tdroo-stafos, gebiumgef dhkowhrc bdobc up, prosoetatghe hn tdo eow

katorgai aem rogenhrbokoet hn tdo eow katorgai.

 

]do toabdor, wdh sgfeais wdoe a partgbuiar ioareor gs gevgtom th spoac, wgii rofuiatoioareors' partgbgpatghe ge iosshes.

  Ioareors' bhetrgjutghes ge tdo iosshes aro baiiom "aeswors", koaegef tdoy usuaiiy

 partgbgpato ge rospheso th toabdors quostghes.  Ioareors usuaiiy whrc gemgvgmuaiiy aem iabc shbgai scgiis nhr bhkkuegbatgef wgtd oabd

htdor murgef iosshes.

  Vdhio-iaefuafo apprhabd gs eht uegvorsaiiy supphrtom. A fhhm iosshe gs bhesgmorom th jo

bhkpotoebo-jugimgef. Ge ovory iosshe, tdo toabdor gs oxpobtom th hrfaegzo jaiaebomabtgvgtgos ge ioaregef vhbajuiary aem frakkar, as woii as ge spoacgef, igstoegef aem

roamgef. Vrgtgef gs usuaiiy bhengeom th dhko assgfekoets.

  Gn whrcgef ge pagrs aem skaii frhups, ioareors eoom a vory motagiom mosbrgptghe hn wdat

tdoy aro supphsom th mh, htdorwgso tdoy toem th whrc gemgvgmuaiiy hr wagt th jo ascom jytdo toabdor aem fgvo tdogr proparom aeswor.

  A iosshe gs usuaiiy mobiarom as bhkkuegbatgvo tdhufd ge roaigty, toabdors aem ioareors

spoem a iht hn tgko moaigef wgtd frakkar strubturos, jgigefuai oxorbgsos aem toxtuemorstaemgef

  A iosshe gs prgkargiy rosuit-hrgoetom sh tdo abtgvgtgos aro eht sooe a prgkary ovoe tdhufd

tdoy kay jo vory khtgvatgef aem oefafgef nhr tdo ioareors.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ? 

At tdo oem hn tdo iosshe, oabd ioareor usuaiiy fots a karc he a twoivo-phget sbaio, aem shkotgkos

do/sdo wgii robogvo a motagiom bhkkoet nrhk tdo toabdor. Aitdhufd tdo ngrst roabtghes th a

^hiuetoor—s ehvoi iosshe hrfaegzatghe kay jo vory phsgtgvo aem oetdusgastgb. Nagiuro th koot tdobhkkheiy doim gmoas aem oxpobtatghes hn dhw a iosshe sdhuim jo hrfaegzom kgfdt bauso mhujt ge

ioareors as th wdotdor tdoy wgii joeongt kubd nrhk uetramgtgheai (g.o., ioareor-boetorom) iosshes.

_cragegae Ioareors' Oxpobtatghes hn ]oabdors

  Jo strgbt thwarms tdo biass, jut jo cgem thwarms gemgvgmuais

  Doip stumoets hvorbhko ioaregef prhjioks ovoe gn gt roqugros sabrgngbgef heo's hwe tgko

antor biassos

  Jo iavgsd ge fgvgef dgfdor sbhros tdus bromgtgef ioareors

  Okpatdgzo wgtd tdo ioareor

  Jo aiways avagiajio, ovoe he tdo dhko toiopdheo nhr bhesuitatghes

  ]raesiato tdo katorgai geth a mgfostom nhrk

Rbdhhis aem toabdors aro doim rosphesgjio nhr tdo abamokgb pornhrkaebo aem jodavghr hn ioareors

aitdhufd tdoro aro attokpts th ngem a khro jaiaebom apprhabd th sdaro rosphesgjgigty akhef tdosbdhhi, ioareors aem paroets.

_cragegae ]oabdors' Prhnossgheai Joigons

]do nhiihwgef joigons aro bhkkheiy doim jy tdo toabdors ge _crageo aem aro sdarom jy tdo prhnossgheais toabdgef mgnnoroet sujlobts.

  A iosshe sdhuim jo khstiy toabdor-boetorom hr oiso tdoro wgii jo igttio bhetrhi aem onnobt.

  Biass sdhuim jo woii-mgsbgpigeom3 htdorwgso tdo ioareors tdoksoivos wgii sunnor aem ioare

igttio ge tdo mgsruptom iosshe.

 

]oabdgef iaefuafos sdhuim jo robgtatgvo3 gn eht, tdo ioareors wgii eht rokokjor kubd hntdo katorgai

  ]do foeorai attgtumo sdhuim jo orrhr-gethioraet hr tdo ioareors wgii eovor fot rgm hn tdo

kgstacos ge tdogr spoobd.  Ioareors' nroomhk nhr soin-oxprossghe ge tdo biassrhhk sdhuim jo rostrgbtom hr tdo biass

kay fot bhkpiotoiy hut hn bhetrhi.

  Ioareors sdhuim jo assossom may-jy-may3 htdorwgso tdoy wgii iabc khtgvatghe th whrc

murgef tdo iosshe aem at dhko.

  Iosshe sdhuim jo dhko-tasc jasom hr tdoro wgii jo eh bheshigmatghe hn cehwiomfo.

  ]oabdor sdhuim ovaiuato ioareors th genhrk tdok hn tdogr prhfross he a rofuiar jasgs

  Ioareors' sdhuim jo abbhuetajio th toabdors. Gn eht, dhw bae toabdors jo rosphesgjio nhr

tdo ioareors' prhngbgoeby8

Ge tdo uegvorsgtgos, a froator okpdasgs gs put he ioareors' gemopoemoebo jut tdgs ronors iarfoiy thstumoet-toabdor oebhuetors murgef tdo iobturos. Rokgears aem whrcsdhps, ge kaey basos, davo tdo

noaturos hn sbdhhi iosshes ovoe tdhufd tdo nabuity kay moey tdgs.

Doipgef _cragegae ]oabdors hn Oefigsd

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo > 

Heo hn tdo tascs hn tdo eatgvo spoacors hn Oefigsd bhkgef th _crageo nrhk ajrham gs th doip tdo

ihbai toabdgef bhkkuegty movoihp prhnossgheaiiy. ]do nhiihwgef prgebgpios hn tdgs prhboss kay

doip provoet mgsapphgetkoet ge tdgs aroa<

  Gestoam hn mukpgef ae avaiaebdo hn genhrkatghe he tdo toabdors, try th jrgef ajhut

bdaefos ge tramgtgheai toabdgef ge vory skaii stops.

 

Gestoam hn partgef wgtd tdo tramgtgheai past, suffost jioemgef wgtd tdo oxgstgef tramgtghes gewdgbd kaey ihbai toabdors ngrkiy tdhufd bhvortiy joigovo.

  Gestoam hn mhgef away wgtd tdo ihbai toabdgef buituro, uso tdo buituro jasom apprhabd aemoebhurafos getofratghe hn tdo oxgstgef prabtgbos wgtd tdo eow ways.

  Gestoam hn vgowgef tdo ihbai toabdors as tdo robgpgoets hn bdaefo, ture tdok geth tdo afoets

hn bdaefo

  Hnnor abtgvo ioaregef tdrhufd heo's hwe oxpihrathry toabdgef oxporgoebo

  Gestoam hn okpdasgzgef woaceossos hn ihbai toabdors, prhboom nrhk tdogr ngoim hn

oxboiioebo

  Movoihp ge yhur toabdor-trageoos tdo rhio hn a brgtgbai nrgoem, ratdor tdae lust acehwiomfoajio oxport

Oxporgoebo sdhws tdat tdoso prgebgpios usuaiiy doip ge getrhmubgef khmore tobdegquos nhr Oefigsdiaefuafo toabdgef gestrubtghe ge _crageo. Ge tdo ngeai abbhuet tdo toabdors wgii mokhestrato a ngeo

 jioem hn tdo khmore aem tramgtgheai noaturos aem tdgs wgii jo oxpobtom as ehrkai aem lustgngom.

Foeorai Getorosts

Vdgio movoihpgef sossghes koaet th oedaebo Oefigsd iaefuafo toabdgef kotdhmhihfy ge _crageo,bhesgmor tdo nhiihwgef aroas hn getorost nhr _cragegae toabdors hn Oefigsd<

  Dukaegstgb toabdgef

 

Bhkkuegbatgvo toabdgef (]oabdgef bhkkuegbatgvo scgiis aem iaefuafo bhkpotoebgosX  Rtumoet-boetorom toabdgef

  Getorabtgvo toabdgef

  Fako abtgvgtgos

  Zhio-piay aem prhjiok-shivgef (bhkkuegbatgvo sgkuiatghe) abtgvgtgos

Prhnossgheai movoihpkoet wgtd toabdors kay gebiumo tdo nhiihwgef abtgvgtgos<

  Fgvgef sdhrt tdohrotgbai geput (tuthr)

  Mokhestratgef a tobdegquo (tuthr aem toabdors as assgstaets)

  ]rygef a tobdegquo ge tdo biassrhhk (toabdors aem ioareors)

 

Mgsbussgef prhs aem bhes hn tdo tobdegquo ge skaii frhups (toabdors)  Kgbrh-toabdgef ge skaii frhups wgtd poor hjsorvatghe (toabdors)

  Phssgjio vgmoh-tapgef opgshmos wgtd kgbrh-toabdgef (tuthr aem toabdors)

  Zoniobtgef aem soin-roniobtgef he kgbrh-toabdgef (toabdors)

  Zophrtgef he tdo prhbomuro, scgiis aem bhkpotoebgos sustageom ge ioareors (toabdors)

  Amaptgef tdo tobdegquo nhr a partgbuiar bhurso-jhhc aem biassrhhk sgtuatghe (toabdors)

  Vrgtgef a sorgos hn sgkgiar tobdegquos nhr a partgbuiar bhurso-jhhc ge a partgbuiar

biassrhhk (toabdors)

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 6 

Murgef tdgs prhboss tdo toabdors abtuaiiy broato a toabdgef pabc (hr roporthgro hn tobdegquos),

wdgbd tdoy vgow as tdogr hwe prhmubt ge wdgbd tdoy joigovo aem heo ge wdgbd tdoy aro roamy th

gkpiokoet aem robhkkoem th bhiioafuos.

Vo dhpo tdat tdo katorgai prosoetom ajhvo wgii doip nuturo ]ONI ^hiuetoors, wdh waet th try

tdogr pomafhfgbai taioet ge _crageo, bhpo wgtd tdo mgnngbuitgos bausom jy tdo ihbai toabdgef buituro

sh tdat tdoy bae jo vory subbossnui ge tdogr prhnossgheai uemortacgefs.

2. Roi n -As sossk oet ]ost

]dgs quostgheeagro wgii aiihw yhu th roniobt hebo khro he yhur mobgsghe th bhko th _crageo as]ONI Poabo Bhrps ^hiuetoor.

1. Mh yhu davo a jabcfrhuem roiovaet th toabdgef8

  WOR

 

 EH

:. Aro yhu a fhhm igstoeor8

 

WOR   EH

2. Mh yhu nooi bhknhrtajio prosoetgef ge nrhet hn a frhup8

  WOR

   EH=. Gs Oefigsd yhur ngrst iaefuafo8

  WOR

   EH?. Aro yhu a ‟eovor fgvo up„ porshe8 

  WOR

   EH

>. Mh yhu oelhy fottgef tdo jost hut hn htdors8  WOR

   EH

6. Aro yhu a patgoet aem rosorvom porshe wdoe yhu eoom th oxpiage sgkpio tdgefs afage aemafage8

  WOR

   EH

4. Aro yhu roamy th whrc wgtd tdo iabc hn roshurbos8

  WOR

   EH

7. Mh yhu davo a fhhm cehwiomfo hn Oefigsd frakkar8

 

WOR   EH

10. Mh yhu nooi bhknhrtajio sdargef genhrkatghe ajhut Akorgbae buituro8

  WOR

   EH

Vo dhpo yhu wgii lhge us ge _crageo!

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 4 

GG. Foeorai ]ONI Kotdhmhihfy (Part G)

1. ]oabdge f Kotdhms

]doro gs a wgmo vargoty hn burroet kotdhmhihfgos aem apprhabdos th ]oabdgef Oefigsd as a

nhrogfe iaefuafo (]ONI). Gn yhu waet th jo ae onnobtgvo toabdor hn Oefigsd as a nhrogfe iaefuafo(ONI), part hn yhur whrc wgii jo th bdhhso a bhkjgeatghe hn kotdhms wdgbd wgii khst joeongt

yhur stumoets.

]do nhiihwgef sobtghes prhvgmo a sukkary hn sovorai iaefuafo toabdgef kotdhms tdat davo jooe

usom, amaptom, aem shkotgkos ajaemheom.

Frakkar ]raesiatghe Kotdhm

Ge a typgbai Frakkar ]raesiatghe biass tdo kage nhbus gs he roamgef aem wrgtgef, wgtd igttio

attoetghe jogef fgvoe th spoacgef hr igstoegef. ]do boetrai toxt nhr oabd iosshe gs usuaiiyigtorary. Passafos aro soiobtom nrhk autdhrs subd as Karc ]wage, Fohrfo Hrwoii, Bdarios

Mgbcoes, hr khmore wrgtors. ]doso passafos aro roam aem tdoe bhkprodoesghe quostghes

aro ascom aem aesworom, ngrst hraiiy, tdoe ge wrgtgef. Frakkar gs taufdt momubtgvoiytdrhufd prosoetatghe aem stumy hn tdo ruios nhiihwom jy prabtgbo ge traesiatghes oxorbgsos.

^hbajuiary soiobtghe gs jasom he tdo roamgef toxt usom. Vhrms aro taufdt tdrhufd jgigefuai

igsts aem kokhrgzatghe. Rtumoets aro hntoe ascom th wrgto tdo eow whrms ge a soetoebo.

Aitdhufd tdo Kgegstry hn Omubatghe aem Rbgoebo hn _crageo getrhmubom tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo

apprhabd as tdo kage khmoi nhr nhrogfe iaefuafo toabdgef shko yoars afh, kaey hn yhur

stumoets wgii jo usom th aem oxpobt Frakkar ]raesiatghe abtgvgtgos. Kokhrgzatghe

 partgbuiariy kay jo bhesgmorom a vaiuom toabdgef thhi, as hrai tramgtghes aro strhef doro .Dhwovor kokhrgzatghe mhos eht oxbiumo uemorstaemgef. Gn tdo syiiajus nhiihwom ge yhur sbdhhi

gebiumos igtorary toxts aem yhu davo prosoetom a phok, oxpihrom gts gmoas, aem aro satgsngom tdat

yhur stumoets uemorstaem tdok, tdoe ascgef yhur stumoets th ioare tdo phok gs a fhhm way throgenhrbo ioaregef aem heo tdat gs nakgigar th yhur stumoets.

Whur stumoets kay aish jo usom th tdo styio hn toabdor-stumoet getorabtghe foeoratom jy tdoFrakkar ]raesiatghe Kotdhm. Ge tdgs kotdhm tdo toabdor gegtgatos getorabtghe aem tdoro aro

soimhk aey stumoet-th-stumoet oxbdaefos. ]do rhio hn tdo toabdor gs tramgtgheaiiy

autdhrgtargae aem tdo rhio hn tdo stumoet gs th nhiihw toabdor—s gestrubtghes. Hjsorvgef htdor

toabdors wgii fgvo yhu ae gmoa hn tdo shrt hn stumoet-toabdor roiatghesdgps wdgbd oxgst ge yhur sbdhhiaem ihbai oxpobtatghes. Roo tdo oarigor sobtghes he joigons aem baronuiiy rospobt tramgtghes wdgio

 jioemgef ge eow kotdhms.

Mgrobt Kotdhm

]do Mgrobt Kotdhm movoihpom wdoe omubathrs attokptom th jugim a iaefuafo ioaregef

kotdhmhihfy arhuem tdogr hjsorvatghes hn bdgim iaefuafo ioaregef. ]doso omubathrs arfuom tdat anhrogfe iaefuafo bhuim jo taufdt wgtdhut traesiatghe hr uso hn tdo ioareor's eatgvo thefuo. ]do

Mgrobt Kotdhm, tdoronhro, gesgsts he tdgecgef aem bhkkuegbatgef mgrobtiy ge tdo tarfot iaefuafo

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 7 

aem mhos eht aiihw traesiatghe. ]do Jorigtz Rbdhhi hn Iaefuafos gs tdo jost cehwe prhpheoet hn

tdgs kotdhm. ]do nhur iaefuafo scgiis aro taufdt nrhk tdo jofgeegef, jut a spobgai okpdasgs gs

 piabom he spoacgef. Biassos hntoe start wgtd roamgef aihum a spobgaiiy framom toxt wdgbd getrhmubostdo iosshe's vhbajuiary aem frakkatgbai strubturo. Prabtgbo nhiihws wgtd oxorbgsos subd as

fugmom bhevorsatghe, wdoro tdo toabdor ascs quostghes he tdo toxt aem tdo stumoets aeswor usgef

nuii soetoebos. Rtumoets wgii tdoe asc oabd htdor sgkgiar quostghes. Htdor prabtgbo oxorbgsos gebiumo

ngiigef-ge-tdo-jiaecs, mgbtatghe, bhetrhiiom bhkphsgtghe hr igstoegef bhkprodoesghe oxorbgsos.Frakkar gs taufdt gemubtgvoiy, tdat gs th say, iaefuafo pattores aro prosoetom aem prabtgbom, jut

tdo ruios aro eht oxpigbgtiy fgvoe. ]do Mgrobt Kotdhm toabdor usos kgko, mokhestratghe, roaiga,

aem vgsuai agms th doip stumoets uemorstaem frakkar aem vhbajuiary.

Gn yhu uso shko aspobts hn tdo Mgrobt Kotdhm aem aro khegthrgef tdo akhuet hn stumoets' eatgvo

iaefuafo jogef usom ge biass, yhu sdhuim uso bhkkhe soeso roiatom th traesiatghe. Gn yhu lumfo tdatyhur stumoets aro eht fottgef tdo phget hr tdo koaegef hn a partgbuiar whrm, aem tdo iosshe gs

straygef nrhk gts hjlobtgvos, aiihw a traesiatghe aem fot he wgtd yhur iosshe.

Aumgh-igefuai Kotdhm (AIK)

Murgef tdo Robhem Vhrim Var, arky prhfraks woro sot up th toabd Akorgbae kgigtary porsheeoiiaefuafos. Rtrhef okpdasgs was piabom he aurai-hrai tragegef. ]do Aumgh-Igefuai Kotdhm

movoihpom nrhk tdoso prhfraks. ]dgs kotdhm was geniuoebom jy jodavghrai psybdhihfgsts wdh

 joigovom tdat nhrogfe iaefuafo ioaregef was jasgbaiiy a prhboss hn kobdaegbai dajgt nhrkatghe. Getdo Aumgh-Igefuai Kotdhm, scgiis aro taufdt ge tdo eaturai hrmor hn abqugsgtghe< igstoegef, spoacgef,roamgef aem wrgtgef. Aumgh-igefuai biassos jofge wgtd a mgaihfuo wdgbd getrhmubos tdo iosshe's

soetoebo pattores. ]do stumoets kokhrgzo a mgaihfuo aem tdoe prabtgbo frakkar pattores ge

mrgiis subd as igstoe aem ropoat, sujstgtutghe, bdage, aem traesnhrkatghe. Abburaby ge prheuebgatghe gsokpdasgzom aem nhstorom tdrhufd kgegkai pagr mrgiis wdoe stumoets ioare th mgnnoroetgato jotwooe

shuems subd as tdo vhwois ge "sdgp" aem "sdoop," "dgt" aem "doat," aem "jgt" aem "joat." Iosshesaro soquoebom abbhrmgef th frakkatgbai bhkpioxgty. ]raesiatghe, bhesgmorom th bauso getornoroebo

nrhk tdo khtdor thefuo, gs eht aiihwom. Ioaregef gs tgfdtiy bhetrhiiom jy tdo toabdor, wdh nhiihwstdo toxt bihsoiy.

Kaey hn yhur stumoets wgii jo nakgigar wgtd tdo typo hn abtgvgtgos mosbrgjom ajhvo. Nhr khstAkorgbaes vargoty aem bdaefo gs ae ossoetgai part hn tdogr ioaregef oxporgoebo. ]doronhro, yhu

kay shkotgkos ngem yhursoin akazom jy yhur stumoets' stakgea aem bapabgty th ropoat mrgiis ge

kaetra-igco nasdghe sookgefiy nhr dhurs at a tgko. ]h oesuro tdat kgemioss bdaetgef mhos ehttaco hvor, yhu kay wgsd th okpdasgzo shko hn tdo spoom aem bhkpotgtgvoeoss prhkhtom jy tdo

Aumgh-Igefuai Kotdhm.

Bhkkuegty Iaefuafo Ioaregef (BII)

]do agk hn Bhkkuegty Iaefuafo Ioaregef gs th gevhivo tdo ioareor's wdhio porsheaigty. Annobtgvo

aem getoiiobtuai woii-jogef aro fgvoe oquai wogfdt. BII mraws gts gesgfdts aem ratgheaio nrhkbhuesoigef tobdegquos. ]do toabdor gs tdo bhuesoihr wdh fgvos assgstaebo aem supphrt th tdo

ioareors, wdh aro tdo bigoets. ]do toabdor's rhio gs th uemorstaem tdo ioareors' noars aem

vuieorajgigtgos as tdoy struffio th kastor aehtdor iaefuafo. Jy jogef soesgtgvo th tdo ioareors'noars, tdo toabdor bae ture tdo eofatgvo oeorfy hn tdhso noars geth phsgtgvo oeorfy aem oetdusgask

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 10 

nhr ioaregef. ]do roiatghesdgps jotwooe tdo toabdor aem ioareor aem jotwooe tdo ioareors

tdoksoivos, tdoronhro, taco he froat gkphrtaebo. ]do nhbus gs gegtgaiiy he igstoegef aem

spoacgef. Frakkar ruios aro oxpiageom aem traesiatghes aro usom wdoe eobossary th fgvoioareors a soeso hn soburgty aem bhetrhi hvor tdo sgtuatghe. ]do syiiajus aem katorgais aro

mosgfeom khstiy jy tdo ioareors.

BII gs a kotdhm tdat whrcs jost ge skaii frhups aem gt roqugros spobgai tragegef nhr toabdors.]dgs kotdhm bhetages usonui prgebgpios wdgbd yhu bae oasgiy gkpiokoet ge yhur iosshes subd as

abcehwiomfgef tdo stross aem noars wdgbd bae jo nhuem ge a iaefuafo ioaregef biassrhhk. Whu bae

ihwor tdo stross ge yhur iosshes jy kacgef yhur oxpobtatghes aem fhais bioar, jy bhabdgef yhurstumoets ge oxakgeatghe stratofgos, aem jy prhvgmgef igvoiy abtgvgtgos wdgbd kaco ioaregef nue. BII

aish oebhurafos ioareors th prhmubo tdogr hwe katorgais. doipgef yhur stumoets wrgto sdhrt

sthrgos hr artgbios th jo pujigsdom ge a sbdhhi kafazgeo/eowsiottor, hrfaegzgef tdok th wrgto aemabt piays hr scgts, aem movoihpgef prhlobt jasom ioaregef, yhu wgii abbhkpigsd twh fhais< (1) yhu wgii

fgvo yhur stumoets a soeso hn hweorsdgp aem prgmo aem (:) yhu wgii sgmostop tdo prhjiok hn trygef th

toabd wgtd now hr geamoquato toxtjhhcs.

]htai Pdysgbai Zospheso (]PZ) aem tdo Eaturai Apprhabd

]PZ gs a iaefuafo toabdgef kotdhm jugit arhuem tdo bhhrmgeatghe hn spoobd aem abtghe.Gt attokpts th toabd iaefuafo tdrhufd pdysgbai abtgvgty. ]PZ aem ]do Eaturai Apprhabd

 piabo ae okpdasgs he oxphsgef ioareor s th doargef aem uemorstaemgef tdo iaefuafo jonhro

roqugrgef tdok th spoac. Iaefuafo scgiis aro taufdt ge tdo eaturai hrmor hn abqugsgtghe<igstoegef, spoacgef, roamgef, aem wrgtgef. Jhtd tdo Eaturai Apprhabd aem ]PZ nhbus he tdogkphrtaebo hn igstoegef bhkprodoes ghe as tdo jasgs nhr iaefuafo abqugsgtghe. Jhtd

apprhabdos joig ovo tdat iaefuafo gs abqugrom, eht ioareom. Ge htdor whrms, ioareors abqugro

a iaefuafo tdrhufd ae uebhesbghus prhboss wdgbd gevhivos usgef tdo iaefuafo nhrkoaegefnui bhkkuegbatghe. Ioaregef a iaefuafo, he tdo htdor daem, gevhivos a bhesbghus

 prhboss wdgbd rosuits ge cehwiomfo ajhut tdo ruios hn a iaefuafo, jut eht eobossargiy geae ajgigty th uso tdo iaefuafo. ]do ioareor's khtdor thefuo gs soimhk usom ge ]PZ hr tdo

 Eaturai Apprhabd. Koaegef gs kamo bioar jy kgko, mrawgef, otb., aem froat attoetghe gs pagm th romubgef ioareor aexgoty. ]do Eaturai Apprhabd strossos tdat soin-bhengmoet ioareors

wgtd dgfd khtgvatghe aro subbossnui ioareors aem toabdors aro rosphesgjio nhr broatgef

ioaregef oevgrhekoets wdgbd prhkhto soin-bhengmoebo.

Ge jhtd hn tdoso apprhabdos, tdo rhio hn tdo toabdor gs th foeorato bhkprodoesgjio geput.

]dgs koaes tdat wdoe prosoetgef eow katorgais yhu davo th jo proparom th spoac, kgko,mraw, hr uso roai hjlobts th fot yhur koaegef abrhss. Heiy wdoe yhu aro satgsngom tdat

yhur stumoets uemorstaem aem aro roamy th spoac wgii yhu asc tdok th mh sh. ]PZ abtghe

soquoebos ge rospheso th a sorgos hn bhkkaems aro framom aem vary nrhk tdo sgkpio th tdogetrgbato. Antor tdo ngrst stafo hn igstoegef th tdo toabdor, shko stumoets kgfdt jo roamy thspoac. Murgef tdo sobhem stafo, gemgvgmuai stumoets kay jofge th taco hvor, mgrobtgef tdo

toabdor aem tdo htdor stumoets ge parts hn hr ge tdo wdhio abtghe soquoebo.

Ge kaey gestaebos yhur stumoets wgii jo burghus ajhut igno ge tdo _egtom Rtatos, aem tdgsbhkprodoesgjio geput stafo prhvgmos a way hn satgsnygef tdat burghsgty aem a way nhr yhu th

 jugim a fhhm porsheai roiatghesdgp wgtd yhur biass. ]doso apprhabdos bae jo usonui aem nue,

ospobgaiiy wdoe yhu aro whrcgef wgtd jofgeeors, hr wgtd stumoets ge a prgkary sbdhhi hr

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 11 

at a tobdegbai hr vhbatgheai boetor wdh heiy taco heo dhur hn Oefigsd a wooc, hr wgtd

stumoets wdhso froatost eoom gs nhr igstoegef bhkprodoesghe. Gt gs aish usonui wdoe yhu iabc

amoquato toxtjhhcs. ^ory now gestgtutghes hnnor bhursos wdgbd uso heiy ]PZ hr tdo EaturaiApprhabd, jut kaey toabdors davo bhkkoetom tdat bhkprodoesghe-jasom abtgvgtgos romubo

ioaregef stross.

Bhkkuegbatgvo Iaefuafo ]oabdgef

]do iato 17>0s saw a sdgnt ge nhbus nrhk tdo Aumgh-Igefuai Kotdhm aem gts prhthtypos thbhkkuegbatgvo iaefuafo toabdgef. Rtumgos barrgom hut jy tdo Bhuebgi hn Ourhpo doipom th gmoetgny

tdo iaefuafo eoomom ge a vargoty hn shbgai sgtuatghes jy shkoheo gkkgfratgef th Bhkkhe

Karcot bhuetrgos. ]do stumgos shufdt th ovaiuato dhw iaefuafo gtsoin was usom ” dhw eatgvo

spoacors hn a iaefuafo oxprossom tdoksoivos ge varghus sgtuatghes. ]do stumgos dam a kalhrgkpabt he tdo toabdgef hn Oefigsd as a nhrogfe iaefuafo. ]oabdors aem burrgbuiuk mosgfeors

 jofae th ihhc at tdo bhetoet aem at tdo cgem hn iaefuafo eoomom wdoe frootgef hr sdhppgef.

]do okpdasgs he oxpigbgtiy ioaregef frakkar ruios hr prabtgbgef frakkatgbai pattores was

mhwepiayom ge navhur hn ae apprhabd mosgfeom th koot ioareors' eooms wdoe usgef tdo iaefuafo

ge magiy getorabtghe. Gt gs ronorrom th as ae apprhabd tdat agks th kaco bhkkuegbatghe tdo fhai hniaefuafo toabdgef. Rovorai khmois davo ovhivom arhuem tdgs prgebgpio -- tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo

Apprhabd, ]htai Pdysgbai Zospheso, Eaturai Apprhabd, aem Bhkpotoeby-Jasom Apprhabd.

Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabd

]do bhkkuegbatgvo apprhabd oxpobts stumoets jobhko bhkpotoet (g.o., ajio th uso tdo iaefuafo

apprhprgato nhr a fgvoe shbgai bhetoxt, aem th kaeafo tdo prhboss hn eofhtgatgef koaegef wgtd

getorihbuthrs). ]do toabdor nabgigtatos stumoets' ioaregef jy kaeafgef biassrhhk abtgvgtgos aem

sottgef up bhkkuegbatgvo sgtuatghes. Rtumoets aro bhkkuegbathrs abtgvoiy oefafom ge eofhtgatgefkoaegef. Abtgvgtgos aro bhkkuegbatgvo wdoe tdoy aro davo a purphso subd as ae genhrkatghe fap

tdat eooms th jo ngiiom, aem wdoe spoacors davo a bdhgbo hn wdat th say aem dhw th say gt. ]doyrobogvo noomjabc nrhk tdo igstoeor tdat wgii vorgny tdat tdogr bhkkuegbatgvo purphso das jooeabdgovom. ]do toabdor gegtgatos getorabtghes jotwooe stumoets aem partgbgpatos shkotgkos.

Autdoetgb katorgais aro hntoe usom, aem stumoets usuaiiy whrc ge skaii frhups. Rtumoets getorabt a

froat moai wgtd oabd htdor ge kaey mgnnoroet bhengfuratghes. ]do okpdasgs gs he movoihpgef

khtgvatghe th ioare jy ostajigsdgef koaegefnui aem purphsonui tdgefs th mh ge tdo tarfot iaefuafo.Gemgvgmuaigty gs oebhurafom, as woii as bhhporatghe wgtd poors, jhtd hn wdgbd bhetrgjuto th a

soeso hn okhtgheai soburgty ge tdo tarfot iaefuafo. Iaefuafo gs nhr bhkkuegbatghe.

Igefugstgb bhkpotoebo kust jo bhupiom wgtd ae ajgigty th bhevoy getoemom koaegef apprhprgatoiy

ge mgnnoroet shbgai bhetoxts. Ehevorjai jodavghr aem buituro aro part hn tdo ovorymay igno aem

iaefuafo hn eatgvo spoacors. Iaefuafo nuebtghes (o.f., frootgef, ioavo-tacgef, soocgef doip,bhkpigkoetgef, brgtgbgzgef, aphihfgzgef, otb.) aro okpdasgzom hvor frakkatgbai nhrks gebhkkuegbatgvo biassrhhks. Rtumoets whrc at a mgsbhurso iovoi, aem doy whrc he spoacgef,

igstoegef, roamgef, aem wrgtgef nrhk tdo jofgeegef. Bhesgstoet nhbus gs piabom he eofhtgatom

koaegef. Orrhrs hn nhrk aro bhesgmorom eaturai - stumoets bae davo gebhkpioto igefugstgbcehwiomfo aem stgii jo subbossnui bhkkuegbathrs. ]do okpdasgs gs piabom he usgef tdo tarfot

iaefuafo th abbhkpigsd a nuebtghe subd as bhkpiagegef, amvgsgef, hr ascgef nhr genhrkatghe.

Attoetghe gs aish pagm th tdo shbgai bhetoxt ge wdgbd tdgs nuebtghe tacos piabo. Nhr gestaebo,mgnnoroet iaefuafo wgii jo usom wdoe bhkpiagegef th a toabdor tdae wdoe bhkpiagegef th a bihso

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1: 

nrgoem. Genhrkai ovaiuatghe gs hefhgef as tdo toabdor amvgsos hr bhkkuegbatos3 nhrkai ovaiuatghe

gs usuaiiy jy koaes hn ae getofratgvo tost wgtd a roai bhkkuegbatgvo tasc subd as bhkpiotgef ae

appigbatghe.

Aii nhur iaefuafo scgiis aro taufdt nrhk tdo jofgeegef. Ge spoacgef, tdo agk gs th jo uemorsthhm, eht

th spoac igco a eatgvo. Ge soquoebgef iosshes, prghrgty gs fgvoe th ioareor getorosts aem eooms. ]dgs

gs ge sdarp bhetrast th a frakkar mrgvoe kotdhm wdgbd kay start wgtd vorj toesos aem whrcnrhk tdo sgkpio prosoet th tdo bhemgtgheais. Ge tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabd, gn ioareors eoom th

cehw dhw th fgvo amvgbo, tdoy aro taufdt tdo nuebtghe at tdogr prhngbgoeby iovoi. Jofgeeors kgfdt

ioare th fgvo amvgbo usgef ‟Whu sdhuim ……..„ aem Dgfd Getor komgato stumoets kgfdt ioare dhwth fgvo amvgbo usgef tdo bhemgtgheai, " Gn G woro yhu, G whuim . . . .„ 

Getorabtghe jotwooe spoacors aem igstoeors hr roamors aem wrgtors gs at tdo rhht hn aiibhkkuegbatgvo abtgvgtgos. Ioareors usuaiiy whrc ge pagrs hr frhups nhr rhio piay, genhrkatghe

sdargef, hr prhjiok shivgef. ]do Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabd wgii bdaiioefo yhur broatgvgty th

sot up sgtuatghes ge wdgbd yhur stumoets bae mokhestrato tdogr bhkpotoebo ge tdo nhur

iaefuafo scgiis. Frhup whrc gs jasgb aem yhu kay nabo mgnngbuitgos ge tdo ihfgstgbs hnhrfaegzgef yhur frhups. Iabc hn spabo, hr bhkpiagets nrhk htdor toabdors ajhut tdo ehgsy

khvgef hn moscs, kgfdt hbbur ge yhur ngrst now woocs wdoe ascgef yhur biass th mgvgmo

geth frhups. Whu wgii davo th bhesgmor aii hn yhur hptghes. Bae yhu whrc hutsgmo8 Gs gt phssgjio th uso tdo igjrary nhr yhur iosshes8 Bae yhu sot up a rowarm systok th

oebhurafo yhur stumoets th khvo qugbciy aem qugotiy geth tdogr frhups8 Whu kay aish

oebhuetor rosgstaebo th frhup whrc nrhk yhur stumoets. Rhko hn tdo jottor stumoets kayrosoet davgef th "sdaro" tdogr scgiis aem framos. Rhko hn tdo ioss khtgvatom stumoets kay

taco tdo hpphrtuegty th mh ovoe ioss whrc. Whur framgef phigby nhr frhup whrc wgii davo

th jo spoiiom hut aem yhu wgii eoom th khegthr tdo frhups th assuro tdat ovoryheo gs

bhetrgjutgef th tdo frhup onnhrt. Whu sdhuim aish prhvgmo tgko aem hpphrtuegtgos th oareframos nhr gemgvgmuai whrc.

Ngeaiiy, kaey amuit iaefuafo prhfraks uso a bhkpotoeby-jasom omubatghe (BJO) apprhabd wdgbd

nhbusos he toabdgef iaefuafo nhr roai igno uso. Ge BJO, toabdors whrc wgtd ioareors th assoss tdogrgkkomgato iaefuafo eooms aem getorosts, aem tdoe mosgfes iosshes tdat ammross tdo eooms. Nhr

oxakpio, amuits ge a BJO whrcpiabo biass kgfdt nhbus he eofhtgatgef a sbdomuio bdaefo, roamgef a

sanoty kaeuai, hr wrgtgef a kokh. Rtumoets aro assossom he tdogr ajgigty th abtuaiiy pornhrk abhebroto tasc. Ge yhur _cragegae iaefuafo biassos, tdo iaefuafo trageors kgfdt gebhrphrato BJO jy

davgef trageoos roam trage tgkotajios, purbdaso nhhm ge a karcot, hr wrgto a sgkpio whrc piae nhr

tdo ngrst tdroo khetds hn sorvgbo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 12 

]ajio 1.

Frakkar ]raesiatghe

KotdhmAumgh-Igefuai Kotdhm

Bhkkuegbatgvo

Iaefuafo ]oabdgef

Frakkar Zuios

Boetrai noaturo Eht oxpiageom Oxpiageom, eobossary

Koaegefnui

Bhkkuegbatghe

 Eht gkphrtaet Igkgtom Boetrai noaturo

Prheuebgatghe

 Eht bhesgmorom ]arfot ; eatgvo-igco

 prheuebgatghe

]arfot ; bhkprodoesgjio

 prheuebgatghe

]raesiatghe

Boetrai noaturo Nhrjgmmoe _som, wdoe eobossary

Roquoebgef hn Iosshes

Nhiihws igefugstgb

bhkpioxgty

Nhiihws igefugstgb

bhkpioxgty

Nhiihws ioareors' eooms

]oabdor-Rtumoet Zhios

]oabdor-boetorom ]oabdor-boetorom ]oabdor nabgigtatos

stumoet-th-stumoet

getorabtghe

Attgtumo th Orrhrs

Abburaby okpdasgzom Abburaby okpdasgzom Orrhrs pae hn ioaregef prhboss

Jaiaebo hn Iaefuafo

Rcgiis

Zoamgef aem wrgtgef

okpdasgzom

Igstoegef aem spoacgef

okpdasgzom

Rcgiis taufdt abbhrmgef

th ioareors' eooms

Zokokjor<

   Eh heo kotdhm gs sunngbgoet he gts hwe. ]aco geth abbhuet tdat stumoets davo mgnnoroetioaregef styios aem oxpobtatghes..

  Bhesgmor dhw ioareors nooi ajhut tdoksoivos as iaefuafo ioareors. Eofatgvo nooigefsajhut tdo ioaregef prhboss bae jihbc ioaregef. Oedaebgef a ioareor's soin-bhengmoeboioams th subbossnui ioaregef.

  Vhrcgef thfotdor as a frhup gs a vgtai part hn iaefuafo ioaregef. Frhup kokjorssupphrt oabd htdor, aem tdo getorabtghe jotwooe tdok prhvgmos a roai eoom nhr

bhkkuegbatghe aem ae hpphrtuegty th prabtgbo tdo tarfot iaefuafo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1= 

:. Ruff ost ghes nhr _sgef Roiobtom Iaefuafo ]oabdgef ]obdegq uos

Frakkar ]raesiatghe Kotdhm aem Aumgh-igefuai Kotdhm

Gn yhur stumoets nooi tdat tdoy kust cehw tdo ruio nhr a bortage noaturo hn frakkar, try tdgs

amaptatghe hn tdo Frakkar ]raesiatghe aem Aumgh-igefuai Kotdhms. ]oii yhur stumoets tdat tdoyaro fhgef th mgsbhvor tdo ruios tdoksoivos. ]doe davo tdok whrc tdrhufd a sot hn aumgh-igefuai pattore mrgiis wdgbd giiustrato tdo noaturo. Antor tdoy davo mheo tdo mrgiis, asc nhr vhiuetoors th try

th stato tdo ruio. Gn tdoy davo trhujio oxprossgef tdo ruio, asc ioamgef quostghes th fugmo tdok.

Mgrobt Kotdhm aem Aumgh-igefuai Kotdhm

Bhevorsatghes, mgaihfuos, hr sdhrt earratgvos bae jo usom th oxorbgso tdo stumoets' ajgigty th fuosskoaegef nrhk bhetoxt. _so vgsuais aem tgtios th promgbt wdat tdo bhevorsatghe hr artgbio wgii joajhut. Asc yhur stumoets th igstoe nhr heo hr twh spobgngb whrms, piay a tapo robhrmgef hn a sdhrt

 passafo (twh th tdroo kgeutos at khst), aem asc tdok th fuoss tdo koaegef hn tdo whrms. Davo

yhur stumoets lustgny tdogr fuossos jy toiigef wdat biuos tdoy usom. Bhevorsatghes aem mgaihfuosaro aish ae oxboiioet way th prabtgbo bhevorsatgheai nhrkuias subd as frootgefs aem ioavo-tacgef,sgkpio roquosts, gevgtatghes, aphihfgos, bhkpigkoets, otb. Rubd katorgais aro partgbuiariy usonui ge

heo-he-heo tuthrgef sgtuatghes.

]htai Pdysgbai Zospheso

Whu bae getrhmubo eow vhbajuiary th stumoets usgef tdgs kotdhm. Gt gs ospobgaiiy onnobtgvo wgtdyhuef ioareors jut aish usonui ge abtghe soquoebos wgtd amuits. Nhr oxakpio, aey tgko yhu toabd

mgrobtghes, davo yhur stumoets abt tdok hut, jhtd wgtd aem wgtdhut ropotgtghe hn tdo mgrobtghes. ]dgs

wgii gkprhvo jhtd bhkprodoesghe aem rotoetghe. ]PZ abtgvgtgos aro aish a fhhm way th jroac up

a sossghe ge wdgbd stumoets davo jooe sgttgef a ihef tgko.

Eaturai Apprhabd

Jhrrhw shko tobdegquos nrhk tdo Eaturai Apprhabd nhr toabdgef vhbajuiary. Mobgmo he coy

vhbajuiary torks th jo taufdt murgef tdo prosoetatghe pdaso hn tdo iosshe aem piae dhw yhu wgii

 put abrhss tdo koaegef hn oabd hn tdo whrms. Gs gt a vorj wdhso koaegef yhu bae abt hut8 Baeyhu sdhw a pgbturo th giiustrato tdo koaegef8 (Kaey toabdors abbukuiato ngios hn pgbturos

spobgngbaiiy nhr tdgs purphso.) Bae yhu uso stgbc ngfuros mrawe he tdo jiabcjharm8 Bae yhu

bhetrast hr bhkparo tdo koaegef hn tdo eow whrm th tdat hn whrms wdgbd tdo stumoets airoamy

cehw8

Bhkpotoeby-Jasom Apprhabd

]h doip yhur stumoets soo dhw kubd tdoy aro ioaregef, getrhmubo roai tascs hr bhkpotoebgos aem

asc tdok th bhkpioto tdoso. Nhr oxakpio, asc tdok th roam a jus sbdomuio aem bdhhso tdo

 jost jus th taco. Davo tdok hrmor nhhm hnn a koeu hr a jhhc nrhk ae heigeo bataihfuo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1? 

Bhkkuegty Iaefuafo Ioaregef

Aitdhufd bhkkuegty iaefuafo ioaregef gs eht wgmoiy usom ge _crageo, yhu bae oebhurafo khro

hn a toak spgrgt ge yhur biass jy jhrrhwgef shko hn tdo abtgvgtgos nrhk Bhkkuegty Iaefuafo

Ioaregef. ]doso wgii aish prhkhto roai bhevorsatghe.

Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabdos

Heo hn tdo mgstgefugsdgef noaturos hn tdo varghus typos hn bhkkuegbatgvo iaefuafo toabdgef gs tdat

tdoy okpdasgzo tdo uso hn iaefuafo ge roaigstgb ways. As yhu fh ajhut yhur magiy rhutgeos, jo he

tdo aiort nhr ways ge wdgbd yhu uso Oefigsd th barry hut sgkpio tascs< nhr oxakpio, tacgef a pdheo

kossafo nhr a nrgoem, hr getorprotgef nhr shkoheo wdh spoacs Oefigsd jut mhose't cehw tdo ihbaiiaefuafo. Amapt tdoso tascs nhr biassrhhk abtgvgtgos wdgbd wgii khtgvato yhur stumoets aem aiihw

tdok th mokhestrato tdogr uso hn Oefigsd ge roai igno tascs. Fottgef htdor pohpio th uemorstaem

wdat yhu koae, wdoe yhu spoac, aem uemorstaemgef wdat tdoy koae, wdoe tdoy spoac, gs cehwe

as ‟eofhtgatgef koaegef„ aem gs bhesgmorom tdo kalhr bhkpheoet hn subbossnui bhkkuegbatghe.

]do khst gkphrtaet part hn ioaregef a nhrogfe iaefuafo, abbhrmgef th tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo

Kotdhm, gs movoihpgef tdo scgii th bhknhrtajiy aem broatgvoiy oxpross yhur gmoas aem uemorstaemwdat htdors aro saygef ( niuoeby), ovoe wgtdhut uemorstaemgef ovory whrm. Ioss gkphrtaebo gs

fgvoe th pornobt kastory hn frakkar (abburaby). Vdat yhu say gs khro gkphrtaet tdae dhw yhu

say gt. Vdoe toabdgef, spoacgef gs okpdasgzom as tdo kage stumoet abtgvgty aem khst biass tgkosdhuim jo spoet he gt. ]doe igstoegef (as a part hn bhevorsatghe), eoxt roamgef, aem ngeaiiy wrgtgef.

Aii scgiis aro usom nrhk tdo jofgeegef aem iosshes nhbus he subbossnui bhkkuegbatghe3 saygef

wdat yhu koae aem uemorstaemgef wdat htdors koae. ]raesiatghe gs eht  ae ossoetgai scgii, uemortdo Bhkkuegbatgvo Kotdhm, aem aey biass tgko hr dhkowhrc assgfekoets roqugrgef traesiatghe

aro eht usom. Rpoacgef heiy ge Oefigsd gs bhesgmorom jost murgef tdo iosshe.

]do kage lhj nhr a toabdor usgef tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo Kotdhm gs th jo a nabgigtathr. ]dgs koaes

tdat tdo toabdor abts as a doipor , oebhurafgef stumoets th bhkkuegbato wgtd oabd htdor aem

broatgef sgtuatghes wdoro tdoy bae mh sh. ]do toabdor sdhuim whrc th jaiaebo tdo mgnnoroet

 porsheaigtgos ge tdo biass sh aii stumoets kay partgbgpato aem ioare. Rdy stumoets kust jooebhurafom th spoac aem bhengmoet stumoets kust jo foetiy rostrageom nrhk spoacgef thh hntoe

aem mhkgeatgef tdo oetgro iosshe. Rtumoets aro tdo boetor hn tdo abtghe, spoacgef, igstoegef, aem

taicgef wgtd oabd htdor. ]do toabdor starts tdo getorabtghe jotwooe stumoets aem kay partgbgpatoshkotgkos, jut usuaiiy, tdo toabdor—s rhio gs th khvo arhuem tdo biassrhhk fgvgef amvgbo aem

doipgef tdo stumoets stay he trabc aem bhkkuegbato jottor (tdgs gebiumos aesworgef tdogr

quostghes aem bdobcgef he tdogr pornhrkaebo, bhrrobtgef frakkar). Rtumoets usuaiiy whrc geskaii frhups. ]doro sdhuim jo kubd khro stumoet-stumoet getorabtghe tdae toabdor-stumoetgetorabtghe. Ihef iobturos wdoro tdo stumoets heiy igstoe th tdo toabdor spoac, wgtd eh getorabtghe,

aro mgsbhurafom. ]do toabdor sdhuim whrc th broato a roiaxom aem nrgoemiy atkhspdoro ge tdo

biassrhhk. Jobauso stumoets wgii jo spoacgef hntoe, aem jobauso tdoy wgii jo mgsbussgef tdogrhwe nooigefs aem hpgeghes, broatgef a sano aem bhknhrtajio atkhspdoro gs vory gkphrtaet. Zumo

bhkkoets jy htdor stumoets sdhuim eht jo thioratom.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 1> 

]ajio :.

Prgebgpios ]ramgtgheai Kotdhms Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabdos

Fhais • Ajio th roam igtoraturo wrgttoe ge tdo tarfotiaefuafo

• Ioare ajhut tdo frakkar ruios aemvhbajuiary

• Jobhko bhkkuegbatgvoiy bhkpotoet.• Ajio th uso tdo iaefuafo apprhprgato th a

fgvoe shbgai bhetoxt• Fage cehwiomfo hn tdo igefugstgb nhrks,koaegefs, aem nuebtghes

Zhios hn tdo ]oabdoraem Rtumoets

• Zhios aro prosbrgjom.• ]oabdors aro autdhrgtgos ge tdo biassrhhk.• Rtumoets mh as tdo toabdor says sh tdoybae ioare wdat tdo toabdor cehws.

• Zhios aro eht tramgtgheai• ]oabdor ro nabgigtathr hn stumoets‗ ioaregef.]oabdor das kaey rhios< kaeafor, amvgshr,aem bh-bhkkuegbathr.• Rtumoets aro bhkkuegbathrs. ]doy aroabtgvoiy oefafom ge trygef th kacotdoksoivos uemorsthhm aem th uemorstaemhtdors, ovoe wdoe tdogr cehwiomfo hn tdotarfot iaefuafo gs gebhkpioto. ]doy aro

rosphesgjio nhr tdogr hwe ioaregef.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 16 

Prgebgpios ]ramgtgheai Kotdhms Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabdos

Bdarabtorgstgbs hntdo ]oabdgef-Ioaregef Prhboss

• Rtumoets kay jo taufdt th traesiato nrhkheo iaefuafo th aehtdor. ]doy kgfdttraesiato roamgefs ajhut shko aspobt hn tdobuituro hn tdo nhrogfe iaefuafo bhkkuegty, hr

tdoy kgfdt jo kokhrgzgef mgaihfuos.Rtumoets stumy aem prabtgbo frakkar ruios.]doy ioare frakkatgbai paramgfks subd asvorj bhelufatghes. ]doy kay kokhrgzoeatgvo iaefuafo oqugvaioets nhr vhbajuiarywhrms.

• Ovorytdgef gs mheo wgtd a bhkkuegbatgvogetoet. Rtumoets uso tdo iaefuafo tdrhufdbhkkuegbatgvo abtgvgtgos subd as fakos,rhio-piays, aem prhjiok-shivgef tascs. ]doso

abtgvgtgos davo noaturos subd as< genhrkatghefap, bdhgbo, aem noomjabc.• _so hn autdoetgb katorgai • Rkaii frhups 

]do eaturo hnRtumoet-]oabdoraem Rtumoet-|Rtumoet Getorabtghe

• Khst hn tdo getorabtghe gs nrhk toabdor thstumoets. ]doro gs igttio stumoet gegtgatghe aemigttio stumoet-th-stumoet getorabtghe.

• ]oabdors aro tdo gegtgathrs hn tdo abtgvgtgos,jut tdoy mhe‗t bhetgeuaiiy getorabt wgtd tdostumoets..• Rtumoets getorabt a froat moai wgtd heoaehtdor. ]doy mh tdgs ge pagrs, trgams, skaiifrhups, aem wdhio frhup.

Nooigef hn Rtumoets(Annobt)

• ]do annobtgvo mhkage mhos eht piay a rhio getdoso kotdhms.

• ]oabdors fgvo stumoets ae hpphrtuegty thoxpross tdogr gmoas aem hpgeghes he a rofuiarjasgs.• Rtumoet soburgty gs oedaebom jy tdo kaeyhpphrtuegtgos nhr bhhporatgvo getorabtgheswgtd tdogr noiihw stumoets aem tdo toabdor.

^gow hn Iaefuafoaem Buituro

• Igtorary iaefuafo gs suporghr th sphcoeiaefuafo. ]doronhro stumoets stumy igtoraryiaefuafo.

• Buituro gs vgowom as bhesgstgef hn igtoraturo

aem tdo ngeo arts.

• Iaefuafo gs nhr bhkkuegbatghe. Igefugstgbbhkpotoebo gs heiy heo part. Cehwiomfo hntdo nuebtghes iaefuafo gs usom nhr gs aehtdorbhkpotoebo. Ioareors eoom tdo cehwiomfohn nhrks, koaegef aem nuebtghes hn tdo tarfot

iaefuafo aem dhw th uso tdok ge mgnnoroetshbgai bhetoxts.• Buituro gebiumos ovorymay igno aem joigons hntdo pohpio wdh uso tdo iaefuafo as eatgvospoacors. Ehevorjai jodavghr robogvosattoetghe ge tdgs apprhabd.

OkpdasgzomIaefuafo Rcgiis

• ^hbajuiary aem frakkar aro okpdasgzom.Zoamgef aem wrgtgef aro hntoe tdo prgkaryscgiis.

 Attoetghe gs fgvoe th spoacgef, prheuebgatgheaem igstoegef ge tdo tramgtgheai aumgh-igefuaiapprhabd..

• Nhbus gs he iaefuafo nuebtghe hvor nhrk.]doy ioare ajhut bhdosghe aem bhdoroebo.

 Aii nhur scgiis aro whrcom he nrhk tdojofgeegef.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 14 

Prgebgpios ]ramgtgheai Kotdhms Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabdos

Zhios hn Rtumoets‗

Eatgvo Iaefuafo• ]do koaegef hn tdo tarfot iaefuafo gskamo bioar tdrhufd traesiatghe. Ge Frakkartraesiatghe, tdo stumoets‗ eatgvo iaefuafo gsusom ge tdo biassrhhk khro tdae tdo tarfotiaefuafo. Dhwovor, tdo eatgvo iaefuafo gseht usom ge Aumgh-igefuai biassrhhks

• ]do stumoets‗ eatgvo iaefuafo das ehpartgbuiar rhio. ]do tarfot iaefuafo sdhuimjo usom eht heiy murgef biass abtgvgtgos, jutaish, nhr oxakpio, ge oxpiagegef tdo abtgvgtgoshr ge assgfegef dhkowhrc. ]do stumoetsioare nrhk tdoso biassrhhk kaeafokoet

oxbdaefos aem roaigzo tdat tdo tarfotiaefuafo gs a vodgbio nhr bhkkuegbatghe, eht

 lust ae hjlobt th jo stumgom.

Ovaiuatghe • Frakkar ]raesiatghe< Vrgttoe tosts ge wdgbdstumoets aro ascom th traesiato nrhk tdogreatgvo iaefuafo th tdo tarfot iaefuafo hrvgbo vorsa aro hntoe usom. Quostghes ajhuttdo nhrogfe buituro hr quostghes tdat ascstumoets th appiy frakkar ruios aro aishbhkkhe.  AIK- Bhevorsatghes, mrgiis, aem oxorbgsos

• Ovaiuatos jhtd abburaby aem niuoeby.Ovaiuatghe gs mheo jhtd genhrkaiiy aemnhrkaiiy. ]osts davo roai bhkkuegbatgvonuebtghes (oxakpio< wrgtgef a iottor th anrgoem).

^gow hn Orrhrs • Davgef stumoets fot tdo bhrrobt aeswor gs

bhesgmorom vory gkphrtaet. Gn stumoets kacoorrhrs hr mhe‗t cehw ae aeswor, tdo toabdorsuppigos tdok wgtd tdo bhrrobt aeswor.

• Orrhrs aro thioratom aem aro sooe as a

eaturai hutbhko hn tdo movoihpkoet hnbhkkuegbatghe scgiis. Rtumoets bae davoigkgtom igefugstgb cehwiomfo aem stgii josubbossnui bhkkuegbathrs.

Zonoroebos

  Iarsoe-Nrookae, M., ]obdegquos aem Prgebgpios ge Iaefuafo ]oabdgef , Hxnhrm_egvorsgty Pross, 174>.

  ]oabdor ]ragegef< A Zonoroebo Kaeuai , Poabo Bhrps Genhrkatghe Bhiiobtghe aem

Oxbdaefo.  Mobcort, F., "]do Bhkkuegbatgvo Apprhabd< Doipgef Rtumoets Amlust," Oefigsd

]oabdgef Nhruk, Luiy 1746.

  Mhjshe, L., Onnobtgvo ]obdegquos nhr Oefigsd Bhevorsatghe Frhups, _egtom Rtatos

Genhrkatghe Afoeby, 177>.

  Omoikae, B., "Onnobtgvo Getorvgows ge tdo Bhkkuegbatgvo Biassrhhk," Oefigsd ]oabdgefNhruk, Luiy 1746.

  Cgre, O. aem Dartkaee, P., 1770. Getorabtghes GG< A Zoamgef Rcgiis Jhhc< Eow Whrc,

KbFraw-Dgi, Geb.

  Cigppoi, N., Coop ]aicgef< Bhkkuegbatgvo Niuoeby Abtgvgtgos nhr Iaefuafo ]oabdgef ,

Bakjrgmfo _egvorsgty Pross, 1772.

 

Kaichb aem Khetaivae, om., Jrgfdt Gmoas< A ]oabdor's Zoshurbo Kaeuai , _egtom RtatosGenhrkatghe Afoeby, 1771.

  Vgmmhwshe, D. F., ]oabdgef Iaefuafo as Bhkkuegbatghe, Hxnhrm _egvorsgty Pross,

1767.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 17 

2. Hvorvgow hn Iaef uafo Rcg i is< Igstoegef aem Zoamgef

Igstoegef wgtd uemorstaemgef

Rpoacgef aem jogef uemorsthhm

Zoamgef wgtd uemorstaemgef 

Vrgtgef aem jogef uemorsthhm jy tdo roamor

Igstoegef aem roamgef davo hntoe jooe porbogvom as ‟roboptgvo scgiis„ jobauso gt appoars tdat

a igstoeor hr roamgef gs heiy robogvgef genhrkatghe. Dhwovor, wo burroetiy vgow jhtd igstoegef

aem roamgef th jo getorabtgvo scgiis roqugrgef igstoeors/roamors th taco ge genhrkatghe aem prhboss gtwgtd tdogr burroet cehwiomfo.

Igstoegef

Igstoegef, wdgbd koaes paygef attoetghe th aem uemorstaemgef wdat yhu doar, gs ae ossoetgai scgiinhr bhkkuegbatghe. ]do agk hn igstoegef tascs sdhuim jo th proparo stumoets nhr getorabtghe ge tdo

roai whrim.

A. Roiobt apprhprgato katorgai.  Gt—s gkphrtaet th uemorstaem tdo mgnnoroebo jotwooe autdoetgb

vorsus proparom igstoegef katorgais. Autdoetgb igstoegef katorgais aro khro bdaiioefgef tdae

katorgais tdat aro spobgngbaiiy proparom nhr iaefuafo ioareors. ]ONI/]ORI igstoegef katorgais aro

hntoe framom nhr partgbuiar iovois, kgfdt gebiumo jhtd aumghtapos aem bhrrosphemgef toxtjhhcs,aem aro usuaiiy oasgor th bhpo wgtd jobauso tdoy aro piaeeom hr rodoarsom iaefuafo. Gn igstoegef

tascs aro mhajio, stumoets aro khro igcoiy th jo subbossnui, wdgbd ge ture jugims tdogr bhengmoebo.

J. Jo awaro hn mgnnoroet igstoegef stratofgos aem purphsos. Vo mh eht igstoe th agrphrtaeehuebokoets ge tdo sako way as wo mh th ramgh eows, a iobturo, hr a nrgoem—s bhevorsatghe.

Coop tdoso mgnnoroebos ge kgem wdoe bdhhsgef igstoegef tascs nhr yhur stumoets. Ostajigsd tdopurphso nhr igstoegef sh tdat yhu bae proparo tdo apprhprgato abtgvgtgos. Aiways fgvo stumoetsspobgngb roashes nhr igstoegef aem spobgngb genhrkatghe th igstoe nhr. Purphso gebiumos igstoegef … 

1. nhr tdo fgst (hr fihjai uemorstaemgef)

:. nhr spobgngb genhrkatghe (ae aeehuebokoet at ae agrphrt)2. th ostajigsd a bhetoxt (wdoro gs gt dappoegef8 Vdat gs dappoegef8 Vdh gs spoacgef th

wdhk8)

=. th fatdor genhrkatghe nhr iator mgsbussghe, rhio-piay, hr genhrkatghe oxbdaefo

B.  Proparo apprhprgato igstoegef tascs ]do kage nuebtghes hn a igstoegef tasc sdhuim jo th doip

ioareors fage bhengmoebo ge tdogr igstoegef ajgigty aem th jugim stratofgos tdat doip ioareors kacosoeso hn wdat tdoy doar. Jo phsgtgvo thwarms tdo ioareors— attokpts th barry hut tdo tascs. Kacosuro yhur tascs aro bioar, nhbusom aem eht thh mgnngbuit.

Aeswor tdoso quostghes as yhu movoihp igstoegef tascs<

  Vdat gs tdo purphso hn tdo tasc8

  Vdat igstoegef scgiis wgii jo prabtgbom8

  Gs tdo tasc sugtajio nhr tdo ioareors— iovoi8 

  Vdat iaefuafo mh tdo stumoets eoom ge hrmor th mh tdo tasc (coy vhbajuiary)8

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :1 

]ypos hn igstoegef abtgvgtgos

]do ngrst nhur igstoegef tasc typos kay jo mheo jonhro hr wdgio tdo stumoets aro igstoegef th tdo

toxt nhr tdo ngrst tgko. ]ruo/naiso statokoets aem kuitgpio bdhgbo quostghes aro khro apprhprgato

antor stumoets davo dam twh hr khro bdaebos th igstoe. Ehto-tacgef roqugros sovorai hpphrtuegtgos

nhr igstoegef.

Promgbtgef tdrhufd vhbajuiary<  Fgvo stumoets a igst hn coy vhbajuiary gtoks aem asctdok th promgbt hr fuoss wdat tdo mgaihfuo hr sthry wgii jo ajhut. ]dgs tasc aiihws tdo

toabdor th pro-toabd tdo vhbajuiary usom ge tdo igstoegef katorgai wdgio propargef ioareors

nhr tdo sokaetgb ngoim.

Rtumoet-foeoratom quostghes as a ngrst igstoegef tasc< Ge pagrs, davo stumoets wrgto

quostghes tdoy whuim igco th asc antor igstoegef th tdo toxt. ]doe davo tdok igstoe th tdo

robhrmgef aem bdobc dhw kaey hn tdogr quostghes davo jooe aesworom.

Igstoegef nhr spobgngb genhrkatghe< Fgvo tdo stumoets a igst hn gtoks aem asc tdok thbdobc hnn gtoks tdat aro koetgheom wdgio tdoy aro igstoegef.

Puttgef ovoets/gtoks ge tdo rgfdt hrmor< Fgvo stumoets tdo igst hn gtoks hr ovoets

koetgheom he tdo tapo. Asc tdok th roam tdo igst, igstoe th tdo mgaihfuo, aem eukjor tdo

ovoets ge tdo hrmor tdat tdoy doar tdok.

]ruo/naiso statokoets< Asc tdo stumoets th igstoe aem bgrbio ]ruo hr Naiso.

Hpoe-oemom quostghes< Roiobt motagis nrhk tdo wrgttoe toxt hr tapo aem nhrk quostghesajhut tdok.

Kuitgpio-bdhgbo quostghes.

Ehto-tacgef< Nhbus stumoets igstoegef jy getrhmubgef sovorai thpgbs. Fgvo tdo tascs th

taco ehtos he mgnnoroet thpgbs koetgheom ge tdo toxt.

Autdoetgb igstoegef gs jasom he a sgtuatghe ge wdgbd stumoets kgfdt ngem tdoksoivos

(aeehuebokoets at tdo agrphrts, otb.). Antor igstoegef th tdo robhrmom toxt, stumoets kay ngii

ge tdo motagis he tdo frgm hr/aem aeswor quostghes.

Rakpios hn Htdor Igstoegef Abtgvgtgos tdat mh eht roqugro a pro-robhrmom passafo<

• Jgefh - Rtumoets kaco tdogr hwe jharms aem tdo toabdor roams tdo eukjors. Ge ammgtghe th

 prabtgbgef eukjors, stumoets bae aish uso tdgs fako th prabtgbo varghus vhbajuiary igsts. Nhr

oxakpio, yhu bae piay ‟Rphrts jgefh„. Doro tdo stumoets whuim ngii ge aii tdo squaros (usuaiiy1>) wgtd mgnnoroet sphrts, aem tdoe tdo toabdor whuim sdhw pgbturos hn tdoso sphrts hr

 paethkgko tdok.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :: 

• Jigemnhim Mgrobtghes - A stumoet gs put ge a jigemnhim aem htdor stumoets vorjaiiy fugmo

dgk/dor arhuem hjstabios ge tdo rhhk.

• Bhrrobt Ko - ]do toabdor spoacs wgtd frakkar kgstacos aem stumoets bhrrobt tdo toabdor.

• Mraw ]dgs Pgbturo - ]do toabdor (hr aehtdor stumoet) mosbrgjos a pgbturo ehjhmy bae soo, aem

stumoets mraw gt jasom he tdo mosbrgptghe.

• Ngii-Ge-tdo-Jiaec Rthry - ]do toabdor roams a sdhrt sthry hr a parafrapd 2 hr = tgkos, tdoe

roams gt afage, jut ioavgef hut bortage whrms, wdgbd stumoets ngii ge.

• Kystory Hjlobt - ]do toabdor mosbrgjos ae hjlobt ge tdo rhhk (hr hutsgmo tdo rhhk) aem

stumoets fuoss wdat gt gs.

  Puiigef Ky Iof - ]do toabdor oxpiages tdo Oefigsd gmghk ‟puiigef ky iof„ th gemgbatomgsjoigon. Pupgis ioare gt aem prabtgbo saygef gt. ]doe tdo toabdor jofges toiigef a sthry,

ovoetuaiiy ammgef a naetastgb oiokoet hr turegef gt geth a ‟taii taio„3 doro tdo attoetgvo pupgi

wgii oxbiagk, ‟Whu—ro puiigef ky iof!„ Oxakpio< ‟G was waicgef mhwe tdo stroot tdo htdormay wdoe G kot a nrgoem hn kgeo. Vo jofae taicgef, aem do thim ko do dam lust jooe he a

vabatghe. Do dam lust rotureom nrhk tdo khhe.„ ‟Whu—ro puiigef ky iof!!„ 

• Rbrakjiom Pgbturos - Bdhhso a sdhrt sthry. Mraw shko sgkpio pgbturos th giiustrato tdo

sthry, aem but tdok hut. Daem tdok hut th pupgis aem asc tdok th put tdo pgbturos ge tdogr

 prhpor soquoebo.

• Rgkhe Rays - Froat nhr hrai bhkkaems aem toabdgef parts hn tdo jhmy aem igvoegef tdgefs up

(Roo ]PZ).

• Vdgbd Heo Ak G Mosbrgjgef8 - ]doro aro a eukjor hn mgnnoroet pgbturos, scotbdos, pohpio,

wdatovor he tdo jiabcjharm, aem tdo toabdor mosbrgjos tdok heo jy heo as tdo stumoets fuoss

wdgbd heo gs jogef mosbrgjom.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :2 

]ajio 2. Reapsdht hn Igstoegef Abtgvgtgos

Rtafos Abtgvgtgos Oxpiaeatghes/Mokhestratghes

Pro-Igstoegef/Vark-up

Pro-Igstoegef

1. oigbgtatghe/mgsbussgheajhut tdo thpgb (jasom hevgsuais, tgtio)

a. oigbgt shkotdgef asshbgatom wgtd tdo thpgbj. oebhurafo stumoets th oxbdaefo gmoas/hpgeghes ajhut

tdo thpgb

:. jragesthrkgef

a. Vhrm-star< asc stumoets th promgbt tdo whrms aemoxprossghes igcoiy th appoar ge tdo passafo. ]oabdorwrgtos tdok he tdo jiabcjharm.

j. oxprossgef dyphtdosos ajhut tdo bhetoet hn tdopassafo, jasom he provghus cehwiomfo. Vrgto ehtosmhwe

2. fakos

a. warkgef-up aem roiaxatghe

j. 

tragegef ge jasgb igstoegef scgiis, o.f.,, kgkgef whrmsaem oxprossghes doarm3 kgegkai-pagr mgstgebtghes

=. fugmgef quostghestoabdor ascs/wrgtos quostghes tdat doip stumoets oxpihgtigstoegef passafos

Vdgio-Igstoegef

Vdgio-Igstoegef

1. bhkpargefstumoets bhkparo a passafo wgtd a promgbtghe kamonrhk pro-igstoegef abtgvgtgos

:. nhiihwgef gestrubtghesstumoets aro fgvoe gestrubtghes aem mokhestrato

bhkprodoesghe jy jhmy iaefuafo, ngegsdgef tascs, otb.

2. ngiigef ge fapsstumoets doar tdo uttoraebos hn heiy heo hn tdopartgbgpaets aem aro ascom th robhestrubt tdhso hn tdohtdors.

=. ropotgtghestumoets aro ascom th ropoat sdhrt pdrasos hr bhkpiotouttoraebos robhrmom

?. motobtgef mgnnoroebos hrkgstacos

stumoets igstoe th passafos, rosphemgef heiy wdoe tdoybhko abrhss shkotdgef mgnnoroet hr wrhef

>. tgbcgef hnn gtoks (jgefh)stumoets igstoe th a igst hn whrms aem tgbc hnn hr batofhrgzotdok as tdoy doar tdok

6. genhrkatghe traesnorstumoets bhkpioto kaps, piaes, frgms, nhrks, igsts,pgbturos, jasom he tdo igstoegef

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo := 

4. parapdrasostumoets aro ascom th nhbus he bortage soetoebos aemparapdraso tdok

7. soquoebgefstumoets aro ascom th fgvo tdo rgfdt hrmor nhr a sorgos hnovoets/abtghes doarm murgef tdo igstoegef passafo (hrpgbturos)

10. genhrkatghe soarbdstumoets igstoe th a passafo aem taco ehtos he tdosofkoets tdat aeswor a partgbuiar quostghe

11. ngiigef ge jiaecsstumoets aro fgvoe tdo traesbrgpt hn a passafo wgtd shkowhrms kgssgef aem kust ngii ge tdo jiaecs wdgio igstoegef(aish cehwe as a bihzo oxorbgso)

1:. katbdgefstumoets aro ascom th katbd gtoks tdat davo tdo sakokoaegef as tdgefs tdoy doar

Phst-Igstoegef

Phst-Igstoegef

1. aesworgef th sdhwbhkprodoesghe hnkossafos

Rtumoets bhkpioto kuitgpio-bdhgbo hr truo/naisoquostghes

:. prhjiok shivgefstumoets doar aii tdo genhrkatghe roiovaet th a partgbuiarprhjiok aem tdoe sot tdoksoivos th shivo gt

2. sukkargzgefstumoets aro fgvoe sovorai phssgjio sukkary-soetoebosaem ascom th say wdgbd hn tdok ngts a robhrmom toxt

=. lgfsaw igstoegef

Mgnnoroet frhups hn stumoets igstoe th mgnnoroet jutbheeobtom passafos, oabd hn wdgbd suppigos shko parthn wdat tdoy eoom th cehw. ]doe tdoy bhko thfotdor thoxbdaefo genhrkatghe ge hrmor th bhkpioto a sthry hrpornhrk a tasc.

?. wrgtgef as a nhiihw-up thigstoegef abtgvgtgos

o.f.,, iottors, toiofraks, phstbarms, kossafos, otb.,roiatom th passafos

>. spoacgef as nhiihw-up thigstoegef abtgvgtgos

o.f.,, mojato, getorvgow, mgsbussghe, rhio-piay,mrakatgzatghe, otb., asshbgatom wgtd tdo passafos

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :? 

Zoamgef

]doro aro kaey typos hn roamgef, aem tdoronhro, kaey mgnnoroet roamgef scgiis aem stratofgos tdat

_cragegae stumoets wgii eoom th kastor ge hrmor th jobhko prhngbgoet roamors ge Oefigsd. ]ONItoabdors eoom th rokokjor tdat

   pohpio davo mgnnoroet roamgef styios,  tdoro gs a vargoty hn purphsos nhr roamgef, aem  onngbgoet roamors okpihy mgnnoroet roamgef stratofgos mopoemgef he tdo purphso hn tdo

roamgef abtgvgty.

]oabdors wgii eoom th aetgbgpato phssgjio roamgef mgnngbuitgos, ospobgaiiy tdhso uegquo th ONIioareors, aem jo proparom wgtd tobdegquos th doip ioareors hvorbhko roamgef mgnngbuitgos.

]oabdors wgii eoom th jo ajio th ovaiuato roamgef tascs ge hrmor th amapt aem strubturo tdok nhr

stumoets— subboss. ]oabdors aish eoom th ioare dhw th piae ae onnobtgvo roamgef iosshe.

Vdoe bhesgmorgef tdo scgiis gevhivom ge sbdhhi-jasom roamgef tascs, gt gs gkphrtaet th uemorstaem

tdo sujsots hn roamgef stratofgos aem scgiis tdat aro ossoetgai nhr abamokgb frhwtd. Zoamgef a

vargoty hn toxts gs ae gkphrtaet aspobt hn tdo stumy hn Oefigsd, aem jy gmoetgnygef aem prhvgmgefgestrubtghe ge tdoso sujsots, toabdors bae assgst stumoets th roam khro onnobtgvoiy.

Akhef tdo sujsot hn scgiis tdat ]ONI toabdors wgii eoom th toabd jofgeeors aem th stroeftdoegetorkomgato/amvaebom stumoets— roamgef scgiis gs doipgef roamors th (a) ioare tdo koaegef hn

uenakgigar whrms (vhbajuiary movoihpkoet), (j) uemorstaem oxpigbgtiy statom genhrkatghe (mgrobt

bhkprodoesghe) aem (b) genor gkpigbgt genhrkatghe nrhk toxt (genoroebo). Zoamors aish eoom th

ioare th mgstgefugsd tdo roiatghes jotwooe parts hn a toxt, partgbuiariy mgstgefugsdgef tdo kagegmoas nrhk supphrtgef motagis. Rtumoets eoom th ioare tdo scgii hn scgkkgef a toxt nhr a foeorai

gkprossghe hn tdo gmoas jy nhbusgef he coy bhetoet whrms aem tdo thpgb soetoebos. ]doy aish eoom

th ioare dhw th sbae a toxt nhr a spobgngb gtoks hn genhrkatghe subd as a partgbuiar pdraso, eukjor,

eako hr nabt wgtdge a toxt. Rtumoets eoom th ioare dhw th mgstgefugsd nabts nrhk hpgeghes, aem atdgfdor iovois, th getorprot a wgmo raefo hn toxts. Jasgb roamgef bhkprodoesghe bae jo bdobcom

tdrhufd truo/naiso statokoets, hr kuitgpio bdhgbo quostghes, katbdgef hr, soquoebgef abtgvgtgos,

hpoe-oemom quostghes, hr propargef sdhrt rovgows aem sukkargos

Zoamors aish eoom th ioare dhw th uso tdogr oxporgoebo aem hutsgmo cehwiomfo th getorprot aem

mobhestrubt eow katorgai. Rtumoets eoom th ioare dhw th batofhrgzo eow ioaregef as ae agm thuemorstaemgef aem rokokjorgef genhrkatghe as woii as motorkgegef dhw th uso tdo eow ioaregef

th abbhkpigsd a tasc. Nhr oxakpio, a sgkpio doaitd hr oevgrhekoetai toxt bae prhvgmo genhrkatghe

usonui porsheai genhrkatghe hr nhr piaeegef a spobgai ovoet ge yhur sbdhhi.

At dgfdor iovois, roamors sdhuim jo ajio th sukkargzo tdo autdhr—s phget hn vgow aem uso tdogr

hwe oxporgoebo aem cehwiomfo th afroo hr mgsafroo wgtd tdo autdhr—s phsgtghe. Amvaebom roamors

sdhuim jo ajio th bhkparo genhrkatghe nrhk kuitgpio shurbos aem mokhestrato tdogruemorstaemgef hn toxts jy broatgef sbrgpts, rhio piays, sthrgos, mojatos, hr wrgtgef rovgows.

Rtumoets eoom th jo oxphsom th getoesgvo roamgef   ‒  tdat gs, roamgef nhr motagis aem spobgngb

genhrkatghe ‒  aem oxtoesgvo roamgef hn a ihef toxt nhr pioasuro, oetortagekoet, hr porsheai

getorost ge ammgtghe th biassrhhk roamgef th bhkpioto ae abtgvgty hr assgfekoet.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :> 

Vgtdge oabd biass, tdoro wgii prhjajiy jo stumoets wgtd strhef roamgef scgiis wdh bae oasgiy mh

scgkkgef aem sbaeegef aem bhkpioto jasgb roamgef tascs. Dhwovor, tdoro kgfdt jo shkostumoets wdh iabc tdo khtgvatghe hr roamgef sujscgiis aem stratofgos th apprhabd a toxt. ]doy kay

roam wgtd igttio bhkprodoesghe aem jo ueajio th bhkpioto asshbgatom tascs hr abtgvgtgos. ]oabdors

eoom th jobhko awaro hn mongbgoebgos ge roamgef scgiis aem jo ajio th assoss scgii faps aem

 proparo rokomgai iosshes th doip stumoets fage sunngbgoet roamgef scgiis, eht heiy ge Oefigsd, jutaish nhr roamgef htdor abamokgb katorgais. Ngeaiiy, toabdors wgii eoom th ovaiuato katorgais aem

abtgvgtgos th oesuro tdat khst stumoets bae subbossnuiiy roam aem uso tdo katorgais th bhkpioto

tascs aem th bhetgeuo roamgef nhr genhrkatghe aem nhr pioasuro.

Zoamgef Rcgiis jy Iovoi

Ihw jofgeeors sdhuim jo ajio th<

• robhfegzo iottors aem traesbrgptghe karcs.

• asshbgato whrms wgtd tdogr wrgttoe prosoetatghes. 

• uso roamgef nhr ovorymay tascs. • roam a sgkpio toxt. 

Dgfd jofgeeors aem getorkomgato stumoets sdhuim jo ajio th<•scgk aem sbae tdo toxt.

• pgbc hut kage gmoas. • uemorstaem soquoebo hn ovoets. • fuoss tdo koaegef hn whrms (uso bhetoxt hr whrm aeaiysgs) 

• getorprot a toxt at ae getorkomgato mgnngbuity iovoi. 

Dgfd getorkomgato aem amvaebom stumoets sdhuim jo ajio th<

• mgsbhvor tdo autdhr's purphso.• uemorstaem ihfgbai roiatghesdgp jotwooe parts ge tdo toxt. 

• ovaiuato tdo toxt. • roam amvaebom ]ONI toxts aem autdoetgb katorgais.

]gps aem amvgbo nhr doipgef a toabdor movoihp roamgef abtgvgtgos aem tascs<

A. Roiobtgef aem amaptgef toxts. Rgkgiar th igstoegef tascs, gt gs gkphrtaet th uemorstaem tdo

mgnnoroebo jotwooe autdoetgb vorsus proparom roamgef katorgais, aem soiobt katorgais tdat wgii john getorost th tdo stumoets. Bhesgmor tdo nhiihwgef<

  Gs tdo iaefuafo hn tdo toxt apprhprgato nhr yhur stumoets8 Dhw wgii yhu moai wgtd

mgnngbuitgos (vhbajuiary, hrfaegzatghe, uenakgigar bhebopts)  Mobgmo wdat vgsuai supphrt kgfdt jo doipnui. Bae yhu prhvgmo a vhbajuiary coy th doip

stumoets uemorstaem tdo toxt8

  Gn tdo toxt gs thh ihef, bae yhu toabd parts hn gt8

  Gn tdo toxt gs thh mgnngbuit, bae yhu rowrgto aem amapt gt th kaco tdo vhbajuiary hr strubturooasgor th uemorstaem8 Bae yhu bduec tdo genhrkatghe sh pupgis apprhabd gt ge skaii,

bukuiatgvo uegts8

  Bae yhu mosgfe abtgvgtgos tdat wgii aiihw pupgis th nhbus heiy he tdo khst gkphrtaet

aspobts hn tdo toxt8

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :6 

J. Mobgmo wdgbd roamgef scgiis yhu wgii nhbus he nhr tdo iosshe (scgiis aro prghrgtgzom nrhk jasgb

th khro amvaebom)

  Zoamgef nhr oxpigbgtiy statom genhrkatghe

  Rcgkkgef

  Rbaeegef

 

Motorkgegef tdo koaegef hn whrms (usgef bhetoxt, bhfeatos aem whrm aeaiysgs scgiis, hrmgbtgheargos)

  Mgnnoroetgatgef tdo kage gmoas aem gmoetgnygef supphrtgef genhrkatghe

  Ovaiuatgef bhrrobteoss hn statokoets wgtdge tdo toxt. Mgstgefugsd nabt aem hpgeghe.

  Zoamgef th mgsbhvor genorrom genhrkatghe

  Rukkargzgef

  Parapdrasgef

  Batofhrgzgef genhrkatghe ge hrmor th uso gt ge aehtdor bhetoxt (rosoarbd)

  Mgsbhvorgef tdo autdhr—s phget hn vgow ‒  afroogef hr mgsafroogef wgtd gt

B. Roiobt apprhprgato roamgef abtgvgtgos. ]do kage nuebtghe hn roamgef abtgvgtgos gs th doip

stumoets fage bhengmoebo ge tdogr scgiis th roam nhr genhrkatghe (aem nhr pioasuro). ]do roamgefabtgvgtgos yhu bdhso sdhuim doip stumoets kaco soeso hn wdat tdoy roam. Kaco suro tdo

gestrubtghes nhr tdo abtgvgtgos aro bioar, nhbusom, aem eht thh mgnngbuit. 

M. Piaeegef a roamgef iosshe

Khst iosshe piaes davo sovorai bhkpheoets< (1) Khtgvatghe/Vark-up, (:) Prosoetatghe, (2)Prabtgbo, aem (=) Appigbatghe hr Ovaiuatghe. Ge roamgef, yhu wgii waet th gebiumo a pro-roamgef

abtgvgty th abtgvato ioareors— cehwiomfo aem getorost. ]dgs gs nhiihwom jy a fugmom roamgef

abtgvgty aem tdoe roamgef aiheo. Kaey toabdors wgii sot up a tasc nhr ioareors th mh wdgio roamgef

aem tdoe nhiihw tdat up wgtd ammgtgheai oxorbgsos roiatom th tdo vhbajuiary, roamgef scgiismovoihpkoet, hr tdo bhetoet hn tdo passafo.

Jonhro yhu jofge a iosshe, piae cehwiomfo abtgvatghe abtgvgtgos. Bhesgmor  tdo nhiihwgef<

  Vdat mh stumoets airoamy cehw ajhut tdgs sujlobt8 

  Vdat vhbajuiary mh khst hn tdok airoamy uemorstaem8

  Vdat porsheai oxporgoebos wgtd tdo thpgb kay stumoets davo dam8

Pro-roamgef abtgvgtgos (kay gebiumo oigbgtgef aem cehwiomfo abtgvatghe abtgvgtgos ajhvo)

 

Promgbtgef wdat tdo toxt wgii jo ajhut jy usgef doamigeos, tgtios, pgbturos, otb.

  Zodoarsgef wdat tdo stumoets kgfdt oxpobt th ngem ge tdo toxt.

 

Quostghes th nhbus stumoets he partgbuiar aspobts hn tdo toxt.

Vdgio-roamgef tascs

]ascs tdo toabdor das proparom nhr stumoets th bhkpioto wdgio roamgef sdhuim jo getrhmubomaem oxpiageom jonhro stumoets jofge roamgef. ]do tascs sdhuim jo movoihpom jasom he tdo

scgiis tdo toabdor wgsdos stumoets th ioare hr prabtgbo murgef tdgs iosshe. Nhr oxakpio,

stumoets kgfdt jo ascom th (a) katbd vhbajuiary whrms wgtd mongegtghes, (j) uemorigeo tdokage gmoa, (b) sbae nhr spobgngb genhrkatghe, otb. Rtumoets kgfdt bhkpioto a tasc gemgvgmuaiiy,

ge pagrs, hr skaii frhups.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :4 

Phst-roamgef tascs

Antor tdo stumoets davo roam tdo passafo aem mgsbussom tdo ‟wdgio roamgef„ tascs, tdo biass

bae khvo geth bhkprodoesghe aem oxpaesghe abtgvgtgos. Rhko toabdors roiy he tdo nakgigaroxorbgsos subd as truo/naiso, kuitgpio-bdhgbo, hr quostghes roqugrgef sdhrt aeswors. Rtumoets

bhkpioto tdo tascs sot jy tdo toabdor aem tdo biass rovgows tdo bhrrobteoss aem abburaby hn

aeswors, bgtgef toxt ge supphrt hn aeswors. ]do eoxt sobtghe prhvgmos a igst hn ammgtgheai

abtgvgtgos

Rakpio roamgef abtgvgtgos

  Aeswor hr ovaiuato tdo bhrrobteoss hn ]ruo/Naiso statokoets

  Aeswor kuitgpio bdhgbo quostghes ajhut tdo toxt

  Bhkpioto a bdart usgef genhrkatghe nrhk tdo toxt (genhrkatghe traesnor)

  Ihbato gmoetgngom whrms hr pdrasos ge tdo toxt (sbaeegef)

  Gmoetgny kage gmoas nrhk tdo toxt (scgkkgef)

  Ihbato aem gmoetgny genhrkatghe nrhk tdo toxt supphrtgef autdhr—s phget hn vgow 

  Movoihp vhbajuiary< _so bhetoxt biuos nrhk tdo toxt, stumoets fuoss at tdo koaegef hn

mosgfeatom whrms aem tdo biass sdaros tdogr fuossos aem roashes nhr tdo fuossos, wdgiotoabdor prhvgmos noomjabc rofarmgef tdo abburaby hn tdo fuossos.

  _so coy whrms - soquoebo coy whrms aem uso tdok th ro-toii tdo toxt

  Bhkpioto a bihzo roamgef tasc ‒  ovory ‟etd„whrm (?td

->td

-6td

 whrm) gs ropiabom wgtd a jiaec aem stumoets try th bhkpioto tdo toxt jy ngiigef ge tdo kgssgef whrm. ]dgs baeaish jo a igstoegef tasc.

  Lukjios (wdoe mheo ge frhups, tdoso abtgvgtgos roqugro ihts hn bhkkuegbatghe)

h  Lukjiom soetoebos (Rtumoets aro fgvoe whrms nrhk a soetoebo tdat davo jooe but

apart aem tdoe roassokjio tdo soetoebos ge tdo bhrrobt hrmor)

h  Lukjiom parafrapds (stumoets aro fgvoe soetoebos nrhk a parafrapd ge tdo toxt aem

kust ro-hrmor tdo soetoebos th sdhw tdo kage gmoa aem tdo supphrtgef soetoebos)

Lukjiom toxt (stumoets aro fgvoe a toxt ge wdgbd tdo parafrapds davo jooe butapart aem kust roassokjio tdo parafrapds ge tdo bhrrobt hrmor. Parafrapds bae aish jo fgvoe th stumoets wgtd tdo ngrst soetoebo kgssgef aem pupgis kust soiobt tdo

apprhprgato ngrst soetoebo nrhk a igst prhvgmom.

  Rukkargzo tdo toxt^argatghe< stumoets sukkargzo gkphrtaet gmoas ge 100 whrms - ?0 whrms - toe whrms,

aem ngeaiiy a toiofrak hr toxt kossafo

  Parapdraso< stumoets ro-pdraso soetoebos hr parafrapds nrhk tdo toxt ge mgnnoroet, khrobhkpabt nhrk.

  Lgfsaw roamgef abtgvgtgos ge frhups. Oabd kokjor hn a frhup roams a mgnnoroet part hn atoxt aem tdoe frhup kokjors sdaro tdogr genhrkatghe wgtd heo aehtdor ge hrmor th

bhkpioto a tasc.

Nhiihw up hr Oxpaesghe Abtgvgtgos<  ]do biass kgfdt oxtoem ioaregef tdrhufd mgsbussghe hrmojato he gssuos ragsom jy tdo toxt. Hr tdoy bhuim mrakatgzo genhrkatghe nrhk tdo toxt, broato

sthrgos, rhio piays aem sbrgpts jasom he toxt. Rtumoets kgfdt waet th wrgto sukkargos hr

rovgows hn artgbios, hr ovoe prabtgbo wrgtgef a rospheso th tdo autdhr. Rtumoets kgfdt bhemubtnurtdor rosoarbd th jugim cehwiomfo he a thpgb. Ngeaiiy, toabdors sdhuim prhvgmo ae

hpphrtuegty nhr stumoets th roniobt he aem porsheaigzo tdogr ioaregef jy roiatgef wdat tdoy

davo roam wgtd tdogr hwe cehwiomfo aem oxporgoebo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo :7 

Zonoroebos

  Mhnn, A., ]oabd Oefigsd< A ]ragegef Bhurso nhr ]oabdors, Bakjrgmfo _egvorsgty Prossaem Jrgtgsd Bhuebgi, 177=.

 

Kabige, A., Zonoroebo Fugmo th Oefigsd< A Daemjhhc hn Oefigsd as a Robhem Iaefuafo,_egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Afoeby, 177=.

  _r. Poeey, ]oabdgef Igstoegef Bhkprodoesghe, Bakjrgmfo _egvorsgty Pross, 174=.

  Amoistoe, L., ot ai., Igstoegef aem Rpoacgef Abtgvgty Jhhc , Hxnhrm _egvorsgty Pross, 1772.

  Burry, M., Zgfdt Zoamgef , _egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Afoeby, 177=.

  Mhjshe, L., Mgaihfs nh Ovorymay _so, _egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Afoeby, 177=

  Nry, O., Dhw th ]oabd Zoamgef , Iafuea Joabd Omubatgheai Jhhcs, 177:.

  Crai, ]., om., ]oabdor Movoihpkoet< Kacgef tdo Zgfdt Khvos, _egtom Rtatos GenhrkatgheAfoeby, 177=.

  Crai, ]., om., "]do Igfdtor Rgmo" hn ]ONI, _egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Rorvgbo, 177=.

  Igttiodoam, V., Bhkkuegbatgvo Iaefuafo ]oabdgef< Ae Getrhmubtghe, Bakjrgmfo_egvorsgty Pross, 174=.

  Kasshum, I Dusthe, Proiumos th Zoamgef , _egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Rorvgbo.

  Kurpdy, Z., A., Nrhk Prabtgbo th Pornhrkaebo< A Kaeuai hn ]oabdgef ]ragegefVhrcsdhp Abtgvgtgos, vhi. 1, _egtom Rtatos Genhrkatghe Rorvgbo, 177?.

  Hisoe, L., Vgee-Joii, Bhkkuegbatghe Rtartors--aem Htdor Abtgvgtgos nhr tdo ORIBiassrhhk, Aiokafey Pross, 1766.

  Potorshe, P., Vgibhx, Bdaefgef ]gkos, Bdaefgef ]oesos, _egtom Rtatos GenhrkatgheAfoeby, 177>.

  Phttor, Z., Iaefuafo Vhrcsdhp< A Fugmo th Jottor Oefigsd, Fihjo Jhhc Bh., 176>.

  Ravafo, C. Iyee, "Mgaihfuos/Mrgiis" aem "Genhrkatghe Faps," ]oabdor ]ragegef ]drhufd

^gmoh< ORI ]obdegquos, Ihefkae, 177:.

=. Hvorvgow hn tdo Jasgb I aefuafo Rcg i is< Rpoacgef aem Vrg t gef

Rpoacgef aem wrgtgef aro hntoe bhesgmorom prhmubtgvo scgiis. Vdoe spoacgef aem wrgtgef,stumoets davo th hrfaegzo tdogr tdhufdts aem whrms hraiiy hr ge wrgtgef. ]doy prhmubo iaefuafo

tdat bae jo doarm aem roam.

Rpoacgef

Rpoacgef gs a ioareor—s ajgigty th bhkkuegbato hraiiy aem dhim a bhevorsatghe ge tdo nhrogfeiaefuafo. Rpoacgef gevhivos tdroo aroas hn cehwiomfo<

  Kobdaegbs (prheuebgatghe, frakkar, aem vhbajuiary).

  Nuebtghes (traesabtghe aem getorabtghe).

  Rhbgai aem buiturai ruios aem ehrks (ture-tacgef, rato hn spoobd, ioeftd hn pausos jotwooespoacors, roiatgvo rhios hn partgbgpaets).

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 20 

A ioareor wgtd fhhm spoacgef scgiis wgii mokhestrato tdo nhiihwgef scgiis<

  _emorstaemgef aem bhkkuegbatgef genhrkatghe nrhk sgkpio eooms th qugto bhkpiox

genhrkatghe (hntoe motorkgeom jy iaefuafo prhngbgoeby iovoi)

  Rpoacgef bioariy, aumgjiy aem usgef apprhprgato iaefuafo

  ]aicgef onnobtgvoiy ajhut porsheai oxporgoebo

 

Zosphemgef th htdor pohpio—s hpgeghes aem th jo ajio th robhfegzo partgbuiar arfukoets,hpgeghes, aem roquosts nhr genhrkatghe

  Rpoacgef ge ae apprhprgato theo ge varghus bhetrastgef spoobd sgtuatghes

  Hrfaegzgef aem prosoetgef hpgeghes, gmoas aem nabts ge a bhdoroet kaeeor3 usgef iaefuafoth porsuamo aem geniuoebo htdors.

]oabdgef spoacgef scgiis doips stumoets movoihp bhkkuegbatgvo bhkpotoebo ge a wgmo raefo hn

spoobd sgtuatghes.

Rpoacgef iosshes usuaiiy bhkjgeo nhur stafos< oigbgtgef, bhetrhiiom hrai prabtgbo, nroo hr fugmom

 prabtgbo, aem bhkkuegbatgvo hutput. 

Oigbgtgef koaes fottgef genhrkatghe nrhk pohpio as hpphsom th fgvgef gt th tdok ‒  ascgef

quostghes aem mrawgef tdok geth bhevorsatghe. ]do purphso hn tdgs stafo gs th prosoet hr rovgowtdo iaefuafo tdat tdo stumoets wgii eoom ge a bhetrhiiom sgtuatghe. Oigbgtgef doips a toabdor

movoihp tdo toabdgef scgii hn eht taicgef thh kubd wdgio ioareors aro stgkuiatom th spoac.

Oigbgtgef bae jo mheo ge tdo nhiihwgef ways<

  Vgtd aikhst eh hrai iaefuafo, toabdors bae prhkpt sgkpio spoobd usgef

h  fosturos aem kgko.

h  roai hjlobts (roaiga).

h  vgsuai agms (mrawgefs, niasdbarms, vgmohs, otb.).

 prhkpts, buos aem quostghes ge shbgai sgtuatghes.

 Vgtd igkgtom hrai iaefuafo, toabdors bae oigbgt sgkpio spoobd jyh  Fgvgef vorjai gestrubtghes

h  Ascgef yos/eh hr ogtdor/hr quostghes (wdgbd bae jo aesworom wgtd kgegkai hrai

iaefuafo)

h  Ascgef wd-quostghes (wdh, wdat, wdoro, wdoe, wdy, aem dhw).

h  Fgvgef heo whrm aeswors, sgkpio mongegtghes, uso coy vhbajuiary

h  _sgef syeheyks aem aetheyks.

h  Aiihwgef traesiatghe.

Bhetrhiiom hrai prabtgbo hn a partgbuiar iaefuafo gtok hntoe nhbusos he abburaby. Gt aiihwsstumoets th fot a jottor bhkkaem hn tdo iaefuafo tdoy wgii eoom khvgef nrhk bhetrhiiom prabtgbo

th nroor prabtgbo aem tdoe th bhkkuegbatgvo hutput. A toabdor sdhuim prhvgmo stumoets wgtd tdokhmoi soetoebo hr igstoegef oxorbgso jonhro ascgef stumoets th rosphem. ]dgs stafo sdhuim gebiumo

a vargoty hn oxorbgsos aem fakos. Nhiihwgef aro oxakpios hn bhetrhiiom hrai prabtgbo<

  Zopotgtghe

  Obdh quostghes

  Quostghes aem aeswors

  Rujstgtutghe mrgiis

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 21 

  Bhkjgegef soetoebos

  Bdagegef

  Mgaihfuos

]do probomgef abtgvgtgos mh eht prhkhto autdoetgb bhkkuegbatghe ‒  tdoy aiihw stumoets th prabtgbo iaefuafo ge a bhetrhiiom way. ]ruo bhkkuegbatghe hntoe gevhivos ae genhrkatghe fap ‒  

oabd porshe das genhrkatghe tdat tdo htdor mhos eht davo. ]h bhkkuegbato onnobtgvoiy aem thsdaro genhrkatghe, tdhufdts, aem nooigefs, roai bhkkuegbathrs hntoe davo th biargny tdogr koaegefhr asc nhr bhengrkatghe hn tdogr uemorstaemgef.

Nroor (hr fugmom) Prabtgbo abtgvgtgos jofge th sgkuiato roai bhkkuegbatghe. Ge tdo biassrhhk,toabdors hntoe uso rhio piays hr sgkuiatghes sh tdat stumoets fage oxporgoebo spoacgef wgtdhut a

sbrgpt. ]oabdors aish prhkhto iaefuafo ioaregef tdrhufd fakos (o.f., lohparmy, jgefh, :0

quostghes, otb.) sh tdat stumoets aro nroo th piay wgtd tdo iaefuafo ge a sano biassrhhk

oevgrhekoet. Murgef fakos, stumoets uso a iht hn iaefuafo wgtdhut whrrygef thh kubd ajhutnhrk. ]oabdors aish sot up ‟genhrkatghe fap„ hr ‟lgfsaw abtgvgtgos„ wdoro oabd stumoet das shko

genhrkatghe tdat tdo htdor(s) mh eht davo. ]doso fugmom abtgvgtgos fgvo stumoets hpphrtuegtgos th

 prabtgbo iaefuafo khro nrooiy aem broatgvoiy. Aii tdoso abtgvgtgos broato a jrgmfo jotwooebhetrhiiom hrai prabtgbo aem bhkkuegbatgvo hutput.

Bhkkuegbatgvo hutput abtgvgtgos oebhurafo stumoets th prhmubo sphcoe iaefuafo wgtd niuoeby

aem broatgvgty ge sgtuatghes tdat bihsoiy rosokjio roai sottgefs. At tdgs stafo stumoets uso wdatovoriaefuafo tdoy davo at tdogr bhkkaem. Ge tdoso abtgvgtgos, stumoets whrc thfotdor th movoihp a

 piae, roshivo a prhjiok, hr bhkpioto a tasc. Bhkkhe bhkkuegbatgvo hutput abtgvgtgos tdat start

ge tdo biassrhhk gebiumo tdo nhiihwgef<

  Bhemubtgef getorvgows

  Vrgtgef hr pornhrkgef ‒  mraka, photry, kusgb abtgvgtgos

  Mojatgef

 

Prosoetgef prhlobts  Partgbgpatgef ge autdoetgb mgsbussghes

  Kacgef spoobdos

  Vrgtgef artgbios hr bhrrosphemgef wgtd a poe pai

  Movoihpgef woj pafos aem soemgef okagi ge Oefigsd

Vrgtgef

Vrgtgef gs a bhkkuegbatghe scgii tdat roqugros stumoets th bhkkuegbato tdogr gmoas he papor,

bhkputor, hr htdor prget komga. Vrgtgef gestrubtghe doips ioareors movoihp tdo nhiihwgefcehwiomfo aem scgiis<

  Kobdaegbs (frapdgb systok, spoiigef, bapgtaigzatghe, puebtuatghe, otb.)

  Frakkar (ruios nhr parts hn spoobd, afrookoet, artgbios, syetax, otb.)

  Hrfaegzatghe (wrgtgef prhboss, strubturo hn parafrapds, ossays/rophrts, otb.)

  Bhetoet Movoihpkoet (purphso, aumgoebo, whrm bdhgbo, styio, otb)

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 2: 

As wgtd tdo igstoegef, spoacgef, aem roamgef, toabdors hn wrgtgef davo th doip stumoets ioare

mgnnoroet nhrks hn wrgtgef nhr mgnnoroet purphsos. Rhko wrgtgef tascs wgii nhbus he broatgvgty aem

htdors wgii nhbus he biargty aem abburaby.

Ge tdo ]ONI biassrhhk, tdoro aro hntoe twh typos hn wrgtgef< (1) bhetrhiiom aem fugmom prabtgbo

aem (:) bhkkuegbatgvo, autdoetgb wrgtgef. Kaey toabdors wgii uso a prhboss wrgtgef apprhabd ‒  

 jragesthrkgef, mrantgef, omgtgef, rovgsgef, aem pujigsdgef.

Bhetrhiiom aem Fugmom Vrgtgef Prabtgbo]do kage purphso hn fugmom wrgtgef at tdo jofgeegef Oefigsd ioaregef iovois gs th doip stumoets

ioare eow whrms aem strubturos aem th nhbus tdogr attoetghe he wdat tdoy aro ioaregef. Ge

bhkkuegbatgvo biassrhhks, toabdors oebhurafo stumoets th fh joyhem kobdaegbai bhpygef aemfgvo tdok oxorbgsos wdgbd roqugro tdok th tdgec aem amm shkotdgef hn tdogr hwe. ]doronhro,

fugmom wrgtgef abtgvgtgos at tdo jofgeegef aem dgfd-jofgeegef iovois aro jasom he tdo uso hn biuos,

genhrkatghe, hr fugmoigeos aem sorvo as a doipnui way nhr stumoets th jugim bhengmoebo ge tdogr

wrgtgef scgiis. At tdgs iovoi wrgtgef abtgvgtgos aro usuaiiy bhetrhiiom, sh tdat stumoets aro ehthvorwdoikom wgtd a jiaec pafo hr thh kaey bdhgbos wdgbd ioam th kgstacos aem nrustratghe.

Rakpio wrgtgef abtgvgtgos nhr tdo jofgeegef aem dgfd-jofgeegef iovois<

  ]rabgef iottors, whrms aem soetoebos. Rtumoets uso poebgis th trabo iottors aem whrmswrgttoe ge ae apprhprgato sgzo aem sdapo.

  ‟Bhpy aem bdaefo„. Rtumoets aro fgvoe a passafo th bhpy aem aro roqugrom th bdaefo heoaspobt hn tdo passafo.

  ‟_esbrakjio kummiom soetoebo parts„. Rtumoets aro fgvoe a igst hn whrms aem ascom thnhrk a soetoebo.

  A khmoi soetoebo. Rtumoets aro fgvoe a khmoi soetoebo he tdo jharm aem ascom th wrgto a

sgkgiar truo soetoebo ajhut tdoksoivos.  Nhrk soetoebos. Rtumoets aro fgvoe gtoks hr biuos th nhrk soetoebos.

  Rgkpio mgbtatghes. Rtumoets igstoe th tdo toabdor aem tdoe wrgto hut tdo bhkpiotosoetoebos.

  Rujstgtutghe tajios. Rtumoets aro ascom th uso tdo whrm ge tdo tajio th wrgto at ioast toebhrrobt soetoebos.

  Quostghes aem Aeswors. Fgvoe roiovaet quostghes, stumoet wrgto aeswors ge tdogr hwe

whrms ajhut tdoksoivos.

As shhe as stumoets— wrgtgef scgiis davo roabdom tdo getorkomgato iovoi, tdoy sdhuim jo roamy th

 prhfross th nroor parafrapd wrgtgef. ]ramgtgheaiiy, tdgs traesgtghe das jooe mheo jy fgvgef a sdhrt

khmoi toxt nhr stumoets th uso ge wrgtgef ajhut shkotdgef nakgigar th tdok (o.f., mosbrgptghe hnnakgiy).

Burroetiy, toabdors aro nhbusgef khro he tdo wrgtgef prhboss wdoro biassos jragesthrk hr broato

‟wojs„ wgtd gmoas roiatom th a thpgb tdoy davo soiobtom. Rtumoets tdoe uso tdo gmoas th broato a

mrant parafrapd. Biasskatos hntoe roam tdogr parafrapds th heo aehtdor aem fot hrai noomjabc he

tdo gmoas aem biargty. ]doy kay omgt oabd htdor—s papors. ]do tdgrm stop gs nhr stumoets th uso tdonoomjabc th omgt aem rovgso tdogr wrgttoe whrc. Ngeaiiy, tdo stumoets proparo aehtdor mrant th

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 2= 

nhrkaigty. Vrgtgef hntoe stgkuiatos stumoets th tdgec brgtgbaiiy ajhut a thpgb hr gssuo, aem piae

dhw tdoy bae jost monoem tdogr arfukoet ge wrgtgef.

]do prhboss apprhabd khvos away nrhk tdo bheboetratghe he tdo wrgttoe prhmubt th ae okpdasgs

he tdo prhboss hn wrgtgef. Rtumoets oxpihro a thpgb tdrhufd wrgtgef, sdhwgef tdogr mrants th tdo

toabdor aem oabd htdor, aem tdoe tdoy khvo he th eow gmoas. ]do twh brubgai amvaetafos hn tdo

 prhboss apprhabd aro tgko fgvoe nhr stumoets th try hut gmoas aem noomjabc he tdo bhetoet hnstumoets— mrants prhvgmom jy tdo toabdor. ]do wrgtgef prhboss jobhkos a prhboss hn mgsbhvory hn

eow gmoas aem eow iaefuafo nhrks th oxpross tdhso gmoas.

?. ]oabdge f ̂ h bajuiary

]oabdgef vhbajuiary gevhivos toabdgef tdo koaegef aem tdo nhrk hn eow vhbajuiary aem as woii

as tdogr uso ge sgtuatghes hr ge bhetoxt. ^hbajuiary gs usuaiiy taufdt tdroo ways ge tdo iaefuafo

biassrhhk<1.  as gt okorfos3 mgsbhvory

:. 

wdgio roamgef hr igstoegef, hr2.  nrhk oxpigbgt gestrubtghe he vhbajuiary

Ge foeorai, wo bae mgstgefugsd twh typos hn vhbajuiary< abtgvo aem passgvo.  Abtgvo vhbajuiary 

gebiumos tdo whrms wdgbd stumoets eoom th uemorstaem aem uso tdoksoivos. Vhrms wdgbd toabdorswaet tdo stumoets th uemorstaem, jut wdgbd tdo stumoets kay eht eoom th uso aro baiiom passgvo

vhbajuiary. Vhrms a stumoet kay uemorstaem ge bhetoxt (o.f., ge a roamgef hr wdgio igstoegef th a

 jrhambast), jut do/sdo kay eht uso jobhko part hn heos passgvo vhbajuiary.

]doro das jooe a roeowom getorost ge vhbajuiary, jut tdat mhos eht koae toabdors sdhuim rovort th

tdo him prabtgbo hn fgvgef vhbajuiary igsts th jo kokhrgzom. Nhr kaey toabdors, vhbajuiary gs

hntoe prosoetom qugto qugbciy, wgtd a sgkpio oxakpio hr a traesiatghe ge shko sbdhhis. Vdoe aeuecehwe whrm appoars as part hn a toxt hr mgaihfuo, toabdors bae asc stumoets th uso bhetoxt

biuos, bhfeatos hr whrc aeaiysgs scgiis (g.o., ihhcgef at rhhts aem anngxos) th fuoss tdo koaegef. Gt

gkphrtaet nhr stumoets th ioare tdat eht aii eow whrms aro ossoetgai nhr uemorstaemgef koaegef hn

a toxt.

Prosoetgef Abtgvo ^hbajuiary ‒  ]oabdor‗s Fhais 

  Oesuro stumoets bae robhfegzo tdo whrm

  _emorstaem tdo whrm

  Ray gt bhrrobtiy

 

_so gt apprhprgatoiy

Prosoetatghe Rtafgef

Bdhhso 6-1= eow whrms nrhk a spobgngb bhetoxt subd as a roamgef hr igstoegef passafo.Bhesgmor tdo thpgb aroa aem toxt th abtgvato tdo stumoets— cehwiomfo. Roo wdat vhbajuiary tdoy

airoamy cehw aem tdoe

1.  Oigbgt hr prhvgmo a eow whrm

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 2> 

  Amrgae Mhnn. ]oabd Oefigsd. ]rageor‗s Daemjhhc . Bakjrgmfo _egvorsgty Pross geasshbgatghe wgtd tdo Jrgtgsd Bhuebgi, :00:.

  Lorry F. Fojdarm. ]oabdgef Oefigsd as a Nhrogfe hr Robhem Iaefuafo. Aee Arjhr. ]do_egvorsgty hn Kgbdgfae Pross, :000.

  ]dhkas Crai. ]oabdor Movoihpkoet (Kacgef tdo rgfdt khvos).  Roiobtom Artgbios nrhk

tdo Oefigsd ]oabdgef Nhruk, 1747-1772.

 

Paui Igesay. ]oabdgef Oefigsd Vhrimwgmo. A Eow Prabtgbai Fugmo th ]oabdgef Oefigsd.Aita Jhhc Boetor Pujigsdors, :000.

  ]. Kycdagioech, G. Jorodhva. Zonoroebo Fugmo nhr tdo ]oabdor hn Oefigsd. Oefigsd.

Jgjightoca, :00?.

  Aee Zagkos. ]obdegquos ge ]oabdgef Vrgtgef . Hxnhrm _egvorsgty Pross, 176>.

  ]do Poabo Bhrps ]ONI ]ragegef Vhrcjhhc , Part 1, Poabo Bhrps _crageo, :000.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 26 

GGG. Iaefuafo Awaroeoss

1. Frakkatgbai ]orks

]h jo ajio th toabd subbossnuiiy, ]ON toabdors kust davo a frasp hn jasgb Oefigsd frakkar.

Frakkar  gs tdo stumy hn ruios fhvoregef tdo uso hn iaefuafo. Frakkar ruios oxpiage dhw whrmsbdaefo th sdhw mgnnoroet koaegefs, aem dhw tdoy aro bhkjgeom geth soetoebos.

]do nhiihwgef mongegtghes kay jo doipnui th yhu eht heiy wdoe yhu toabd Oefigsd, jut aish wdoe

yhu aro stumygef hn _cragegae hr Zussgae.

Parts hn Rpoobd

]ramgtgheai frakkar biassgngos whrms jasom he ogfdt parts hn spoobd< tdo vorj, tdo ehue, tdo

 prhehue, tdo amlobtgvo, tdo amvorj, tdo prophsgtghe, tdo bheluebtghe aem tdo getorlobtghe1.

A vorj gs a whrm tdat oxprossos ae hbburroebo, abt, hr khmo hn jogef. (o.f., asc, piay, jo, bae)

A ehue gs a whrm tdat ronors th a tdgef, aegkai, piabo, quaigty, hr gmoa. (o.f., tajio, bat, Ihemhe,dheosty, ihvo)

A prhehue gs a whrm tdat ropiabos a ehue hr ehue pdraso. (o.f., do, wo, hur, kgeo, wdgbd)

Ae amlobtgvo gs a khmgngor hr quaigngor tdat khmgngos tdo koaegef hn a ehue hr pdraso. (o.f., frooe,

duefry, gkphssgjio)

Ae amvorj gs a whrm hr frhup hn whrms tdat sorvos th khmgny a vorj, ae amlobtgvo, aehtdor amvorj,

hr a wdhio soetoebo. (o.f., thkhrrhw, jamiy, tdoro, aish)

A prophsgtghe roiatos hr 'phsgtghes' a ehue hr prhehue th aehtdor oiokoet hn tdo soetoebo. (O.f.,

at, jy, ge, th, nrhk, uemor, wgtd)

A bheluebtghe gs a whrm hr frhup hn whrms usom th bheeobt whrms, pdrasos, hr biausos. (o.f., aem,

 jut, jobauso, gn)

Ae getorlobtghe gs a whrm tdat oxprossos strhef okhtghe ge a soetoebo. (o.f., Vhw! Hd!) 

Roetoebo

A soetoebo gs a frhup hn whrms tdat oxprossos a bhkpioto tdhufdt ge tdo nhrk hn a statokoet,

bhkkaem, quostghe hr oxbiakatghe. A soetoebo bhesgsts hn heo hr khro biausos, aem usuaiiy das

at ioast heo sujlobt aem a ngegto vorj. Ge wrgtgef gt jofges wgtd a bapgtai iottor aem oems wgtd a nuiisthp (porghm), quostghe karc hr oxbiakatghe karc. (o.f., G—k bhim. Kary sagm tdat sdo was tgrom.

Vdoro aro yhu fhgef8 Mhe—t mh tdat!) 

1 Nhr khro genhrkatghe pioaso soo tdo rospobtgvo sobtghes joihw.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 24 

A biauso gs a part hn a soetoebo, wdgbd bhetages a sujlobt aem a vorj, usuaiiy lhgeom th tdo rost hn

tdo soetoebo jy a bheluebtghe. (o.f., G toiopdheom Zhjge jobauso G mgme‗t cehw wdat th mh.)

Dhwovor, gt kay jo a strubturo bhetagegef partgbgpios hr gengegtgvos (wgtd eh sujlobt hrbheluebtghe). (O.f., Eht cehwgef wdat th mh , G toiopdheom Zhjge).

Roetoebos bhetagegef heo biauso aro baiiom sgkpio. Roetoebos bhetagegef khro tdae heo biauso

kay jo bhkphuem  hr bhkpiox. ]doro aro twh kage ways hn igecgef biausos thfotdor<bhhrmgeatghe aem sujhrmgeatghe.

]wh sgkpio soetoebos, nhr oxakpio<  Do doarm ae oxpihsghe. Do pdheom tdo phigbo.Kay jo lhgeom geth heo soetoebo, ogtdor jy bhhrmgeatgef tdo twh biausos jy aem  hr jy kacgef heo

biauso geth a kage biauso aem tdo htdor geth a sujhrmgeato biauso<

Bhhrmgeatghe<  Do doarm ae oxpihsghe aem  (do) pdheom tdo phigbo.Rujhrmgeatghe<  Vdoe do doarm ae oxpihsghe, do pdheom tdo phigbo.

A soetoebo tdat bhesgsts hn twh hr khro gemopoemoet biausos aem eh sujhrmgeato biauso gs baiiom

bhkphuem soetoebo. A bhkka aem a bheluebtghe soparato tdo gemopoemoet biausos. (o.f., Gngegsdom ky whrc nhr tdo may, aem ehw G ak roamy th fh hut.)

A soetoebo bhesgstgef hn heo gemopoemoet biauso aem heo hr khro sujhrmgeato biausos gs baiiom abhkpiox soetoebo. (o.f., ]do mhf qugbciy mgsbhvorom tdo bat, wdgbd dam iont tdo sanoty hn gts

dgmgef piabo.)

A sujhrmgeato biauso bae abt igco a part hn tdo kage biauso (o.f., igco a sujlobt, hr ae hjlobt, hr ae

amvorjgai). Nhr oxakpio ge tdo soetoebo ‖Vdoro sdo gs  mhose—t kattor—, tdo sujhrmgeato biauso

‖Vdoro sdo gs‗  gs tdo sujlobt hn tdo kage biauso.

Parts hn tdo Roetoebo

]do parts hn tdo soetoebo aro a sot hn torks nhr mosbrgjgef dhw pohpio bhestrubt soetoebos nrhk

skaiior pgobos. ]doro gs eht a mgrobt bhrrosphemoebo jotwooe tdo parts hn tdo soetoebo aem tdo parts hn spoobd.

Ovory bhkpioto soetoebo bhetages twh parts< a sujlobt  aem a promgbato. ]do sujlobt  gs wdat (hr

wdhk) tdo soetoebo gs ajhut, wdgio tdo promgbato toiis shkotdgef ajhut tdo sujlobt. (o.f., Ge tdo

soetoebo ‖Lumy rues—, Lumy gs tdo sujlobt  aem ‖rues— gs tdo promgbato.)

Ae hjlobt  gs a ehue hr prhehue tdat ehrkaiiy bhkos antor tdo vorj, ge ae abtgvo soetoebo. ]do

mgrobt hjlobt  ronors th a porshe hr tdgef annobtom jy tdo abtghe hn tdo vorj. (o.f., Ge tdo soetoebo

‖]aco tdo mhf nhr a waic—, —tdo mhf‗  gs tdo mgrobt hjlobt.) ]do gemgrobt hjlobt  usuaiiy ronors th a porshe wdh robogvos tdo mgrobt hjlobt. (o.f., Ge tdo soetoebo ‖Aee favo ko a watbd—, tdo gemgrobt

hjlobt gs —ko‗ , aem tdo mgrobt hjlobt gs —a watbd‗ .)

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo 27 

Htdor Frakkatgbai Batofhrgos

Foemor

Oefigsd ehues, ge foeorai, aro eht karcom nhr foemor. Ge Oefigsd foemor gs assgfeom th aegkato

hjlobts jasom he jghihfgbai foemor (wdoro cehwe), aem th porshegngom hjlobts jasom he shbgaibhevoetghes (o.f., sdgps aro hntoe rofarmom as nokgegeo ge Oefigsd). Do gs usom nhr kasbuigeo 

ehues3 sdo gs usom nhr nokgegeo ehues3 aem gt gs usom nhr ehues hn gemotorkgeato foemor aemgeaegkato hjlobts. A rokeaet hn frakkatgbai foemor gs aish prosorvom ge tdo tdgrm porshe

 prhehues.

 _cragegae aem Zussgae rotage tdroo frakkatgbai foemors, wdgbd davo ehtdgef th mh wgtd sox(eaturai foemor)< kasbuigeo, nokgegeo aem eoutor.

Eukjor

 Eukjor gs tdo way ge wdgbd mgnnoroebos jotwooe sgefuiar  aem piurai  aro sdhwe frakkatgbaiiy.]do mgnnoroebos jotwooe dhuso aem dhusos, khuso aem kgbo, tdgs aem tdoso aro mgnnoroebos ge

eukjor.

Khmore Oefigsd das mgstgebtgvo piurai nhrks nhr porsheai prhehues aem mokhestratgvos (o.f., G-

wo, ko-us, tdat-tdhso). Vo davo roboetiy ihst tdo mgstgebtgvoiy sgefuiar sobhem porshe prhehuetdhu-tdoo-tdy/tdgeo, ropiabgef gt wgtd yhu- yhur.

]do usuai piurai genioxghe hn ehues gs ‒ s /-os< jrgbc ‒  jrgbcs3 mgsd ‒  mgsdos. ]doro aro a now

vostgfos hn Him Oefigsd mobioesghes< kae ‒  koe3 bdgim ‒  bdgimroe3 nhht ‒  noot, otb. Rhko whrms hnIatge aem Frooc hrgfge rotage mgstgebtgvo piurais< matuk ‒  mata3 pdoehkoehe ‒  pdoehkoea. Rhko

whrms davo eh mgstgebt piurai< sdoop, usuaiiy ngsd3 tdoro aro shko uebhuetajio ehues< sufar, sait,juttor . Rhko bhiiobtgvo ehues aro troatom mgnnoroetiy jy mgnnoroet spoacors< fhvorekoet, pohpio,

bhkkgttoo.

Ge Khmore Oefigsd tdo vorj ‖jo— mgstgefugsdos sgefuiar aem piurai< ak ‒ aro3 gs ‒  aro3 was ‒  woro.

Htdorwgso, heiy tdo 2rm

 porshe prosoet sgefuiar gs mgstgebtgvo< do taics.

Zuios hn bhebhrm roqugro tdat a sgefuiar sujlobt gs nhiihwom jy a sgefuiar vorj< do taics  ‒  tdoy

taic.

 Ge _cragegae aem Zussgae tdo amlobtgvo afroos ge eukjor aem baso wgtd tdo ehue gt mosbrgjos.

Porshe

Ge Khmore Oefigsd porshe gs sgfeaiom jy tdo porsheai prhehues heiy. Ge frakkar, gt gs tdo way ge

wdgbd wo sdhw tdo mgnnoroebo jotwooe tdo porshe spoacgef ( ngrst porshe< G ‒  ko ‒  ky ‒  kgeo aem

wo ‒  us ‒  hur ‒ hurs), tdo mgrobt ammrossoo hn tdo uttoraebo ( sobhem porshe< yhu ‒  yhur - yhurs)aem shkoheo hr shkotdgef htdor tdae tdo spoacor hr ammrossoo (tdgrm porshe< do  ‒  dgk ‒  dgs3 sdo

 ‒  dor ‒  dors3 tdoy ‒  tdok ‒  tdogr ‒  tdogrs).

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =0 

Ge Khmore Oefigsd heiy tdo 2rm

 porshe sgefuiar gs mgstgefugsdom ge vorjs< sdo waics ‒  G / wo/ tdoy

waic.

 Ge _cragegae aem Zussgae tdo oemgef hn tdo vorj bdaefos nhr oabd porshe aem eukjor, wdgbd

rosuits ge up th sgx mgnnoroet oemgefs ge tdo prosoet toeso. ]do systok hn tdo oemgefs hn a vorj gs

cehwe as a bhelufatghe.

Basos

]do whrm baso ronors th tdo frakkatgbai nuebtghe pornhrkom ge a soetoebo jy a ehue hr prhehue.

]do mgnnoroebos jotwooe G  aem ko, wdh aem wdhk, hr Lhde aem  Lhde‗s aro mgnnoroebos hn baso.

]do systok hn baso-oemgefs (genioxghes) gs cehwe as a mobioesghe. Ge Khmore Oefigsd aii baso

oemgefs oxbopt tdo foegtgvo ('s, s') davo mgsappoarom ge ehues, amlobtgvos, aem mokhestratgvos, jut

survgvo ge tdo porsheai prhehues ge romubom nhrk.

 Ehkgeatgvo baso (do, sdo, gt, G, wo, yhu, tdoy, wdh) gs tdo baso hn tdo frakkatgbai sujlobt hn tdosoetoebo< "Jrutus  stajjom Baosar", "]do fgr i  G was wgtd das mgsappoarom", "Baosar was stajjom jy Jrutus". Frakkatgbaiiy, gt mhos eht kattor wdoro tdo kage getorost hn tdo spoacor gs, ehrwdoro tdo okpdasgs naiis. ]do bhkpiokoet hn tdo vorj jo aem vorjs hn sookgef gs aish ge tdo

ehkgeatgvo< "Vdh  was sdo 8", "Do  sooks vory getoiigfoet ", "Oi gzajotd G G  gs Quooe hn Baeama ".

 Abbusatgvo baso (dgk, dor, gt, ko, us, yhu, tdok, wdhk) gs tdo baso hn tdo mgrobt hjlobt hn tdo

vorj< "Jrutus stajjom Baosar ", "Fgvo ko tdo jhhc ", "Baii ko  pioaso."

Foegtgvo baso (dgs, dor, gts, ky, hur, yhur, tdogr, wdhso) gs tdo phssossgvo baso, prosorvom ge

Khmore Oefigsd as tdo genioxghes 's aem s' ("Lhde's jhhc", "tdo whkoe's  khvokoet",

"Baeamgaes' attgtumos"). Gts nuebtghe gs ihhsoiy amlobtgvai.

Ge Khmore Oefigsd aii typos hn foegtgvo aro hntoe oxprossom jy tdo prophsgtghe hn ("tdo jhhc hn

Lhde", "tdo attgtumos hn Baeamgaes"). Kaey bae heiy jo oxprossom tdgs way ("a whrc hn froatvaiuo", "heo hn tdroo", "oabd hn tdok", "wdgbd hn yhu").

 Matgvo baso (dgk, dor, ko, us, yhu, tdok, wdhk) gs tdo baso hn tdo gemgrobt hjlobt< "]oii ko a

sthry", "G sdhwom dor  ky dhuso", "do favo dgs khtdor a prosoet".

 Ge _cragegae aem Zussgae tdo abbusatgvo, foegtgvo aem matgvo basos (thfotdor wgtd tdo

gestrukoetai aem ihbatgvo basos, wdgbd mh eht oxgst ge Khmore Oefigsd) aro usom nhr kaey khro

nuebtghes hn ehues aem prhehues.

:. Ehues, Prhehue s, Amlobt gvos aem Amv orjs  

Ehue

A ehue gs a eakgef whrm, a whrm tdat gmoetgngos a porshe, piabo, tdgef, quaigty hr ajstrabt gmoa.Porsheai eakos (o.f., Fohrfo), aem piabo-eakos (o.f., Eow Whrc) aro baiiom prhpor ehues.

Bhkkhe ehue gs a ehue wdgbd gs eht a prhpor eako (o.f., bar, gmoa, mhfs).

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =1 

Bhebroto ehue gs tdo eako hn shkotdgef wdgbd wo bae oxporgoebo jy mgrobt pdysgbai bhetabt hr

 porboptghe (o.f., tajio, raspjorry). Ajstrabt ehue (tdo hpphsgto hn a bhebroto ehue) gs tdo eako hnshkotdgef wdgbd wo oxporgoebo as ae gmoa, eht jy mgrobt pdysgbai bhetabt hr porboptghe (o.f.,

mhujt, dogfdt).

Bhuetajio ehue gs a ehue wdgbd bae davo a piurai nhrk aem bae jo usom wgtd tdo gemongegtoartgbio a/ae (o.f., a mhf ‒  mhfs3 ae gmoa ‒  gmoas). _ebhuetajio ehue (hr kass ehue) gs a ehue

wdgbd das eh piurai nhrk aem baeeht ehrkaiiy jo usom wgtd tdo artgbio a/ae (o.f., kum, rumoeoss,

nuregturo). Ehebhuet ehues aro hntoe igqugms hr oxtrokoiy skaii (kgic, rgbo, sufar ) hr ajstrabt(ihvo, dheosty)

Bhiiobtgvo ehue gs a sgefuiar whrm usom th ronor th a frhup (o.f., nakgiy, toak)

Prhehue

 Prhehues staem ge nhr ehues (usuaiiy cehwe hr gkpigom) aem jodavo igco ehues. ]doy kay jo

khmgngom abbhrmgef th baso, eukjor hr foemor. ]doy bae jo biassgngom as nhiihws<

 Porsheai prhehues (o.f., G, yhu, do, sdo, wo) aro usom gestoam hn jogefs aem hjlobts. ]doy moehto porshe, eukjor, aem (shkotgkos) foemor. ]doy gebiumo sujlobts (o.f., G, yhu, do, sdo, gt, wo, tdoy)

aem hjlobts (o.f., ko, yhu, dgk, dor, us).

 Phssossgvo prhehues (o.f., ky, yhur, dor aem kgeo, yhurs, dors) aro usom gestoam hn foegtgvoswdoe gt gs ueeobossary th eako tdo ‖phssosshr—. (o.f., ]dgs gs ky  bhat aem tdat heo gs yhurs ).

 Zonioxgvo prhehues (o.f., dgksoin, tdoksoivos) ronor jabc th tdo sujlobt hn tdo vorj. (o.f., Do baemh gt dgksoin .)

 Mokhestratgvo prhehues (o.f., tdgs, tdat) phget hut shkotdgef. ]doy bae jo usom wgtd hr wgtdhut a

nhiihwgef ehue. (o.f., ]dgs  jhhc gs vory getorostgef. Ihhc at tdgs !)

 Zoiatgvo prhehues (o.f., wdh, wdhk, wdhso, wdgbd, tdat) ropiabo ehues aem ehue pdrasos as tdo

sujlobts hr hjlobts hn roiatgvo biausos. (o.f., ]doro—s tdo kae wdh  noii hn dgs jgbybio yostormay.) 

 Getorrhfatgvo prhehues (o.f., wdh, wdhk, wdhso, wdat, wdgbd) taco tdo piabo hn uecehwe

sujlobts aem hjlobts ge quostghes. (o.f., Vdh  sagm tdat8 Vdat  dappoeom8) 

 Gemongegto prhehues (o.f., aey, aeyheo, aeyjhmy, aeytdgef, shko, shkoheo, ovory, ovorytdgef)

ronor th ae uegmoetgngom porshe(s) hr tdgef(s). (o.f.,Rhkoheo 

 kust pay nhr tdgs.)

 Zobgprhbai prhehues (o.f., oabd htdor, heo aehtdor).

Amlobtgvo

 Ae amlobtgvo mosbrgjos hr khmgngos a ehue (o.f., taii  kae). Gt gs torkom a khmgngor, jobauso gt amms

shkotdgef th (khmgngos) a ehue. Ae amlobtgvo bae probomo a ehue (o.f., jiabc  bat) hr nhiihw gt

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =: 

(o.f., ]do koai was moigbghus .) Ae amlobtgvo gs shkotgkos usom th khmgny frhups hn whrms, subd

as ehue pdrasos (o.f., tdo asthegsdgef  ture hn ovoets) hr ehue biausos.

Vo uso as +  amlobtgvo + as  nhr phsgtgvo bhkpargshes hr eht as/ sh + amlobtgvo + as  nhr eofatgvo

bhkpargshes. (O.f., Do gs as strhef as  a dhrso. Do gse—t as/ sh skart as dgs sgstor.)

Vo nhrk tdo bhkparatgvo jy  ammgef ‒ or  th heo-syiiajio amlobtgvos aem th twh-syiiajio amlobtgvos oemgef ge ‒ y

(o.f., jgf ‒  jgffor , nueey ‒  nueegor )

  usgef khro  + twh aem khro tdae twh-syiiajio amlobtgvos + tdae

(o.f., ]dgs arkbdagr gs khro bhknhrtajio tdae  tdat whhmoe soat.)

Vo nhrk tdo suporiatgvo jy

  ammgef ‒ ost  th heo-syiiajio amlobtgvos aem th twh-syiiajio amlobtgvos oemgef ge ‒ y(o.f., jgf ‒  jgffost , nueey ‒  nueegost )

  usgef khst  + twh aem khro tdae twh-syiiajio amlobtgvos

(o.f., G davo kaey jhhcs jut tdgs gs tdo khst getorostgef .)

Amvorj 

 Ae amvorj mosbrgjos, hr khmgngos a vorj. Gt toiis shkotdgef ajhut dhw hr wdoe tdo vorj was mheo

(o.f., dappgiy, woii, iator, shhe, pornobtiy). Ae amvorj bae aish khmgny ae amlobtgvo (o.f., tdopornobtiy  bioar scy, oxtrokoiy  fhhm nhhm, torrgjiy ihum ehgso) hr aehtdor amvorj (o.f., Rdo sgefs

woii, vory  woii. Do lukpom nar, akazgefiy  nar. ]doy iont shhe, thh  shhe.) Ge Oefigsd amvorjs aro

hntoe nhrkom wgtd ‒ iy at tdo oem.

Vo usuaiiy nhrk tdo bhkparatgvo aem suporiatgvo jy usgef khro , khst + amvorj. 

(o.f., Rdo mrgvos khro baronu ii y tdae  dor dusjaem.

]dgs gs tdo khst onn gbgoeti y  rue hnngbo ge tdo aroa)

Amvorjs wgtd tdo sako nhrk as amlobtgvos nhrk tdogr  bhkparatgvo aem suporiatgvo wgtd -or, -ost. 

(o.f., Vo arrgvom iator tdae  yhu. Do waics tdo nastost .)

 Ehtgbo shko oxboptghes th tdoso twh ruios<

woii ‒  jottor ‒  jost3 jamiy  ‒  whrso ‒  whrst3

igttio ‒  ioss ‒  ioast3 kubd ‒  khro ‒  khst.

Amvorj hr amlobtgvo8

Antor tdo vorjs sook, appoar, ihhc, shuem, nooi, skoii hr tasto wo uso ae amlobtgvo eht ae amvorj.(o.f., ]dat skoiis  fhhm , jut gt tastos awnui .)

2. Ehue Motork geors. Art gb ios

 A, ae aem tdo aro baiiom artgbios. A/ ae gs baiiom tdo gemongegto artgbio3 tdo gs baiiom tdo mongegtoartgbio. Artgbios aro kokjors hn a frhup hn whrms baiiom motorkgeors tdat aro usom jonhro ehues.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =2 

Htdor motorkgeors aro tdo phssossgvos (o.f., ky, yhur)3 tdo mokhestratgvos (o.f., tdgs, tdat, tdhso)3

 shko aem aey.

]wh motorkgeors baeeht usuaiiy jo usom thfotdor. Artgbios (aem htdor motorkgeors) usuaiiy bhko

ngrst ge tdo ehue frhup (tdo ehue wgtd tdo htdor whrms, igco amlobtgvos, tdat bae bhko jonhro gt).

o.f., tdo iast now mays3 a vory egbo surprgso3 ky heiy truo nrgoem

Dhwovor, shko whrms bae bhko jonhro artgbios ge tdo ehue frhup< nhr gestaebo, aii, jhtd, ratdor,

qugto, oxabtiy, lust, subd, wdat  aem kubd ge tdo oxprossghe kubd tdo sako.

o.f., aii tdo tgko3 ratdor a fhhm gmoa3 subd a nueey oxprossghe3 wdat a pgty

Gemongegto Artgbio —a/ae‗ 

]do gemongegto artgbio a/ae gs usom wgtd sgefuiar bhuetajio ehues

  nhr khro foeorai koaegef<

o.f., yhu wgii eoom a poe aem ae oxorbgso jhhc. (Gt mhose—t kattor wdgbd poe). 

  nhr a ehue koetgheom nhr tdo ngrst tgko. Ehtgbo wo uso tdo nhr tdo sobhem koetghe<o.f., ]doro was a  torrgjio sthrk iast egfdt. ]do  sthrk swopt abrhss tdo wdhio bhuetry.

  wgtd eukjors (o.f., a  duemrom, a  tdhusaem, a  kgiighe) aem nrabtghes (o.f., a  dain, aquartor)<

O.f., A kgiighe pohpio robogvom hur doip iast yoar. A now, dhwovor, woro eht sh iubcy.

Ehtgbo a now (pohpio) ; shko3 a igttio doip ; shko

Jut now (pohpio) ; eht kaey3 igttio (doip) ; eht kubd

 

th koae ‖ovory— wgtd oxprossghes hn tgko (o.f., hebo a yoar)<o.f., Vo bhko th biassos twgbo a  wooc.

  th mosbrgjo a porshe—s lhj hr sgtuatghe< o.f., Rdo—s a  toabdor. Do—s ae  him-afo poesgheor.

Mongegto Artgbio —tdo‗ 

]do mongegto artgbio tdo gs usom wgtd khst ehues nhr khro spobgngb koaegef<

  th ronor jabc th shkotdgef airoamy koetgheom<

o.f., Laeo< A kae pdheom iast egfdt.Potor< Vdoe, wdat mgm tdo  kae waet8

  wdoe wo cehw wdgbd heo wo aro taicgef ajhut<o.f., Iast egfdt G roam tdo  jhhc yhu robhkkoemom.

  wdoe wo ronor th heiy heo hn gts cgem<

o.f., ]do  sue rgsos ge tdo  oast aem sots ge tdo  wost.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =? 

o.f., Roem roprosoetatgvo gkkomgatoiy

  nhr porsheai, genhrkai kossafos<

o.f., Mgeeor ge hvoe

   jobhko a sobhem ehue ge a igecom pagr hn ehues<

o.f., Whu wgii eoom a cegno aem nhrc. ]aco a jubcot aem spamo th tdo joabd

=. ̂ orjs. Zofuiar aem Grrofuiar ̂ orjs . Ngegto aem Ehe -Ngegto ̂ orj

Nhrks. Khmai Auxg i gary ̂ orjs.

 A vorj gs a whrm tdat oxprossos abtghe (o.f., asc, piay, spoac), hbburroebo (o.f., gs, oxgsts, igvos) hr

stato hn jogef (o.f., nooi, sook, gs, jo). Gt toiis wdat gs dappoegef. Gt gs tdo coy oiokoet ge tdo

 promgbato, heo hn tdo twh kage parts hn a soetoebo.

A vorj gs baiiom getraesgtgvo gn gt kacos soeso wgtdhut ae hjlobt (o.f., skgio, naii, bhko, fh) hrtraesgtgvo, gn gt roqugros heo (o.f., oat  a koai, fgvo  a prosoet).

 Zofuiar  vorjs nhrk a past toeso aem/ hr past partgbgpios wgtd tdo doip hn ‒ om (o.f., skgio ‒  skgiom3

bhhc ‒  bhhcom, stumy ‒  stumgom), wdgio grrofuiar  vorjs davo a past toeso aem past partgbgpio

nhrkom ge a mgnnoroet way. (o.f., jroac ‒  jrhco ‒  jrhcoe3 jihw ‒  jiow ‒  jihwe3 rue ‒  rae ‒  rue3uemorstaem ‒  uemorsthhm ‒  uemorsthhm)

Ngegto aem Ehe-Ngegto ^orj Nhrks

A ngegto vorj nhrk gs heo tdat bae jo usom wgtd a sujlobt th kaco a vorj toeso (o.f., jroacs, jrhco,gs sgefgef, das jooe). Khst soetoebos bhetage at ioast heo ngegto vorj nhrk. A ehe-ngegto vorj nhrk

gs heo tdat baeeht jo usom wgtd a sujlobt th kaco a toeso (o.f., th jroac, jroacgef, jrhcoe). ]do

ehe-ngegto parts hn a vorj aro tdo gengegtgvo aem partgbgpios.

]do gengegtgvo gs a vorj nhrk tdat phssossos bdarabtorgstgbs hn jhtd vorj aem ehue aem gs usuaiiy

 probomom jy ‖th— (o.f., th start, th ioavo, th sgef). ]do gengegtgvo nhrk hn tdo vorj gs typgbaiiy usom

ge bhestrubtghes tdat aro sujhrmgeato th aehtdor vorj. (o.f., G kamo  dgk mh  gt.)

]doro aro eofatgvo, prhfrossgvo, pornobt aem passgvo gengegtgvos.

o.f., G mobgmom eht th jobhko  ae astrhehkor. (eofatgvo)Gt—s egbo th jo sgtt gef  doro wgtd yhu. (prhfrossgvo)

Gt—s fhhm th davo ng eg sdom  whrc nhr tdo may. (pornobt)

G mgme—t oxpobt th jo gevgtom. (passgvo)

A partgbgpio gs a vorj nhrk usom as ae amlobtgvo (o.f., rgsgef  sue, bhhcom  nhhm, jrhcoe  fiass).

]doro bae jo prosoet partgbgpios, past partgbgpios hr pornobt partgbgpios.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo => 

]do prosoet partgbgpio oems ge ‒ gef (o.f., bdarkgef, sgefgef). Gn tdo ‒ gef nhrk hn a vorj gs usom as

a ehue, gt—s baiiom a foruem .

o.f., Rdo was brygef  wdoe G saw dor. (prosoet partgbgpio)Bhhcgef  gs dor dhjjy. (foruem)

Moopiy sdhbcom , G iont. (past partgbgpio)

Davgef ihst  aii ky kheoy, G woet dhko. (pornobt partgbgpio)

Khmai Auxgigary ^orjs

Ae auxgigary vorj (o.f., jo, davo, mh) gs usom th abbhkpaey aehtdor vorj ge hrmor th doip gt

oxpross partgbuiar frakkatgbai nuebtghes hr koaegefs (o.f., th kaco quostghes ‟Vdoro davo yhu

 jooe8„, hr th nhrk toesos o.f., ‟Rdo was  wrgtgef.„) 

Vdoe tdo tdroo auxgigary vorjs (jo, davo, mh) aro usom th kaco toesos, passgvos aem quostghes,

tdoy davo gkphrtaet frakkatgbai nuebtghes jut eh roai ‖mgbtgheary koaegef—. (Gn yhu waet th

uemorstaem oxprossghes igco Mh yhu skhco8 Vdoro davo yhu jooe8  hr G t was wrg ttoe jy Khzart ,

gt—s eht vory usonui th ihhc up mh, davo  aem was  ge tdo mgbtgheary.) ]doro gs aehtdor frhup hnauxgigary vorjs wdgbd foeoraiiy davo khro ‖mgbtgheary koaegef—. ]doy aro bae, bhuim, kay,

kgfdt, kust, wgi i, sdaii , whuim, sdhui m, hufdt, aem eoom. (Eoom bae aish jo ae hrmgeary ehe-auxgigary vorj.) ]doso vorjs aro hntoe baiiom khmai auxgigargos. ]doy davo sovorai phgets ge

bhkkhe wdgbd kaco tdok mgnnoroet nrhk htdor vorjs.

   Khmai auxgigary vorjs aro eht usom (oxbopt shkotgkos ge tdo eofatgvo) th taic ajhut tdgefswdgbd aro mongegtoiy dappoegef, hr davo mongegtoiy dappoeom. ]doy aro usom wdoe wo say

tdat wo oxpobt tdgefs th dappoe, hr tdat ovoets aro phssgjio, hr eobossary, hr gkprhjajio,

hr gkphssgjio, hr wdoe wo say tdat tdgefs mgm eht dappoe, hr tdat wo aro eht suro wdotdor

tdoy dappoeom.

 O.f., G bae‗t swgk.Rdo bhuim jo  ge Ihemhe hr Pargs hr ]hcyh ‒  ehjhmy cehws.

G kay bhko  thkhrrhw gn G davo tgko.Whu kgfdt davo thim  ko Nraebos was gii.

Vdat whuim  yhu mh  gn yhu dam a nroo yoar8

G tdgec tdoy sdhuim davo bhesuitom  a mhbthr oarigor.

   Khmai vorjs davo eh ‒ s  he tdo tdgrm porshe sgefuiar3 quostghes aem eofatgvos aro kamowgtdhut mh 3 tdoy aro nhiihwom jy tdo gengegtgvo wgtdhut th  hn htdor vorjs (oxbopt nhr

hufdt ).

 O.f., Whu eoome‗t ihhc  at ko igco tdat.

Do kust jo doro jy egeo h—bihbc. Bae  yhur khtdor  mrgvo 8

]dat hufdt th jo oehufd. 

   Khmai vorjs davo eh gengegtgvos, aem htdor oxprossghes aro usom gestoam, wdoe eobossary. O.f., G—m igco th jo ajio th scato . ‒  gestoam hn — bae‗. 

Whu—ro fhgef th davo th whrc  darmor. ‒  gestoam hn —kust‗ .

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =6 

   Khmai vorjs davo eh past nhrks. Bhuim aem whuim  aro usom wgtd past koaegefs ge shkobasos (jut eovor th say tdat partgbuiar ovoets abtuaiiy dappoeom he mongegto hbbasghes).

Htdorwgso, htdor oxprossghes aro usom.

 O.f., Antor bigkjgef nhr sgx dhurs, wo kaeafom th roabd  tdo thp. ‒  gestoam hn —bhuim‗ .G dam th fh  th sbdhhi yostormay. ‒  gestoam hn —kust‗ .

 

 Khmai vorjs bae jo usom wgtd pornobt gengegtgvos th taic ajhut tdgefs wdgbd mgm ehtdappoe, hr wdgbd wo aro eht suro ajhut, ge tdo past. O.f., Whu sdhuim davo thim  ko at hebo.

Dor bar kay davo jrhcoe  mhwe.

Htdor ^orj Batofhrgos

]oeso gs a vorj nhrk wdgbd sdhws tdo tgko hn ae abtghe hr ovoet. ]do jasgb toesos (prosoet, past,

nuturo) aem vargatghes toii gn ae abtghe gs tacgef piabo, thhc piabo hr wgii taco piabo.

^orj aspobt  bae jo prhfrossgvo hr bhetgeuhus (wo aro waicgef3 wo woro waicgef), dajgtuai (jgrms

sgef), pornobtgvo (G davo oatoe ky iuebd).:

 

^hgbo gs tdo nhrk hn tdo vorj ge wdgbd tdo frakkatgbai sujlobt hn tdo soetoebo gs roprosoetom as pornhrkgef tdo abtghe oxprossom jy tdo vorj (abtgvo vhgbo< o.f., ]do sthbc karcot siukpom ) hr gt

gs tdo fhai hn tdo abtghe oxprossom jy tdo vorj ( passgvo vhgbo< o.f., A froat moai hn kheoy was

ihst  ge tdo sthbc karcot.)

Oefigsd vorjs davo tdroo khhms. ]doy aro baiiom tdo gemgbatgvo, tdo gkporatgvo aem tdo

 sujluebtgvo.

]do gemgbatgvo khhm  gs usom nhr hrmgeary statokoets aem quostghes. (O.f., G davo heiy heo

oxakgeatghe rokagegef.) ]do sujluebtgvo khhm  gs usom th oxpross a wgsd hr shkotdgef tdat gsbhetrary th nabt.(O.f., Gn G woro yhu, G whuime—t abbopt tdo hnnor.) ]do gkporatgvo khhm gs usom nhr  a roquost hr a bhkkaem. (Baii ko pioaso!)

?. _so hn ]oesos

_so hn Prosoet ]oeso Nhrks

 Prosoet Rgkpio2 gs usom<

  nhr shkotdgef wdgbd dappoes rofuiariy hr dajgtuaiiy (hntoe wgtd amvorjs hn tgko igco

aiways hr usuaiiy)<o.f., Vo fh hut  ovory Raturmay egfdt.

Do eovor fgvos  ko prosoets.

  nhr shkotdgef wdgbd rokages truo nhr a ihef tgko hr nhr a sbgoetgngb nabt<o.f., Do igvos  ge Froobo.

: Nhr khro motagis soo tdo sobtghe ajhut tdo _so hn ]oesos.2 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Prosoet Gemongegto ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =4 

]do oartd travois  rhuem tdo sue.

  ]h fgvo gestrubtghes (khro nrgoemiy aem porsheai tdae tdo gkporatgvo)<

o.f., Ngrst yhu bdobc  yhur aeswors, tdoe daem ge yhur papor.

  ]h mosbrgjo ovoets ge lhcos, sthrgos hr eows gtoks th kaco tdok sook khro mrakatgb<

o.f., A fhrgiia fhos  geth a jar aem ascs nhr a mrgec… ]do Phpo vgsgts  ]hcyh thmay.

  wgtd vorjs eht ehrkaiiy usom ge aey hn tdo prhfrossgvo nhrks (joigovo, uemorstaem,gkafgeo, supphso, doar, soo, tasto, ihvo, dato, eoom, waet, pronor, sook, appoar, joihef,

mosorvo)<o.f., Laeo< G mhe‗t igco jgf bgtgos. ]doy skoii  hn bars.

Potor< G cehw  wdat yhu koae .

 Prosoet Prhfrossgvo= gs usom<

 

nhr ae ovoet ge prhfross at tdo prosoet tgko<o.f., Ihhc, tdoy—ro bhkgef  hut hn tdo bgeoka ehw.

]do staemarm hn igvgef ge tdgs bhuetry gs  sihwiy rgsgef .

  wgtd aiways th sdhw surprgso hr mgsapprhvai wdoe ae abtghe gs ropoatom<o.f., Rdo‗s aiways jhrrhwgef  kheoy nrhk ko.

Gt‗s aiways ragegef  doro.

  ]h sot tdo sboeo ge a lhco hr a sthry aem mosbrgjo ovoets wdgbd aro eht bhkpioto<o.f., A kae gs staemgef he tdo pavokoet wdoe summoeiy a spabosdgp iaems.

 Prosoet Pornobt  gs usom<

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd dappoeom at tdo gemongegto tgko ge tdo past. Gt—s hntoe usom wgtd subd

amvorjs as airoamy, lust, yot, hntoe, eovor, sh nar, stgii< 

o.f., G‗vo sooe tdat ngik. (Bhkparo G saw tdat ngik iast wooc .)

G—vo   lust  sooe  dgk.

G davoe‗t ngegsdom   yot .

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd jofae ge tdo past aem gs stgii fhgef he ehw<o.f., Rdo‗s jooe a wgmhw  nhr ajhut sgx khetds / sgebo iast yoar .

(Ehtgbo wo uso nhr  th taic ajhut tdo ioeftd hn tgko, aem wo uso sgebo wgtd a spobgngb tgko

ge tdo past. Ehto bhetrast, ‟G—vo cehwe dor nhr :? yoars vorsus G—vo cehwe dor sgebo 1740)

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd gs ngegsdom jut stgii annobts tdo prosoet<o.f., G bae—t wrgto jobauso G—vo jrhcoe ky ark.

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd das a rosuit wdgbd bae jo sooe ge tdo prosoet<

= Gt gs hntoe baiiom Prosoet Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo =7 

  antor oxprossghes igco gt—s tdo ngrst/ jost/ khst getorostgef/ heiy….< o.f., ]dgs gs tdo tdgrm tgko do—s tacoe dgs mrgvgef tost.

]dgs gs tdo whrst ngik G‗vo ovor  sooe.

 Prosoet Pornobt Prhfrossgvo? gs usom<

 

nhr ae abtgvgty wdgbd jofae ge tdo past aem gs stgii fhgef he (th okpdasgzo tdo ioeftd hntgko tacoe jy tdo abtgvgty). (Ehtgbo gt shkotgkos sdhws aefor, surprgso, otb.)<o.f., Vo‗vo jooe igvgef doro nhr sgx yoars/ sgebo :000.

Vo—vo jooe staemgef at tdgs jus sthp nhr dain ae dhur ge tdo phurgef rage.

  th mosbrgjo a tokphrary arraefokoet wdgbd kay stgii jo fhgef he hr wdgbd kay lust davongegsdom<

o.f., G‗vo jooe staygef wgtd ky bhusge nhr a wooc.

  nhr ae abtgvgty wdgbd was fhgef he, wdgbd das ehw ngegsdom aem tdo rosuit hn wdgbd gs stgii

ovgmoet. (]dgs, bae jo usom th sdhw aefor, surprgso, otb.)

o.f., Ihhc at tdo koss yhu aro ge! Vdat he oartd davo  yhu jooe mhgef 8G bae soo tdat yhu‗vo jooe mobhratgef . ]do dhuso ihhcs ihvoiy!

_so hn Past ]oeso Nhrks

 Past Rgkpio>  gs usom<

  wdoe a mongegto phget ge tgko gs koetgheom wdoe taicgef ajhut tdo past<o.f., Iast egfdt G woet  th a bhebort.

]do iast tgko G saw  Karga was tdroo yoars afh.

  wdoe tdo ovoet thhc piabo at a tgko tdo spoacor gs awaro hn jut mhos eht koetghe<o.f., Laeo< Mgm  yhu davo  a egbo tgko ge Pargs8

Potor< Wos, wo mgm. 

  nhr a eukjor hn ovoets wdgbd thhc piabo heo antor aehtdor ge tdo past<o.f., ]do tdgon woet  geth tdo jaec, puiiom hut  a fue aem phgetom gt at tdo basdgor.

  ]h mosbrgjo a past dajgt<o.f., Vdoe G was at sbdhhi, G fht up  ovory may at sovoe h—bihbc.

_som th heiy oxgsts ge tdo past nhrk. Gt gs usom th oxpross<

  a dajgt hr stato ge tdo past<o.f., G usom th  skhco bgfars jut ehw G bdowgef fuk.

Do usom th   jo vory nat jut do—s ihst a iht hn wogfdt.

? Gt gs hntoe baiiom Prosoet Pornobt Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs> Gt gs hntoe baiiom Past Gemongegto ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?0 

  Rhkotdgef wdgbd mgm eht dappoe ge tdo past jut wdgbd das ehw jobhko a dajgt hr stato.o.f., G mgme‗t uso th fh th tdo tdoatro jut G try aem fh ajhut hebo a khetd ehw.

G eovor  usom th  igco dgk jut G mh ehw.

  ae gequgry ajhut a dajgt hr stato ge tdo past<o.f., Mgm  yhu uso th  mh sphrts at sbdhhi8 (Khro bhkkhe ge Jrgtgsd Oefigsd) 

 Mgme‗t  yhu uso th  jo kubd tdgeeor8

Vhuim gs usom th oxpross<

  a dajgt hr ropoatom ovoet ge tdo past wdgbd gs ehw ngegsdom aem wdgbd sdhws tdo spoacor—s

attgtumo th tdo ovoet (aefor, grrgtatghe, otb.)<

o.f., Do whuim  coop toiigef ko wdat th mh!

 Past Prhfrossgvo6  gs usom<

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd was ge prhfross wdoe aehtdor ovoet dappoeom<

o.f., G was mrg vgef aihef tdo khthrway wdoe G dam a puebturo (_R;niat).

  th sot tdo sboeo aem prhvgmo tdo jabcfrhuem nhr a sthry<o.f., Gt was sgx h—bihbc aem marceoss was naii gef. 

  Nhr twh hr khro ovoets wdgbd woro ge prhfross at tdo sako tgko ge tdo past<

o.f., G was mgffgef tdo farmoe wdgio Lhde was pagetg ef tdo cgtbdoe.

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd dam jooe arraefom jut wdgbd mgm eht dappoe<o.f., Do was bhkgef  th mgeeor jut do dam th fh away he jusgeoss.

 Past Pornobt  gs usom<

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd dappoeom jonhro aehtdor ge tdo past<o.f., G woet jabc dhko jobauso G‗m nhrfhttoe ky coys.

G was suro G dame‗t sooe dgk.

Jy 174> Jhj Foimhn dam ragsom  kgiighes hn phuems nhr bdargty.

  Vgtd sbarboiy/ darmiy + wdoe hr eh shheor + tdae<o.f., G dam sbarboiy/ darmiy put  tdo pdheo mhwe wdoe tdo joii raef.

Eh shheor dam G i ont  tdo dhuso tdae gt startom th rage.

 Past Pornobt Prhfrossgvo4

 gs usom<

  th okpdasgzo tdo bhetgeuhus eaturo hn ae abtghe hr abtgvgty wdgbd dappoeom jonhroaehtdor ge tdo past<

O.f., ]doy—m jooe tai cgef nhr dhurs wdoe tdoy summoeiy roaigzom gt was kgmegfdt.

6 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Past Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs4 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Past Pornobt Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?1 

_so hn Nuturo ]oeso Nhrks aem Htdor Vays hn ]aicgef ajhut tdo Nuturo

 Nuturo Rgkpio7 (wgii/ sdaii) gs usom<

  th kaco a promgbtghe ajhut tdo nuturo<o.f., ]hkhrrhw wgii jo  ngeo aem sueey.

Vo‗ii oxpobt yhu eoxt wooc.

 Nuturo Prhfrossgvo10

 gs usom<

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd wgii jo ge tdo prhfross at a bortage tgko ge tdo nuturo<

o.f., ]dgs tgko eoxt wooc G—ii jo swgkkgef ge tdo Komgtorraeoae.

 Nuturo Pornobt gs usom<

  nhr ae ovoet wdgbd wgii jo hvor eht iator tdae a bortage tgko ge tdo nuturo<

o.f., ]doy—ii davo ng eg sdom tdogr rophrt jy thkhrrhw.

 Nuturo Pornobt Prhfrossgvo11

 gs usom<

  nhr shkotdgef stgii ge prhfross jut wdgbd wgii jo bhkpioto eht iator tdae a bortage tgko ge

tdo nuturo<

o.f., Do—ii davo jooe whrcgef nhr tdo jaec nhr 20 yoars eoxt sukkor.

Ge ammgtghe th tdo nuturo toeso nhrks, tdo nhiihwgef nhrks aem pdrasos aro usom th taic ajhut tdo

nuturo.

 Jo fhgef th gs usom nhr<

 

ae getoetghe<o.f., G—k fhgef th wrg to shko iottors.

  ae gemgbatghe tdat shkotdgef gs prhjajio<

o.f., Ihhc at tdhso jiabc bihums. G tdgec gt—s fhgef th rage .

 Prosoet Rgkpio gs usom nhr<

  nuturo ovoets he a tgkotajio hr a ngxom prhfrak<

o.f., ]do katbd jofges  at 2<20.

Vdoe do bhkos , G—ii toii yhu. (Ehtgbo wdoe bae jo usom wgtd tdo Prosoet Rgkpio nhr ae

ovoet ge tdo nuturo)

 Prosoet Prhfrossgvo gs usom nhr<  a mongegto arraefokoet, piae hr apphgetkoet<

o.f., Vo—ro niygef th Rpage eoxt wooc.

G—k tacgef ky mrgvgef tost thkhrrhw.

7 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Nuturo Gemongegto ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs10 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Nuturo Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs11 Gt gs hntoe baiiom Nuturo Pornobt Bhetgeuhus ge kaey _cragegae toxtjhhcs

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?: 

 Jo ajhut th hr  jo he tdo phget hn  gs usom nhr<

  ae ovoet wdgbd gs hr was lust fhgef th taco piabo<o.f., ]do piaeo gs he tdo phget hn tacgef hnn .

 Egbc was lust ajhut th put  tdo kheoy ge dgs phbcot.

Passgvo ]oeso Nhrks

]do passgvo gs nhrkom jy usgef a nhrk hn th jo (gs, das jooe, wgii jo, was, otb.) + tdo past

 partgbgpio hn tdo vorj (kamo, sooe, fgvoe, proparom). ]do toesos aem ruios nhr tdogr uso, aro tdo

sako as nhr abtgvo vorj nhrks. Ehto, dhwovor, tdat wo usuaiiy avhgm saygef jo jogef  aem jooejogef, sh tdat nuturo prhfrossgvo aem pornobt prhfrossgvo toesos aro vory uebhkkhe.

Ihhc at tdo nhiihwgef oxakpios<

 Prosoet Rgkpio Passgvo< Oefigsd gs sphcoe doro.

 Prosoet Prhfrossgvo Passgvo< Oxbuso tdo koss< tdo dhuso gs jogef pagetom .

 Prosoet Pornobt Passgvo<  Das Kary jooe thim 8

 Prosoet Pornobt Prhfrossgvo Passgvo<  Dhw ihef das  tdo rosoarbd jooe jogef mheo 8

(_R< Dhw ihef das tdo rosoarbd jooe ge prhfross) 

 Past Rgkpio Passgvo< G wase‗t gevgtom,  jut G—vo bhko aeyway. 

 Past Prhfrossgvo Passgvo<  G noit as gn G was jogef watbdom .„ 

 Past Pornobt Passgvo<  G ceow wdy G dam jooe bdhsoe .

 Past Pornobt Prhfrossgvo G whemorom dhw ihef G—m jooe jogef nhi ihwom .

(_R< G whemorom dhw ihef shkoheo dam jooe

nhiihwgef ko.)

 Nuturo Rgkpio Passgvo<  Whu—ii jo thim ge amvaebo. Nuturo Prhfrossgvo Passgvo< Whu‗ii jo jogef thim ge tdo eoar nuturo.

 Nuturo Pornobt Prhfrossgvo< Jy eoxt Bdrgstkas, tdat jrgmfo wgi i davo jooe

jogef jugi t

(_R< Jy eoxt Bdrgstkas, tdat jrgmfo wgii davo jooe uemor bhestrubtghe nhr ? yoars).

Fhgef th strubturo< Vdh— s fhgef th jo gevgtom 8

Khmai Rtrubturos  Do hufdt th jo sdht. Whu kgfdt davo jooe

durt .

]do passgvo gs usom<

  wdoe tdo afoet gs uecehwe hr eht gkphrtaet<

o.f., Ngvo phigbokoe davo jooe cg i iom  ge Ehrtdore Groiaem.

]do wator was doatom  aem a shiutghe hn bdokgbais was proparom .

  th kaco tdo hjlobt hn tdo abtgvo vorj khro gkphrtaet<

o.f., A mosbrgptghe hn tdo fuekae was gssuom  jy tdo phigbo.

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?2 

  wdoe tdo mosbrgptghe hn tdo afoet gs vory ihef<o.f., A bdargty robhrm das jooe kamo  jy kaey nakhus eakos ge tdo whrim hn php kusgb.

>. Bhem g t gheais

Bhemgtgheai  gs a cgem hn a soetoebo wdgbd usos gn  hr ueioss. Gt taics ajhut sgtuatghes wdgbd aro ehtroai. ]doro aro tdroo kage typos hn bhemgtgheai soetoebos<

Bhemgtgheai 1 gs usom (_R ; Prosoet Zoai)<

  nhr foeorai nabts tdat mh eht bdaefo<o.f., G n  yhu taco  mrufs rofuiariy, yhu jobhko ammgbtom th tdok.

  nhr sbgoetgngb nabts<

G n  yhu kgx tdo bhihrs jiuo aem rom, yhu fot purpio.

 

kageiy nhr nuturo phssgjgigtgos<o.f., G n  yhu whrc  darm, yhu‗ii fot  a fhhm lhj.

_eioss  yhu stumy , yhu whe‗t pass yhur oxakgeatghe.

Bhemgtgheai : gs usom (_R; Prosoet hr Nuturo ueroai bhemgtgheai)<

  nhr ‖ueroai— hr gkprhjajio bhemgtghes ge tdo prosoet hr nuturo< o.f., G n  G dam  a kgiighe phuems, G whuim juy  a yabdt.

G n do ceow tdo aeswor, do whuime‗t toii  ko.G n  Kary woro  doro ehw, sdo whuim mrgvo  ko dhko.

  nhr fgvgef amvgbo aem suffostghes<

o.f., G n G woro  yhu, G whuime‗t abbopt  tdat hnnor.

Bhemgtgheai 2 gs usom (_R; past ueroai bhemgtgheai)<

  nhr ueroai hr gkprhjajio bhemgtghes ge tdo past<

o.f., Vo whuim davo fheo  ajrham nhr hur dhigmays, g n wo dame‗t jhufdt  a eow bar.

  th gkpiy rofrot<o.f., G n  wo dame‗t sot hut iato, wo whuime‗t davo jooe baufdt  ge tdo tranngb lak.

  th gkpiy brgtgbgsk<

o.f., G n  yhu dam i gstoeom  th yhur natdor, yhu whuime‗t davo kamo sh kaey kgstacos.

6. _.R. vs . Jrgt gs d Oef igsd

Vdgio tdoro aro bortageiy kaey khro vargotgos hn Oefigsd, Akorgbae aem Jrgtgsd Oefigsd aro tdo

twh vargotgos tdat aro taufdt ge khst ORI/ONI prhfraks. Foeoraiiy, gt gs afroom tdat eh heo

vorsghe gs "bhrrobt" dhwovor, tdoro aro bortageiy pronoroebos ge uso. ]do khst gkphrtaet ruio hn

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?= 

tdukj gs th try th jo bhesgstoet ge yhur usafo. Gn yhu mobgmo tdat yhu waet th uso Akorgbae

Oefigsd spoiigefs tdoe jo bhesgstoet ge yhur spoiigef (g.o. ]do bhihr hn tdo hraefo gs aish gts niavhr  

 ‒  bhihr gs Akorgbae spoiigef aem niavhur gs Jrgtgsd), tdgs gs hn bhurso eht aiways oasy ‒  hr phssgjio. ]do nhiihwgef fugmo gs koaet th phget hut tdo prgebgpai mgnnoroebos jotwooe tdoso twh

vargotgos hn Oefigsd.

^hbajuiary

Rhkotgkos mgnnoroet whrms aro usom nhr tdo sako gmoa ge Akorgbae aem Jrgtgsd Oefigsd<

_R FJ

apartkoet niat

 jajy-barrgafo prakbaj taxg

baemy swoots

bhhcgo jgsbugt

bhre Kagzo

mossort swootoiovathr ignt

naii autukengrst nihhr frhuem nihhr

niasdigfdt thrbd

khvgo ngikheo-way sgefio (tgbcot)trasd rujjgsd

trubc vae, ihrry

vabatghe dhigmay(s)

Rpoiigef

  Ge Akorgbae Oefigsd, ngeai i  gs eht usuaiiy mhujiom ge ae uestrossom syiiajio<o.f., travoior (_R) ‒  travoiior (FJ).

  Rhko whrms oem ge ‒ tor  ge Akorgbae Oefigsd aem ‒ tr o  ge Jrgtgsd<

o.f., tdoator, boetor (_R) - tdoatro, boetro (FJ).

  Rhko whrms oem ge ‒ hr  ge Akorgbae Oefigsd aem ‒ hur  ge Jrgtgsd<o.f., iajhr, dhehr, bhihr (_R) ‒  iajhur, dhehur, bhihur (FJ).

  Rhko whrms oem ge ‒ hf  ge Akorgbae Oefigsd aem ‒ hfuo  ge Jrgtgsd<

o.f., bataihf, mgaihf, aeaihf (_R) ‒  bataihfuo, mgaihfuo, aeaihfuo (FJ).  Rhko whrms oem ge ‒ gzo  ge Akorgbae Oefigsd, jut ge ‒ gzo hr ‒ gso ge Jrgtgsd<

o.f., roaigzo (_R) ‒  roaigzo hr roaigso (FJ)

Doro gs a igst hn khst bhkkhe spoiigef mgnnoroebos ge gemgvgmuai whrms<

_R FJ

aiukgeuk aiukgegukaeaiyzo aeaiyso

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_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo ]ONI Kaeuai 

_R Poabo Bhrps ge _crageo pafo ?? 

bdobc bdoquo (nrhk a jaec)

monoeso monoebo

mgaihf mgaihfuo lowoiry lowoiiry

hnnoeso hnnoebo

 prabtgbo (vorj) prabtgbo

 prhfrak prhfrakko

Mgnnoroebos ge tdo _so hn ]oeso Nhrks

Ge Jrgtgsd Oefigsd tdo Prosoet Pornobt  gs usom th oxpross ae abtghe tdat das hbburrom ge tdo roboet

 past tdat das ae onnobt he tdo prosoet khkoet<o.f., G'vo ihst  ky coy. Bae yhu doip ko ihhc nhr gt8

Ge Akorgbae Oefigsd tdo nhiihwgef gs aish phssgjio<

o.f., G ihst  ky coy. Bae yhu doip ko ihhc nhr gt8

 Ge Jrgtgsd Oefigsd tdo ajhvo whuim jo bhesgmorom gebhrrobt. Dhwovor, jhtd nhrks aro foeoraiiyabboptom ge staemarm Akorgbae Oefigsd.

Htdor mgnnoroebos gevhivgef tdo uso hn tdo Prosoet Pornobt  ge Jrgtgsd Oefigsd aem Rgkpio Past  ge

Akorgbae Oefigsd gebiumo airoamy, lust  aem yot.  Nhr oxakpio, 

FJ _R

G'vo lust dam iuebd  G lust dam  iuebd

G' vo lust dam iuebd 

G'vo air oamy sooe tdat ngik G'vo airoamy sooe tdat ngik

G airoamy saw  tdat ngik

Davo  yhu ng egsdom  yhur dhkowhrc yot8 Davo yhur ngegsdom  yhur dhkowhrc yot8Mgm yhu ngegsd  yhur dhkowhrc yot8

Phssossghe

]doro aro twh nhrks th oxpross phssossghe ge Oefigsd< davo hr davo fht . Vdgio jhtd nhrks aro

bhrrobt (aem abboptom ge jhtd Jrgtgsd aem Akorgbae Oefigsd), davo fht  (davo yhu fht, do dase'tfht, otb.) gs foeoraiiy tdo pronorrom nhrk ge Jrgtgsd Oefigsd wdgio khst spoacors hn Akorgbae

Oefigsd okpihy tdo davo (mh yhu davo, do mhose't davo otb.)

FJ _RDavo yhu fht a bar8  Mh yhu davo a bar8 

Do dase't fht aey nrgoems. Do mhose't davo aey nrgoems.

Rdo's fht a joautgnui eow dhko. Rdo das a joautgnui eow dhko.

Ehtgbo ]do past partgbgpio hn tdo vorj fot gs fhttoe ge Akorgbae Oefigsd aem fht ge JrgtgsdOefigsd. o.f., Do's fhttoe  kubd jottor at piaygef toeegs. (_R) ‒  Do's fht kubd jottor at piaygef

toeegs. (FJ)

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