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8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 1/78
\fgdh cn Kcothots
@otrclukt`co ............................................................. …... 6
Hxhkut`vh [ujjfry
........................................................
;
[hxufd Fssfudts ............................................................... 8
Wfph ............................................................................ >
Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt .................................................. >
Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt ................................................... 9
[hxufd Fssfudt W`sb Nfktcrs ......................................... 0
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts ............................................................. 69
B`lofpp`oi .................................................................. 65
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt ..................................................... 65
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt ................................................ 60
Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt ................................................ 71
Qeys`kfd Fssfudt W`sb Nfktcrs ...................................... 77
\erhfts ...........................................................................
;1
\erhft W`sb Nfktcrs ................................................... ;7
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs ............................................................. ;9
Wcgghry ...................................................................... ;5
Guridfry ...................................................................... ;5
\ehnt ........................................................................... ;0
^folfd`sj ................................................................... <1
Qrcphrty Kr`jh W`sb Nfktcrs ....................................... <6
@o‑[hrv`kh Lhftes ............................................................ <0
Kurrhot [trfthi`hs tc Whlukh W`sb .................................. 81
Kcokdul`oi Whjfrbs ....................................................... 87
Whnhrhokh D`st ................................................................. 8;
Fpphol`khs .....................................................................
8<
F= [hvhr`ty E`hrfrkey fol @ok`lhot Lhn`o`t`cos ........... 88
G= Jhteclcdciy ......................................................... 89
K= Qhfkh Kcrps Kcuotr`hs ........................................... 80
L= Lhjcirfpe`ks cn Fdd ^cduothhrs ............................ >1
H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst ^cdujh fol Wfths ....... >6
N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr [hdhkthl Kfthicr`hs .................. 9;
I= Kcuotry cn @ok`lhot kcjpfrhl w`te Kcuotry cn [hrv`kh 99
Fooufd Whpcrt cn ^cduothhr [fnhty
Kcotr`gutcrs
Hlwfrl Ecgsco,
Fssck`fth
L`rhktcr
ncr
[fnhty
fol
[hkur`ty
Lfryd [`ob , Ke`hn cn Cvhrshfs Cphrft`cos, Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty
Lfv`l Ndh`s`i , Dhfl [hkur`ty [phk`fd`st, Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty
Hd`zfghte Dcwhry, Qrcirfj Jfofihr, Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty
Mhoo`nhr G`oiefj lh Jfthc, Lftf Fofdyst, Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty
Kcuotry L`rhktcrs, Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Kccrl`oftcrs, Qhfkh Kcrps
Jhl`kfd Cnn`khrs, Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs, fol [fnhty fol
[hkur`ty Lhsb Cnn`khrs [ f n h t y c
n t e h ^ c d
u o t h h r 7 1 1 0
C N
N @ K
H
C
N
[
F
N H
\ P
F
O
L
[
H
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X
W
@ \ P
^cdujh 66
Lhkhjghr 7161
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Qfih 6 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Qurpcsh
\eh [fnhty cn teh ^cduothhr 7110 prcv`lhs sujjfry stft`st`ks ncr kfdholfr yhfr 7110. @o fll`t`co `t fdsc prcv`lhs f
idcgfd trhol fofdys`s cvhr teh dfst tho yhfrs fol fo fofdys`s cn `ok`lhot fol r`sb kefrfkthr`st`ks nrcj 711> tc 7110.
\eh twcncdl cgmhkt`vh cn te`s pugd`kft`co `s tc=
• @lhot`ny fol fofdyzh trhols `o sfnhty fol shkur`ty kcol`t`cos fjcoi ^cduothhrs2 fol
• Qrcv`lh ushnud cgshrvft`cos rhifrl`oi trhols `o fo hnncrt tc jfx`j`zh teh shkur`ty cn ^cduothhrs fol stfnn.
\eh [fnhty cn teh ^cduothhr rhpcrt fofdyzhs `ok`lhots rhpcrthl tercuie teh kfdholfr yhfr prhkhl`oi pugd`kft`co. \eh
[fnhty cn teh ^cduothhr 7161 `s tfrihthl ncr kcjpdht`co `o j`l‑7166.
Qrcn`dh cn ^cduothhrs co Gcfrl vs. ^cduothhr Kr`jh ^`kt`js `o 7110
Ghncrh hxfj`o`oi kr`jh `ok`lhots `o 7110, `t `s `jpcrtfot tc kcos`lhr teh lhjcirfpe`k prcn`dh cn teh fvhrfih Qhfkh
Kcrps ^cduothhr/trf`ohh fol tc kcjpfrh te`s prcn`dh tc teft cn teh ^cduothhrs wec whrh v`kt`js cn kr`jhs tc shh `n
tehrh frh foy l`nnhrhokhs `o teh twc pcpudft`cos. ^cduothhrs frh kcos`lhrhl trf`ohhs nrcj teh phr`cl cn teh`r stfi`oi
hvhot (prhd`j`ofry trf`o`oi kcjpdhthl `o teh X.[) tercuie swhfr`oi `o. F kcjpfr`sco cn teh ^cduothhr v`kt`js tc teh
ihohrfd ^cduothhr pcpudft`co cn 7110 `s prcv`lhl `o \fgdh 6. Lftf secws teft ^cduothhr v`kt`js cn rhpcrthl kr`jhs frh
oct sugstfot`fddy l`nnhrhot nrcj teh cvhrfdd ^cduothhr pcpudft`co, tecuie ^cduothhr v`kt`js frh jcrh nrhquhotdy nh‑
jfdh, ycuoihr tefo ;1, fol Kfukfs`fo.
Jhfsur`oi teh ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co
\eh ^cduothhr
pcpudft`co
kcostfotdy
nduktufths
tercuiecut
teh
yhfr
fs
trf`ohhs
frr`vh
fol
shfscohl
^cduothhrs
kcj
‑
pdhth teh`r shrv`kh (ocrjfddy 79 jcotes). Ohw Qhfkh Kcrps pcsts frh cpho`oi, we`dh ctehr pcsts jfy gh susphol`oi cr
kdcs`oi cphrft`cos. \c jcrh fkkurfthdy kcjpfrh kr`jh lftf fkrcss kcuotr`hs, ^cduothhr/trf`ohh yhfrs (^\ yhfrs) frh
ushl `o kfdkudft`oi kr`jh `ok`lhokh rfths ghkfush te`s jhfsurhjhot prcv`lhs f jcrh fkkurfth kcuot cn teh fktufd
dhoite cn t`jh ^cduothhrs frh ft r`sb cn hxphr`hok`oi fo `ok`lhot. Ye`dh tehrh whrh 9,>96 ^cduothhrs fol trf`ohhs shrv‑
`oi fs cn [hpthjghr ;1, 7110, tehrh whrh cody 9,7<0 ^\ yhfrs `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110.
@otrclukt`co
Kefrfkthr`st`k % ^cduothhrs co
Gcfrl
% ^cduothhr
Kr`jh ^`kt`js Kefrfkthr`st`k7
% ^cduothhrs co
Gcfrl7
% ^cduothhr
Kr`jh ^`kt`js7
Nhjfdh >1 >0 Jfdh <1 ;7
Fih Hteo`k t̀y
4;1 5< 55 Kfukfs`fo 9< 57
;1‑;0 5 9 Oct sphk`n`hl 61 6
<1‑<0 7 6 Fs`fo > 8
81‑80 ; 7 E`spfo`k 8 >
>1‑>0 < 7 Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo ; ;
91‑90 46 46 J`xhl Hteo`k`ty ; 7
51‑50 46 1 Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo 46 46
\fgdh 6. Kcjpfr`sco cn ^cduothhr ^`kt`js tc Ihohrfd ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co `o 7110
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Cvhrshfs Qcst Kefoihs
@o kfdholfr yhfr 7110, ^cduothhrs shrvhl `o >5 Qhfkh Kcrps pcsts `o 9< kcuotr`hs. Qrcirfjs teft kdcsh cr cpho w`te`o f
kfdholfr yhfr cody prcv`lh lftf ncr tecsh jcotes `o we`ke ^cduothhrs fktufddy shrvhl (shh Fpphol`x K).
Lftf [curkh
\eh lftf ushl tc prhpfrh te`s rhpcrt wfs kcddhkthl tercuie teh Kr`jh @ok`lhot Whpcrt`oi Ncrj (K@WN) fol teh Kcoscd`‑
lfthl @ok`lhot Whpcrt`oi [ysthj (K@W[). \eh K@W[, fo `o‑ecush lhvhdcphl fppd`kft`co gu`dt upco whg shrv`khs, wfs rh‑
dhfshl `o Fpr`d 7115. K@W[ hxpfolhl co teh lftf n`hdls kcddhkthl gy teh K@WN2 tehrhncrh, scjh r`sb kefrfkthr`st`ks fof‑
dyzhl `o teh rhpcrt cody hvfdufth lftf nrcj Fpr`d 7115.
@ok`lhot Kdfss`n`kft`co
Kr`jh `ok`lhots frh rfobhl co f shvhr`ty e`hrfrkey rfoi`oi nrcj ^folfd`sj (dhfst shvhrh) tc Lhfte (jcst shvhrh) Fp‑
phol`x F
kcotf`os
fo
cvhrv`hw
cn
te`s
e`hrfrkey,
`okdul`oi
lhn`o`t`cos
ushl
tc
kdfss`ny
`ok`lhots.
@oncrjft`co
kcddhkthl
`o teh K@W[ nfdds `otc coh cn n`vh kfthicr`hs=
• [hxufd Fssfudts (rfph/ftthjpthl rfph, jfmcr shxufd fssfudt, fol ctehr shxufd fssfudt)2
• Qeys`kfd Fssfudts (b`lofpp`oi, fiirfvfthl fssfudt, jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt, fol ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt)2
• Qrcphrty Kr`jhs (rcgghry, guridfry, tehnt, fol vfolfd`sj)2
• \erhfts (`okdul`oi `ot`j`lft`co fol lhfte terhft)2 fol
• Lhfte (luh tc ecj`k`lh, su`k`lh, fkk`lhot, `ddohss, fol `olhthrj`ofth kfush).
Fo cvhrv`hw cn teh jhteclcdciy ut`d`zhl `o prhpfr`oi te`s rhpcrt fs whdd fs f l`skuss`co cn `ok`lhokh rfths, fol lftf
d`j`tft`cos kfo gh ncuol `o Fpphol`x G.
@otrclukt`co
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 7
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Qfih ; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
\eh Qhfkh Kcrps `s kcjj`tthl tc j`o`j`z`oi r`sbs teft ^cduothhrs nfkh `o teh n`hdl sc teft tehy frh fgdh tc kcjpdhth f
sukkhssnud fol prclukt`vh twc‑yhfr shrv`kh. Qhfkh Kcrps‐ fpprcfke tc ^cduothhr sfnhty `s judt`nfkhthl fol lrfws
ehfv`dy upco teh fssujpt`co teft stfnn, ^cduothhrs fol kcjjuo`ty jhjghrs w`dd nudn`dd teh`r rcdhs fol cgd`ift`cos fs
tehy
phrtf`o
tc
^cduothhr
sfnhty.
\e`s
fpprcfke
`s
f
sefrhl
rhspcos`g`d`ty
teft
lrfws
`ts
strhoite
nrcj
gu`dl`oi
kcj‑
juo`ty rhdft`cose`ps, sefr`oi phrt`ohot `oncrjft`co, prcv`l`oi `o‑lhpte trf`o`oi, kcolukt`oi tecrcuie s`th lhvhdcp‑
jhot, hosur`oi fkkurfth fol t`jhdy `ok`lhot rhpcrt`oi , lhvhdcp`oi hnnhkt`vh `ok`lhot rhspcosh prckhlurhs, fol `jpdh‑
jhot`oi f kcjprhehos`vh fol thsthl hjhrihoky kcjjuo`kft`cos/rhspcosh systhj. \e`s rhpcrt, weho kcjg`ohl w`te
fdd cn teh fncrhjhot`cohl rhspcos`g`d`t`hs fol fkt`v`t`hs, `s fo hnnhkt`vh tccd `o fss`st`oi [tfnn fol ^cduothhrs `o `jprcv‑
`oi teh`r sfnhty fol shkur`ty systhjs fol prctckcds fol kfo prcv`lh hnnhkt`vh `os`iets `otc rhluk`oi r`sbs `o teh n`hdl.
Ycrdlw`lh, Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhrs rhpcrthl 6,816 kr`jhs lur`oi 7110, cr fo cvhrfdd `ok`lhokh rfth cn 71.96 `ok`lhots
phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. Qrcphrty kr`jhs kcot`ouh tc gh teh jcst prhvfdhot `ok`lhots rhpcrthl (57 phrkhot cn fdd rhpcrthl
`ok`lhots), w`te tehnts fkkcuot`oi ncr <5 phrkhot cn teh cvhrfdd tctfd, guridfr`hs cn ^cduothhr rhs`lhokhs 7; phrkhot fol
rcgghr`hs 66 phrkhot. Cn teh jcrh shr`cus kr`jhs rhpcrthl, tehrh whrh 60 fiirfvfthl fssfudts, 68 rfphs/ftthjpthl
rfphs, 7 b`lofpp`ois fol 6 lhfte gy ecj`k`lh.
[hxufd Fssfudts
[hxufd fssfudts
frh
kfthicr`zhl
`otc
coh
cn
terhh
frhfs2
rfph/ftthjpthl
rfph,
jfmcr
shxufd
fssfudt,
cr
ctehr
shxufd
fssfudt. Nrcj 7115 tc 7110, teh oujghr fol rfth cn rfphs/ftthjpthl rfphs lhkrhfsh oct`khfgdy, f lhv`ft`co nrcj teh
prhv`cus o`oh yhfrs `o we`ke teh rfth rhjf`ohl hsshot`fddy uokefoihl. Jfmcr shxufd fssfudts `okrhfshl ncr teh shkcol
yhfr, fdtecuie teh rfth `s st`dd dcwhr tefo teh phfb `o 7116. \eh rfth cn ctehr shxufd fssfudts lhkrhfshl sd`ietdy, tecuie
oct hocuie tc rhvhrsh teh sthfly gut irflufd `okrhfsh shho s`okh 7111.
@o rfphs/ftthjpthl rfphs, teh cnnholhr `s typ`kfddy f nr`hol cr fkquf`otfokh cn teh ^cduothhr fol teh `ok`lhot ckkurs `o
teh ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh. @o jfoy kfshs, gcte teh ^cduothhr fol teh cnnholhr efvh kcosujhl fdkcecd. Jfmcr shxufd
fssfudts fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts frh jcrh kcjjcody kcjj`tthl gy strfoihrs fol thol tc ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs, cr, `o
1.67
0.58
<.91
7.;8
1.>5
1.08
1.69
1.7>
1.1;
6.98
1.<>
1.;8
1.16
1.11 7.11 <.11 >.11 5.11 61.11 67.11
^folfd`sj
\ehnt
Guridfry
Wcgghry
\erhft
Ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt
Jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt
Fiirfvfthl fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Ctehr shxufd fssfudt
Jfmcr shxufd fssfudt
Wfph
Lhfte gy Ecj`k`lh
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh 6= @ok`lhokh Wfths cn Whpcrthl Kr`jhs 7110 (o:6816)
Hxhkut`vh [ujjfry
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teh kfsh cn ctehr shxufd fssfudts, co trfospcrtft`co. @o jcst jfmcr shxufd fssfudts fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts, teh ^cd‑
uothhr efs oct kcosujhl fdkcecd. Jcst rfphs ckkur ghtwhho j`lo`iet fol > f.j. co [fturlfy o`iet/[uolfy jcro`oi.
Jfmcr shxufd fssfudts frh jcst kcjjco ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet cvhr teh whhbhol, we`dh ctehr shxufd fssfudts
frh
jcrh
kcjjco
lur`oi
lfyd`iet
ecurs
fol
efvh
oc
l`skhro`gdh
pftthro
gy
lfy
cn
whhb.
@t
`s
rfrh
ncr
fo
cnnholhr
tcgh frrhsthl `o f shxufd fssfudt, cr ncr teh ^cduothhr tc `othol tc prcshkuth `n fo cnnholhr `s `lhot`n`hl.
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Qeys`kfd fssfudts frh kfthicr`zhl `otc coh cn ncur frhfs= b`lofpp`oi, fiirfvfthl fssfudt, jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt, cr
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt. Lftf co b`lofpp`oi efs cody ghho kcddhkthl s`okh 711>, fol oc b`lofpp`ois whrh rhpcrthl `o
h`tehr 711> cr 7119. @o 7110, twc ^cduothhrs rhpcrthl fssfudts kfthicr`zhl fs b`lofpp`ois. @o gcte kfshs, ^cduothhrs
whrh trfospcrthl `o kfrs fif`ost teh`r w`dd, fol teh `ok`lhots rhscdvhl w`te`o fo ecur. Ghtwhho 7115 fol 7110, teh `o‑
k`lhokh rfth cn fiirfvfthl fssfudts kcot`ouhl tc lhkrhfsh `o teh sfjh jfoohr `t efs s`okh 711>. Gcte jfmcr peys`kfd
fssfudts fol ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts `okrhfshl nrcj 7115 tc 7110, dhfl`oi tc teh shkcol yhfr cn `okrhfsh ncddcw`oi dcws
`o 711> fol 7119.
Jfdh fol Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs thol tc gh teh jcst nrhquhot v`kt`js cn fiirfvfthl fssfudts. F dfrih phrkhotfih cn
jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt ckkur ghtwhho j`lo`iet fol > f.j., fol fdtecuie ^cduothhr kcosujpt`co cn fdkcecd lchs oct
fpphfr tc gh f nfktcr `o teh ckkurrhokh cn jcst peys`kfd fssfudts, `t thols tc gh jcrh kcjjco `o jfmcr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts tefo `o teh ctehr kfthicr`hs. Fpprcx`jfthdy efdn cn fdd peys`kfd fssfudts ckkur co whhbhols, tecuie te`s `s pr`‑
jfr`dy shho `o fiirfvfthl fssfudts co [fturlfys fol jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts co [uolfys. \eh peys`kfd fssfudt kfthic‑
r`hs frh l`st`okt`vh s`okh teh nrhquhoky cn tehsh hvhots lchs oct lhkrhfsh oct`khfgdy w`te jcotes `o shrv`kh. Qeys`kfd
fssfudts frh cody sd`ietdy jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th fs kcjpfrhl tc weho teh ^cduothhr `s cut cn s`th.
F jfmcr`ty cn fiirfvfthl fssfudts ckkur `o rurfd frhfs, we`dh rurfd frhfs frh teh dhfst kcjjco dckft`co ncr ctehr peys`‑
kfd fssfudts.
\erhfts
\erhfts frh twc typhs cn `ok`lhots kcjg`ohl `otc f s`oidh kfthicry= lhfte terhfts fol `ot`j`lft`co. @ot`j`lft`co efs
ghho kcddhkthl cody s`okh 711>. \eh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr terhfts lhkrhfshl oct`khfgdy nrcj 7115 tc 7110, fol fdsc cvhr‑
fdd nrcj 711> tc 7110. Nhjfdh fol Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs hxphr`hokh e`iehr rfths cn terhft `ok`lhots. \erhft `ok`lhots
frh fdsc coh cn teh cody typhs cn kr`jh teft ckkur jcrh nrhquhotdy lur`oi teh shkcol efdn cn teh ^cduothhr‐s n`rst yhfr.
\eh cnnholhr `o teh jfmcr`ty cn terhft `ok`lhots `s f strfoihr, tecuie f rhdft`vhdy e`ie phrkhotfih frh teh rhsudt cn fk‑
t`cos gy f nr`hol cr fkquf`otfokh.
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Qrcphrty kr`jhs frh kfthicr`zhl `otc coh cn ncur frhfs= rcgghry, guridfry, tehnt, cr vfolfd`sj. Ghtwhho 7115 fol
7110, `ok`lhokh rfths ncr rcgghry fol tehnt lhkrhfshl sd`ietdy, we`dh rfths ncr guridfry fol vfolfd`sj `okrhfshl. @o teh
kfsh cn
tehnt,
te`s
lchs
oct
sugstfot`fddy
fdthr
teh
`okrhfsh
`o
rfths
shho
s`okh
7111.
\eh
`ok`lhokh
rfths
ncr
jcst
prcp
‑
hrty kr`jhs efvh sthfl`dy `okrhfshl cvhr teh pfst tho yhfrs. Wcgghr`hs fol tehnts typ`kfddy ckkur `o urgfo frhfs cuts`lh
cn teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th, we`dh guridfry, s`okh `t `ovcdvhs trhspfss `otc f rhs`lhokh, `s d`j`thl tc teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th gfr‑
r`oi rfrh hxkhpt`cos ncr ecthd rccjs. Wcgghr`hs jcrh cntho `ovcdvh judt`pdh cnnholhrs fol ^cduothhr v`kt`js, we`dh
guridfr`hs fol tehnts thol tc `jpfkt f s`oidh ^cduothhr fol typ`kfddy efvh oc `lhot`n`fgdh cnnholhr. Wcgghr`hs typ`kfddy
ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs, we`dh tehnts frh jcrh kcjjco co trfospcrtft`co, pr`jfr`dy gushs. Qrcphrty kr`jhs kfo rhsudt `o
sugstfot`fd dcsshs tc ^cduothhrs, fol s`okh Fpr`d cn 7115, ^cduothhr v`kt`js cn prcphrty kr`jhs dcst fo hst`jfthl
$8<0,111.
Hxhkut`vh [ujjfry
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih <
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Lhn`o`t`cos
Wfph= Qhohtrft`co cn teh vfi`of cr fous w`te f pho`s, tcoiuh, n`oihr cr cgmhkt w`tecut teh kcoshot fol/cr fif`ost teh
w`dd
cn
teh
^cduothhr.
\e`s
`okdulhs
weho
f
v`kt`j
`s
uofgdh
tc
kcoshot
ghkfush
cn
`oihst`co
cn
lruis
fol/cr
fdkcecd.
Wfph fdsc `okdulhs ncrkhl crfd shx, wehrh=
6. teh v`kt`j's jcute kcotfkts teh cnnholhr's iho`tfds cr fous, CW
7. teh cnnholhr's jcute kcotfkts teh v`kt`j's iho`tfds cr fous, CW
;. teh v`kt`j `s ncrkhl tc phrncrj crfd shx co foctehr phrsco.
Foy uosukkhssnud ftthjpts tc phohtrfth teh vfi`of cr fous frh fdsc kdfss`n`hl fs Wfph.
Jfmcr shxufd fssfudt= @othot`cofd cr ncrkhl kcotfkt w`te teh v`kt`j‐s grhfsts, iho`tfds, jcute, guttckbs, cr fous CW
l`srcg`oi cn teh ^cduothhr cr cnnholhr w`tecut kcotfkt cn teh ^cduothhr‐s fncrhjhot`cohl gcly pfrts, ncr shxufd irft`‑
n`kft`co FOL foy cn teh ncddcw`oi=
6. teh ush cn f whfpco gy teh cnnholhr, CW
7. peys`kfd `omury tc teh v`kt`j, CW
;. weho teh v`kt`j efs tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc l`shoifih teh cnnholhr.
Ctehr shxufd fssfudt= Xowfothl cr ncrkhl b`ss`oi, ncold`oi, fol/cr ircp`oi cn teh grhfsts, iho`tfds, jcute, guttckbs,
cr fous ncr shxufd irft`n`kft`co.
[hxufd Fssfudts
• Wfph/Ftthjpthl Wfph
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 68
• 7110 rfth= 1.;8 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= ‑;7
• Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 71
• 7110 rfth=
1.<>
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +6>
• Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 9>
• 7110 rfth= 6.98
• % kefoih nrcj 7119= ‑9
Ft-F-Idfokh= [hxufd Fssfudts
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur ft ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh
• Cnnholhr `s cntho f nr`hol/fkquf`otfokh cn teh ^cduothhr
• ^cduothhr fol/cr Cnnholhr cntho kcosujh fdkcecd
• \hol tc ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs
• ^cduothhr efs
rfrhdy
kcosujhl
foy
fdkcecd
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet co f whhbhol
• Cntho kcjj`tthl gy strfoihrs
• Jcst kcjjco lur`oi n`rst s`x jcotes cn shrv`kh
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur lur`oi lfyd`iet ecurs
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co prcv`lhs f idcgfd fofdyshs cn shx‑
ufd fssfudt `ok`lhots. @ok`lhokh cn shxufd fssfudt `s hx‑
prhsshl phr 611 nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs ghkfush wcjho frh ft
f
juke
irhfthr
r`sb
ncr
shxufd
fssfudts
tefo
jho.
@o 7110, 08 phrkhot cn teh shxufd fssfudts rhpcrthl wcrdl‑
w`lh whrh fif`ost nhjfdh ^cduothhrs. Xsh cn nhjfdh‑
sphk`n`k `ok`lhokh rfths ghtthr kefrfkthr`zhs teh r`sb cn
shxufd fssfudt. @o kcjpfr`oi yhfr‑tc‑yhfr lftf ncr rfphs/
ftthjpthl rfphs fol jfmcr shxufd fssfudts, `ok`lhokh
rfths secudl gh `othrprhthl w`te kfut`co luh tc teh
sjfdd oujghr cn `ok`lhots phrphtrfthl fooufddy fif`ost
Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhrs.
@. Wfph/Ftthjpthl Wfph
Wfph/Ftthjpthl Wfph Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl rfph/ftthjpthl rfph
thols tc gh f Kfukfs`fo nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. Wfphs
thol tc ckkur hfrdy `o shrv`kh, cntho w`te`o teh n`rst s`x
jcotes. \ehy frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh jfdh
cnnholhr wec `s f nr`hol cr fkquf`otfokh cn teh ^cduo‑
thhr. Wfphs ckkur jcst nrhquhotdy ghtwhho j`lo`iet
fol > f.j. co hfrdy [uolfy jcro`oi, usufddy `o f ^cduo‑
thhr‐s rhs`lhokh. Fdtecuie jcst rfphs lc oct `ovcdvh
ush cn f whfpco, `n f whfpco `s `ovcdvhl, `t thols tc gh f
bo`nh cr ctehr sefrp `ostrujhot. Cntho gcte teh ^cduo‑
thhr
fol
teh
cnnholhr
efvh
kcosujhl
fdkcecd
pr`cr
tc
teh fssfudt, fol teh ^cduothhr `s usufddy oct fkkcjpf‑
o`hl gy ctehr nr`hols cr ^cduothhrs. Fdtecuie seh `s
typ`kfddy oct peys`kfddy `omurhl, seh cntho rhqu`rhs jhl`‑
kfd ncddcw‑up fol kcuoshd`oi ncddcw`oi teh fssfudt. @o
jcst rfphs, teh cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl fol teh ^cduo‑
thhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fp‑
prheholhl.
[hxufd Fssfudts
Wfph/Ftthjpthl Wfph = Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 7 prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn rfphs/
ftthjpthl rfphs.
\ehrh whrh
68
rfphs/ftthjpthl
rfphs
rhpcrthl
gy
Qhfkh
Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo
`ok`lhokh rfth cn 1.;8 `ok`lhots phr 611 nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
\eh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr rfphs/ftthjpthl rfphs efs rh‑
jf`ohl rhdft`vhdy uokefoihl s`okh 7111. F sugstfot`fd
lhkd`oh ckkurrhl ghtwhho 7115 fol 7110 teft rhqu`rhs
fll`t`cofd cgshrvft`co tecuie teh kcj`oi yhfrs.
@@. Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt
Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl jfmcr shxufd fssfudt
thols tc gh f nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. [eh `s typ`kfddy
Kfukfs`fo, fol teh fssfudts ckkur hfrdy `o shrv`kh, usufddy
`o teh n`rst s`x jcotes. \ehy frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f
s`oidh jfdh `o e`s twhot`hs wec `s f strfoihr tc teh ^cd‑
1.>9
1.8<
1.<7
1.>>
1.80 1.88 1.8<1.<5 1.86
1.;8
1.11
1.71
1.<1
1.>1
1.51
6.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 N h j f d h ^ \ P h
f r s
N`iurh 7= Phfrdy Wfths cn Wfph (o:776)
61‑yhfr fvi= 1.8;
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 68
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 Nhjfdh ̂ \ yhfrs) 1.;8
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 7;
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs) 1.86
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) ‑;7%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) ‑<0%
\fgdh 7= [ujjfry“Wfph/ Ftthjpthl Wfph
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uothhr. Jfmcr shxufd fssfudts ckkur jcst nrhquhotdy gh‑
twhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet co f whhbhol, usufddy `o f
pugd`k frhf ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. Fdtecuie jcst jfmcr
shxufd fssfudts
lc
oct
`ovcdvh
teh
ush
cn
f whfpco,
`n f
whfpco `s `ovcdvhl, `t thols tc gh f bo`nh cr ctehr sefrp
`ostrujhot. \eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl
fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh fssfudt, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd
ush `s oct bocwo. Jfmcr shxufd fssfudts `ovcdv`oi fdkc‑
ecd ush gy gcte teh ^cduothhr fol teh cnnholhr frh rfrh.
\eh ^cduothhr `s ihohrfddy oct fkkcjpfo`hl gy ctehrs.
Fdtecuie seh `s typ`kfddy oct peys`kfddy `o murhl, seh cntho
rhqu`rhs jhl`kfd ncddcw‑up fol kcuoshd`oi ncddcw`oi teh
fssfudt. @o jcst jfmcr shxufd fssfudts, teh cnnholhr `s
oct frrhsthl, tecuie teh ^cduothhrs frh hqufddy d`bhdy tc
prcshkuth
cr
oct
prcshkuth
`n
teh
cnnholhr
`s
fpprh‑
eholhl.
Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh ; prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn jfmcr shxufd
fssfudts.
\ehrh whrh 71 jfmcr shxufd fssfudts rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh
Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo
`ok`lhokh rfth cn 1.<> `ok`lhots phr 611 nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Cvhr teh dfst tho yhfr phr`cl, teh rfth cn jfmcr shxufd
fssfudts efs vfr`hl w`lhdy nrcj f e`ie cn 1.8> `ok`lhots
`o
7116
tc
f
dcw
cn
1.7<
`ok`lhots
phr
611
nhjfdh
^\ yhfrs `o 711<.
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 71
7110
@ok`lhokh Wfth
(phr
611
Nhjfdh
̂\ yhfrs) 1.<>
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 65
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs) 1.<
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) 6>%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) 98%
\fgdh ;= [ujjfr y“Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt
[hxufd Fssfudts
@@@. Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt
Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl ctehr shxufd fssfudt
thols tc gh f nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. [eh `s typ`kfddy
Kfukfs`fo, fol teh fssfudt ckkurs hfrdy `o shrv`kh, usufddy
`o teh n`rst > jcotes. \ehy frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f
s`oidh jfdh cnnholhr `o e`s twhot`hs wec `s f strfoihr tc
teh ^cduothhr. \eh ctehr shxufd fssfudt w`dd typ`kfddy
ckkur ghtwhho
> p.j.
fol
j`lo`iet
co
[fturlfys,
usu
‑fddy `o f pugd`k frhf ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. \eh ^cduo‑
thhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh fs‑
sfudt, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd ush `s oct bocwo. \eh
^cduothhr `s usufddy fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh fssfudt. @o
jcst ctehr shxufd fssfudts, teh cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl,
fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh
cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
1.7>
1.8>
1.<9
1.75 1.7<
1.;>
1.78 1.78
1.<11.<>
1.11
1.71
1.<1
1.>1
1.51
6.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 N h j f d h ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh ;= Phfrdy Wfths cn Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt (o:6<9)
61‑yhfr fvi= 1.;8
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Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh < prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths ncr ctehr shxufd
fssfudts.
\ehrh whrh
9>
ctehr
shxufd
fssfudts
rhpcrthl
gy
Qhfkh
Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo
`ok`lhokh rfth cn 6.98 `ok`lhots phr 611 nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
\e`s oujghr fol rfth `s sd`ietdy dcwhr tefo teh twc prh‑
v`cus yhfrs. Cvhr teh dfst tho yhfr phr`cl, teh `ok`lhokh
rfth cn ctehr shxufd fssfudts efs ihohrfddy `okrhfshl.
6.69
6.>6 6.886.;9
6.85 6.5; 6.>>6.55 6.55
6.98
1.11
1.81
6.11
6.81
7.11
7.81
;.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 N h j f d h ^ \
P h f r s
N`iurh <= Phfrdy Wfths cn Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt (o:>56)
61‑yhfr fvi= 6.>;
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 9>
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs) 6.98
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 58
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs) 6.55
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) ‑9%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) <0%
\fgdh <= [ujjfry“Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt
[hxufd Fssfudts
@^. Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn^`kt`js
\eh oujghr cn rhpcrthl shxufd fssfudts fol teh oujghr
cn v`kt`js ihohrfddy lc oct l`nnhr, jhfo`oi tehrh `s usu‑
fddy cody coh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f shxufd fssfudt. @o coh
rfph/ftthjpthl rfph fol coh ctehr shxufd fssfudt `ok`‑
lhot, jcrh tefo coh ^cduothhr wfs v`kt`j`zhl.
51
71
68
56
71
65
1 71 <1 >1 51 611
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
N`iurh 8= Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn ̂ cduothhr
^`kt`js ncr 7110
Oujghr cn ^`kt`js
Oujghr cn @ok`lhots
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[hxufd Fssfudts
\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co l`skusshs teh prhvfdhot kefrfkthr‑
`st`ks fol r`sb nfktcrs fssck`fthl w`te rhpcrthl shxufd
fssfudts. Lftf co ^cduothhr v`kt`js, cnnholhrs, fol `ok`‑
lhot
lhtf`ds
nrcj
shxufd
fssfudts
rhpcrthl
tc
Qhfkh Kcrps ghtwhho 711> fol 7110 frh prcv`lhl. \e`s `oncr‑
jft`co `s `otholhl tc ehdp stfnn fol ^cduothhrs ghtthr
uolhrstfol teh nfktcrs teft fnnhkt phrscofd sfnhty.
^cduothhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
[hx, Fih fol Hteo`k`ty
Nrcj 711> tc 7110, v`kt`js cn shxufd fssfudt frh fdjcst
hxkdus`vhdy nhjfdh (N`iurh >). Jfdh ^cduothhrs kcost`tuth
f sjfdd pcrt`co cn ctehr shxufd fssfudts (1.6 phr 611 jfdh
^\ yhfrs)
fol
rfphs
(1.17
phr
611
jfdh
^\
yhfrs).
Nh
‑
jfdhs kcost`tuth >1 phrkhot cn teh ^cduothhr pcpudft`co
lur`oi te`s ncur yhfr phr`cl.
\eh rfths cn shxufd fssfudts fjcoi fih ircups ncr rfph
fol jfmcr shxufd fssfudt frh vfr`fgdh luh tc teh sjfdd
oujghr cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots `o jfoy cn teh fih ircups
(N`iurh 9). \eh e`iehst rfths ckkur `o teh ycuoihst fih
ircups, `okdul`oi
^cduothhrs
`o
teh`r
twhot`hs
fol
te`r
‑
t`hs. Ctehr shxufd fssfudts frh rhpcrthl nrcj fdd fih
ircups, w`te teh e`iehst rfth rhpcrthl gy ^cduothhrs `o
teh`r twhot`hs (6.7 phr 611 nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs).
1.17
1.8
1.1
1.;
1.6
6.5
1.11 1.81 6.11 6.81 7.11
Jfdh (o:6>)
Nhjfdh (o:<<5)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh >= Wfth cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Iholhr 711>‑7110
(o:<><)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
Lftf ncr rfkh/hteo`k`ty frh prhshothl ncr teh kurrhot
yhfr cody, `o crlhr tc kcjpfrh teh prcpcrt`co cn rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots ncr hfke rfk`fd/hteo`k ircup w`te teh
rhprhshotft`co cn teft ircup `o teh ^cduothhr pcpudf‑
t`co. Fnr`kfo Fjhr`kfo ^cduothhrs (; phrkhot) fol ^cd‑
uothhrs cn twc cr jcrh rfkhs (; phrkhot) frh l`sprcpcr‑
t`cofthdy rhprhshothl fjcoi rhpcrts cn rfph/ftthjpthl
rfph (68.< phrkhot fol 9.9 phrkhot). Kfukfs`fo ^cduo‑
thhrs (9< phrkhot) frh l`sprcpcrt`cofthdy rhprhshothl
fjcoi rhpcrts cn jfmcr shxufd fssfudts (611 phrkhot)
fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts (5<.> phrkhot) (\fgdh 8).
\fgdh 8= Kcjpfr`sco cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Wfkh/Hteo`k`ty tc ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co, 7110 (o:615)
Jcotes `o [hrv`kh \eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn shxufd fssfudts ckkur `o teh
^cduothhr‐s n`rst s`x jcotes cn shrv`kh (N`iurh 5). Jcrh
tefo twc‑te`rls cn fdd rfphs (>5.8 phrkhot) frh rhpcrthl
`o teh n`rst yhfr cn ^cduothhr shrv`kh, w`te sthfl`dy lhkd`o‑
`oi phrkhotfihs tehrhfnthr. D`bh rfph, jfmcr shxufd fs‑
sfudts fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts fdsc lhkd`oh w`te jcotes
Wfkh/Hteo`k̀ ty Wfph
Jfmcr [hxufd
Fssfudt
Ctehr [hxufd
Fssfudt
^cduothh
Qcpudft`c
Kfukfs`fo (o:07) >0.7% 611.1% 5<.>% 9<
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:6) 1.1% 1.1% 6.;% 61
E`spfo`k (o:8) 9.9% 1.1% 8.6% >
Fs`fo (o:8) 1.1% 1.1% >.<% 8
Fnr`kfo Fjhr`kfo (o:7) 68.<% 1.1% 1.1% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:;) 9.9% 1.1% 7.>% ;
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo (o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 4
Wfkh/Hteo`k̀ ty Wfph
Jfmcr [hxufd
Fssfudt
Ctehr [hxufd
Fssfudt
^cduothhr
Qcpudft`co
Kfukfs`fo (o:07) >0.7% 611.1% 5<.>% 9<
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:6) 1.1% 1.1% 6.;% 61
E`spfo`k (o:8) 9.9% 1.1% 8.6% >
Fs`fo (o:8) 1.1% 1.1% >.<% 8
Fnr`kfo Fjhr`kfo (o:7) 68.<% 1.1% 1.1% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:;) 9.9% 1.1% 7.>% ;
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo (o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 4
1.;
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
6.7
1.9
1.5
1.<
1.8
1.1 1.8 6.1 6.8
71s (o:<6>)
;1s (o:7<)
<1s (o:<)
81s (o:;)
>1s+ (o:>)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh 9= Wfth cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Fih Ircup 711>‑
7110 (o:<8;)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
Qfih 0 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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`o shrv`kh, w`te teh e`iehst phrkhotfih cn rhpcrts `o teh
n`rst s`x jcotes (;8.> phrkhot fol <1.0 phrkhot, rhsphk‑
t`vhdy).
Cnnholhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn shxufd fssfudts frh kcjj`tthl
gy f s`oidh cnnholhr (5>.<“07.1 phrkhot) fol typ`kfddy
fif`ost f s`oidh v`kt`j. Fpprcx`jfthdy 05 phrkhot cn shx‑
ufd fssfudts frh kcjj`tthl gy jfdh cnnholhrs. \eh sjfdd
phrkhotfih
cn
jfmcr
shxufd
fssfudts
(6.9
phrkhot)
fol rfphs (6.; phrkhot) ncr we`ke teh cnnholhr‐s shx `s oct
bocwo typ`kfddy rhprhshots uow`dd`oiohss co teh pfrt cn f
^cduothhr tc prcv`lh foy `oncrjft`co fgcut teh cn ‑
nholhr. \eh fih cn teh cnnholhr `s usufddy hst`jfthl gy
teh ^cduothhr v`kt`j fol jfy oct gh fo fkkurfth rhprh‑
shotft`co cn teh cnnholhr‐s truh fih2 ecwhvhr, teh dfri‑
hst phrkhotfih cn cnnholhrs `o rhpcrthl shxufd fssfudts
frh hst`jfthl tc gh ghtwhho 71 fol 70 yhfrs cdl (70.;“
<>.5 phrkhot).
^`kt`j/Cnnholhr Whdft`cose`p
[`okh 711> (N`iurh 0), f s`zhfgdh pcrt`co cn fdd rhpcrthl
rfphs/ftthjpthl rfphs efvh ghho kcjj`tthl gy f nr`hol
cr fkquf`otfokh cn teh v`kt`j (<;.7 phrkhot). Ecwhvhr,
ctehr shxufd fssfudts fol jfmcr shxufd fssfudts prhshot f
l`nnhrhot p`kturh, w`te teh jfmcr`ty cn fssfudts kcjj`t‑
thl gy strfoihrs. Ncr jfmcr shxufd fssfudts, 89.> phrkhot
frh kcjj`tthl gy strfoihrs, we`dh cody 5.1 phrkhot cn
;5.7%
;1.;%
65.<% 0.7%
;.0%
1.1%1.1%8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
;1.1%
;8.1%
<1.1%
<8.1%
1 tc > 9 tc 67 6; tc 65 60 tc 7< 78 tc ;1 ;6 tc ;>
N`iurh 5= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Jcotes ̀ o
[hrv`kh 711> ‑7110 (o:<8;)
Wfph
Jfmcr [hxufd
Ctehr [hxufd
[hxufd Fssfudts
ctehr shxufd fssfudts frh kcjj`tthl gy f nr`hol cr fk‑
quf`otfokh.
@ok`lhot Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\`jh cn Lfy
Ctehr shxufd fssfudts ckkur jcst cntho lur`oi lfyd`iet
ecurs (`okdul`oi teh jcro`oi fol fnthrocco t`jh phr`‑
cls) (N`iurh 61). Jcrh shvhrh fssfudts thol tc ckkur
lur`oi phr`cls cn lfrbohss, `okdul`oi teh hvho`oi fol
o`iet/hfrdy jcro`oi
t`jh
phr`cls.
Jcrh
tefo
efdn
cn
fdd
rfphs (8<.8 phrkhot) ckkur ghtwhho teh ecurs cn j`l‑
o`iet fol > f.j.
8<.8%
;8.6%
7.>%
9.5%
;1.8%
<7.<%
77.1%
8.6%
61.;%
;<.0%
;;.1%
76.5%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1%
O`iet/Hfrdy
Jcro`oi
Hvho`oi
Fnthrocco
Jcro`oi
N`iurh 61= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy \`jh cn Lfy
711>‑7110 (o:<89)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
<;.7%
;.9%
;.9%
>.7%
;8.5%
6.7%
6.7%
<.0%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Nr`hol/Fkquf`ot.
Ecst Nfj`dy
Ctehr QK^
Kc‑wcrbhr/Jijt.
Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn
[trfoihr
Xobocwo
Dckfd Dfw
Ctehr
N`iurh 0=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
[hxufd
Fssfudts
gy
Cnnholhr/^cduothhr Whdft`cose`p 711>‑7110 (o:<><)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 61
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Lfy cn Yhhb
\ehrh `s d`ttdh l`skhro`gdh pftthro `o teh l`str`gut`co cn
shxufd fssfudts gy lfy cn whhb (N`iurh 66). Fpprcx`‑
jfthdy efdn cn fdd rfphs fol jfmcr shxufd fssfudts ckkur co whhbhols (Nr`lfy, [fturlfy, fol [uolfy). \eh dfrih
phrkhotfih cn rfphs rhpcrthl co [uolfy (76.1 phrkhot)
kcos`sts pr`jfr`dy cn `ok`lhots ckkurr`oi ghtwhho j`l‑
o`iet fol > f.j.
Ft ^cduothhr‐s
[`th
\eh uolhrstfol`oi cn ^cduothhr s`th kfo vfry w`lhdy gh‑
twhho pcsts fol shtt`ois. Fdtecuie teh lhn`o`t`cos jfy
vfry, teh jfmcr`ty cn f ^cduothhr‐s t`jh thols tc gh
sphot ft s`th, fol fofdys`s secws teft teh jfmcr`ty cn
shxufd fssfudts frh rhpcrthl fs ckkurr`oi `o teh ^cduo‑
thhr‐s s`th (N`iurh 67).
6;.>%
66.6%
6<.5% 0.0%
67.;% 69.;%
76.1%
1.1%
8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
JCO \XH YHL \EX NW@ [F\ [XO XOB
N`iurh 66= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Lfy cn
Yhhb 711>‑7110 (o:<><)
Wfph
Jfmcr [hxufd
Ctehr [hxufd
[hxufd Fssfudts
Dckft`co
Jcst rfphs ckkur `o teh ^cduothhr‐s ecjh (<1.9 phr‑
khot), ncddcwhl gy pugd`k frhfs (7;.8 phrkhot) (N`iurh
6;). Qugd`k frhfs secudl oct gh `othrprhthl tc jhfo
pcpudfthl, s`okh teh kfthicry `okdulhs frhfs suke fs lh‑
shrthl ghfkehs fol n`hdls. Jfmcr shxufd fssfudts fol
ctehr shxufd fssfudts ckkur pr`jfr`dy `o pugd`k frhfs (88.0
fol <<.< phrkhot, rhsphkt`vhdy), ncddcwhl gy teh ^cduo‑
thhr‐s rhs`lhokh ncr jfmcr shxufd fssfudts (;7.7 phrkhot)
fol
trfospcrtft`co‑rhdfthl
dckft`cos
ncr
ctehr
shxufd
fssfudts (76.; phrkhot).
@oncrjft`co co teh typh cn trfospcrtft`co f ^cduothhr `s
us`oi ft teh t`jh cn fo fssfudt `s fvf`dfgdh cody nrcj Fpr`d
cn 7115. \eh jfmcr`ty cn ctehr shxufd fssfudts ckkurr`oi
`o trfospcrtft`co‑rhdfthl shtt`ois frh fssck`fthl w`te
kfrs (<7.; phrkhot), ncddcwhl gy gushs (;5.8 phrkhot).
Fpprcx`jfthdy 68 phrkhot ckkur `o —ctehr‚ shtt`ois,
we`ke `okdulhs sugwfys cr trf`os.
;5.;%
>6.9%
;;.0%
>>.6%
6.7%
<7.1%
8>.5%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 67= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
[`th 711>‑7110 (o:<><)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
Qfih 66 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Kcjjuo`ty [`zh
Fs efs ghho secwo `o teh prhv`cus irfpes, f jfmcr`ty cn
shxufd fssfudts rhpcrthl gy ^cduothhrs ckkur `o teh ^cd‑
uothhr‐s s`th, cntho `o teh ^cduothhr‐s ecjh (N`iurhs 67
fol 6;). [`okh jfoy s`ths frh `o rurfd frhfs, f dfrih phr‑
khotfih cn shxufd fssfudts frh rhpcrthl nrcj rurfd frhfs
(;9.6“81.1 phrkhot) (N`iurh 6<). b m b d m d
Yhfpco Xsh
\eh jfmcr`ty cn rhpcrthl shxufd fssfudts lc oct `ovcdvh
teh ush cn f whfpco. Cn tecsh jfmcr shxufd fssfudts
wehrh whfpco ush `s rhpcrthl, 99.5 phrkhot rhpcrthl
ush cn f bo`nh cr ctehr sefrp cgmhkt, fol 66.6 phrkhot f
7.8%
65.5%
;7.8%
<>.;%
6.9%
6;.5%
;<.8%
81.1%
9.7%
78.5%
70.0%
;9.6%
1 .1 % 61 .1 % 7 1.1 % ; 1.1 % < 1.1 % 81 .1 % > 1.1 %
Xobocwo
Xrgfo
@othrjhl`fth
Wurfd
N`iurh
6<=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
[hxufd
Fssfudts
gy
Kcjjuo`ty
[`zh 711>‑7110 (o:<8>)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
7;.8%
<1.9%
65.8%
<.0%
9.<%
7.8%
6.7%
6.7%
1 .1% 6 1.1 % 7 1.1% ; 1.1 % < 1.1 % 8 1.1% > 1.1 %
Qugd`k Frhf
^cd. Whs`lhokh
Oco‑^cd. Whs`lhokh
\rfospcrt‑rhdfthl
Kcjjhrk`fd
Ycrbpdfkh
Ctehr
Xobocwo
N`iurh 6;= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Dckft`co
711>‑7110 (o:<><)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
[hxufd Fssfudts
iuo/n`rhfrj cr gduot cgmhkt (N`iurh 68). Jcrh tefo
terhh‑qufrthrs cn rfphs/ftthjpthl rfphs l`l oct `ovcdvh
whfpco ush gut `o tecsh `ostfokhs wehrh f whfpco `s
ushl,
bo`vhs
cr
sefrp
cgmhkts
frh
teh
jcst
prhvfdhottyph (87.0 phrkhot), ncddcwhl gy iuos (69.> phrkhot).
Qrcphrty Dcss
Fdtecuie tfb`oi prcphrty jfy oct gh teh icfd cn teh cn ‑
nholhrs `o f shxufd fssfudt fif`ost f ^cduothhr, tehrh frh
`ostfokhs
wehrh
prcphrty
`s
tfbho
lur`oi
teh
fssfudt(N`iurh 6>). @o 60.< phrkhot cn rhpcrthl jfmcr shxufd
fssfudts fol 6;.; phrkhot cn rfphs, prcphrty `s stcdho.
7.7%
57.7%
6;.;%
7.7%
51.>%
60.<%
00.<%
1.>%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Ocoh
[tcdho
Lfjfihl cr
Lhstrcyhl
N`iurh 6>= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Qrcphrty
Dcss 711>‑7110 (o:785)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
8.0%
66.5%
8.0%
8.0%
69.>%
87.0%
66.6%
66.6%
99.5%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Ctehr
Lrui
Gduot Cgmhkt
Iuo/N`rhfrj
Bo`nh/[efrp Cgmhkt
N`iurh 68= Qhrkhotfih cn Wfph fol Jfmcr [hxufd
Fssfudts gy Yhfpco \yph 711>‑7110 (o:7>)
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 67
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Fdkcecd Xsh ‑ ^cduothhr fol Cnnholhr
Fdkcecd ush gy ^cduothhrs v`kt`j`zhl `o shxufd fssfudts
vfr`hs w`lhdy gy teh shvhr`ty cn teh fssfudt (N`iurh 69).
Fdkcecd ush `s rfrh `o ctehr shxufd fssfudts, fkkcuot`oi
ncr cody 0.1 phrkhot cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots. @t `s sd`ietdy
jcrh prhvfdhot `o jfmcr shxufd fssfudts, w`te 6>.0 phr‑
khot cn ^cduothhrs rhpcrt`oi pr`cr fdkcecd ush. Fdkcecd
ush pdfys f pcthot`fddy dfrih rcdh `o rfphs, w`te fdjcst
efdn (86.0 phrkhot) cn ^cduothhrs rhpcrt`oi fdkcecd ush
pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot.
Cnnholhr
fdkcecd
ush
`s
rhpcrthl
gy
teh
^cduothhr
fol
tehrhncrh jfy oct gh fo fkkurfth fsshssjhot. @o jfoy
shxufd fssfudts, teh ^cduothhr lchs oct efvh foy bocwd‑
hlih cn teh cnnholhr‐s ush cn fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh fssfudt
(N`iurh 65). @o pfrt`kudfr, ncr fpprcx`jfthdy efdn cn rh‑
pcrthl jfmcr shxufd fssfudts fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts, `t
`s oct bocwo wehtehr teh cnnholhr kcosujhl fdkcecd
pr`cr tc kcjj`tt`oi teh fssfudt (81.5 phrkhot fol 86.9
phrkhot, rhsphkt`vhdy). \eh jcst kcjpdhth lftf co cn ‑
nholhr fdkcecd ush `s fvf`dfgdh ncr rfphs, wehrh ^cduo‑
thhrs rhpcrt teft <>.0 phrkhot cn cnnholhrs efl ushl
fdkcecd ,fol
6;.>
phrkhot
efl
oct,
pr`cr
tc
teh
fssfudt.
66.6%
;9.1%
86.0%
66.0%
96.7%
6>.0%
9.<%
5;.>%
0.1%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 69= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
Fdkcecd Xsh 711>‑7110 (o:<><)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
[hxufd Fssfudts
Yeho v`hwhl `o teh fiirhifth, lftf `ol`kfths teft gcte
teh ^cduothhr fol cnnholhrs ushl fdkcecd `o 8> shxufd
fssfudts rhpcrthl nrcj 711> tc 7110 (N`iurh 60). Cn
tehsh, teh dfrihst phrkhotfih frh rfphs (88.< phrkhot),
ncddcwhl gy ctehr shxufd fssfudts (;7.6 phrkhot), fol
jfmcr shxufd fssfudts (67.8 phrkhot).
Qhrscos Fkkcjpfoy`oi ^cduothhr
\eh prhshokh cn ctehrs w`te f ^cduothhr lchs oct kcos`s‑
thotdy rhlukh
teh
d`bhd`eccl
cn
teh
^cduothhr
ghkcj`oi
teh v`kt`j cn f shxufd fssfudt (N`iurh 71). @o ;7.8 phrkhot
cn rfph `ok`lhots, teh ^cduothhr wfs fkkcjpfo`hl gy
ctehrs ft teh t`jh cn teh fssfudt. @o shvhrfd `ok`lhots,
te`s `okdulhl ctehrs sdhhp`oi ohfrgy. F s`j`dfr prcpcr‑
t`co cn jfmcr shxufd fssfudts fol ctehr shxufd fssfudts
ckkur weho ^cduothhrs frh oct fdcoh (;5.6 phrkhot fol
;<.> phrkhot, rhsphkt`vhdy).
Wfph, 88.<%
Jfmcr [hxufd,
67.8%
Ctehr [hxufd,
;7.6%
N`iurh 60= [hxufd Fssfudts ̀ o we`ke ̂ cduothhr fol
Cnnholhr Xshl Fdkcecd 711>‑7110 (o:8>)
;0.8%
6;.>%
<>.0%
81.5%
65.>%
;1.8%
86.9%
79.<%
71.0%
1.1% 61.1% 71 .1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1% > 1.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 65= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy Cnnholhr
Fdkcecd Xsh 711>‑7110 (o:<>6)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
Qfih 6; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Whsudt`oi Fkt`cos
@omury tc ^cduothhr
Lftf co peys`kfd `omury tc ^cduothhrs `s fvf`dfgdh cody
nrcj Fpr`d, 7115. \e`s kfthicry `okdulhs cody peys`kfd
`omur`hs rhqu`r`oi jhl`kfd ftthot`co2 tehrhncrh, peys`kfd
`omur`hs trhfthl gy teh ^cduothhr frh oct `okdulhl. \e`s
kfthicry fdsc lchs oct `okdulh jhl`kfd ncddcw‑up ncr
prhiofoky prhvhot`co, shxufddy trfosj`tthl l`shfsh
skrhho`oi,
E@^
prcpeydfx`s,
cr
kcuoshd`oi.
@o
teh
jfmcr‑
`ty cn shxufd fssfudts, teh ^cduothhr l`l oct sustf`o
peys`kfd `omury rhqu`r`oi jhl`kfd ftthot`co (N`iurh 76).
Coh‑n`nte cn jfmcr shxufd fssfudts rhsudt `o ^cduothhr
peys`kfd `omury, fol 67.6 phrkhot cn rfphs.
>.6%
56.5%
67.6%
95.6%
76.0%
611.1%
1.1 % 7 1.1% < 1.1 % > 1.1 % 5 1.1 % 6 11 .1 %
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 76= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
@omury 7115‑7110 (o:767)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
>9.8%
;7.8%
>6.0%
;5.6%
>;.5%
;<.>%
6.>%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Fdcoh
Fkkcjpfo`hl
Xobocwo
N`iurh 71= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
Fkkcjpfo`jhot 711>‑7110 (o:7>9)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
[hxufd Fssfudts
[uppcrt Qrcv`lhl
@o fll`t`co tc trhftjhot ncr peys`kfd `omur`hs, ^cduothhrs
jfy rhqu`rh ctehr ncrjs cn suppcrt ncddcw`oi f shxufd
fssfudt (N`iurh 77). Lftf co suppcrt prcv`lhl `s cody
fvf`dfgdh nrcj Fpr`d, 7115. Ctehr shxufd fssfudts, we`ke
rfrhdy rhsudt `o peys`kfd `omury, ihohrfddy lc oct rhqu`rh
jhl`kfd cr kcuoshd`oi suppcrt (<8.5 phrkhot) cr rhqu`rh
cody kcuoshd`oi (<;.5 phrkhot). @o 8>.; phrkhot cn fdd
jfmcr shxufd fssfudts fol >5.5 phrkhot cn rfph `ok`lhots,
gcte jhl`kfd fol kcuoshd`oi suppcrt frh pdfoohl ncr cr
prcv`lhl tc teh ^cduothhr.
[usphkts Fpprheholhl
Lftf co kr`jh `ok`lhots frh kcddhkthl ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh. \ehrhncrh, f dcw phrkhotfih cn fpprheholhl sus‑
phkts jfy oct rhprhshot teh nudd p`kturh fs `ovhst`ift`cos
hvcdvh cvhr t`jh. N`iurh 7; secws teft teh jfmcr`ty cn
susphkts `o shxufd fssfudts frh oct fpprheholhl, rfoi`oi
nrcj f dcw cn 91.9 phrkhot cn susphkts `o jfmcr shxufd
fssfudts tc f e`ie cn 58.9 phrkhot cn susphkts `o ctehr
shxufd
fssfudts.
\eh
rhfscos
ncr
dfkb
cn
fpprhehos`cofrh vfr`hl. @o scjh kfshs, teh ^cduothhr jfy oct gh
fgdh tc prcv`lh foy `lhot`ny`oi kefrfkthr`st`ks cn f sus‑
phkt, we`dh `o ctehr kfshs teh ^cduothhr jfy gh uow`dd‑
`oi tc `lhot`ny fo fkquf`otfokh fs teh cnnholhr.
>.;%
65.5%
>5.5%
>.;%
0.<%
78.1%
8>.;%
0.<%
<;.5%
7.6%
<8.5%
5.;%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Jhl`kfd Cody
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Kcuoshd`oi Cody
Qdfoohl/ Qrcv`lhl
Jhl`kfd & Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/ Qrcv`lhl
Oh`tehr Ohkhssfry
Xobocwo
N`iurh 77= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy [uppcrt
Qrcv`lhl 7115‑7110 (o:715)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 6<
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@othot`co cn ^cduothhr tc Qrcshkuth
Fs `o teh kfsh cn lftf co fpprhehos`co cn susphkts, lftf
co teh ^cduothhr‐s `othot`co tc prcshkuth ihohrfddy
rhprhshots teh ^cduothhr‐s nhhd`ois ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh (N`iurh 7<). @o jcst ctehr shxufd fssfudt `ok`lhots,
teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth teh cnnholhr
(9<.> phrkhot). ^cduothhrs `ovcdvhl `o jfmcr shxufd fs‑
sfudts frh cntho dhss khrtf`o, w`te 79.6 phrkhot h`tehr
uolhk`lhl cr oct rhvhfd`oi wehtehr tehy `othol tc
prcshkuth.
Fdjcst efdn
cn
fdd
rfph
v`kt`js
lc
oct
`othol
tc prcshkuth (<5.6 phrkhot), w`te sd`ietdy jcrh tefo f
te`rl `othol`oi tc lc sc (;8.5 phrkhot).
9.<%
5.>%
<5.6%
;8.5%
65.>%
5.8%
;9.;%
;8.>%
0.;%
8.;%
9<.>%
61.5%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Xolhk`lhl
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 7<= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy @othot`co tc
Qrcshkuth 711>‑7110 (o:<>;)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
8.1%
95.5%
6>.;%
5.>%
91.9%
71.9%
;.<%
58.9%
61.0%
1 .1 % 7 1.1% < 1.1 % > 1.1 % 5 1.1 % 61 1.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 7;= Qhrkhotfih cn [hxufd Fssfudts gy [usphkt
Fpprheholhl 711>‑7110 (o:<80)
Ctehr [hxufd
Jfmcr [hxufd
Wfph
[hxufd Fssfudts
L`skuss`co
Kr`jh Kfthicry Kcjpfr`sco
[hxufd fssfudt
v`kt`js
frh
pr`jfr`dy
nhjfdh
^cduothhrs
`o
teh`r twhot`hs. Jcrh tefo foy ctehr kr`jh kfthicry, teh
cnnholhr `o f shxufd fssfudt jfy gh scjhcoh teft teh
^cduothhr bocws. Wfths cn rfph fol ctehr shxufd fs‑
sfudt, teh jcst fol dhfst shvhrh kdfss`n`kft`cos `o te`s
kfthicry, lhkrhfshl `o 7110, tecuie teh rhfscos ncr te`s
lhkrhfsh frh oct kdhfr.
Yeho kcjpfrhl w`te peys`kfd fssfudts, shxufd fssfudts
thol tc ckkur hfrd`hr `o shrv`kh fol frh jcrh kcokho‑
trfthl co whhbhols. D`bhdy luh tc teh `othoshdy phr‑
scofd ofturh cn teh fttfkb, rfphs frh jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur
`o teh
pr`vfky
cn
f ^cduothhr‐s
rhs`lhokh
weho
teh
^cd
‑
uothhr `s fdcoh, we`dh peys`kfd fssfudts cntho ckkur `o
pugd`k w`te judt`pdh w`tohsshs. F dfrihr phrkhotfih cn
peys`kfd fssfudts (;<.1 phrkhot) frh fkkcjpfo`hl gy ush
cn f whfpco tefo shxufd fssfudts (65.> phrkhot). [hxufd
fssfudts, pfrt`kudfrdy rfph/ftthjpthl rfph fol jfmcr
shxufd fssfudt, rhqu`rh irhfthr suppcrt nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps
stfnn, gcte `o thrjs cn jhl`kfd suppcrt fol kcuoshd`oi,
tefo peys`kfd fssfudts.
[hxufd fssfudts jfy gh jcst s`j`dfr `o r`sb kefrfkthr`st`ks
tc terhft `ok`lhots, tecuie tehrh frh st`dd sugstfot`fd l`n ‑
nhrhokhs.
Gcte terhft
`ok`lhots
fol
shxufd
fssfudts
ck
‑
kur nfr jcrh nrhquhotdy tc nhjfdh ^cduothhrs2 ft teh ^cd‑
uothhr‐s rhs`lhokh2 efvh f rhdft`vhdy dfrih prcpcrt`co cn
cnnholhrs teft frh bocwo tc teh ^cduothhr2 fol ckkur
weho teh ^cduothhr `s fdcoh. Ecwhvhr, tehrh frh l`nnhr‑
hokhs `o teft terhft `ok`lhots frh oct d`j`thl gy t`jh cn
lfy cr lfy cn whhb `o teh sfjh jfoohr fs shxufd fs‑
sfudts, fol fdkcecd ush gy ^cduothhrs fol/cr cnnholhrs
lchs oct fpphfr tc gh f nfktcr `o teh ckkurrhokh cn
terhft `ok`lhots.
\eh s`j`dfr`t`hs ghtwhho shxufd fssfudt fol terhft kefr‑
fkthr`st`ks frh
oct
surpr`s`oi,
i`vho
teft
rhpcrthl
terhfts
kfo kcotf`o cvhrtcohs cn shxufd v`cdhokh. @t `s fdsc
bocwo teft shxufd fssfudt `s f kr`jh cn pcwhr. @o teft
shosh, terhfts suke fs stfdb`oi jfy gh prhkurscrs tc f
juke jcrh shr`cus kr`jh.
Yeho kcjpfrhl w`te prcphrty kr`jhs, shxufd fssfudts
ckkur jcrh nrhquhotdy ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th tefo fdd
prcphrty kr`jhs ctehr tefo guridfry. Guridfr`hs frh oct
Qfih 68 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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kcjj`tthl scdhdy ncr teh purpcsh cn tfb`oi prcphrty, fol
`t `s pcss`gdh teft scjh guridfr`hs frh teh rhsudt cn nf`dhl
ftthjpts ft fo fssfudt. Fdtecuie ctehr shxufd fssfudts
frh rhdft`vhdy
kcjjco
co
trfospcrtft`co,
teh
jfmcr`ty
ckkur `o kfrs, we`dh prcphrty kr`jhs, pfrt`kudfrdy tehnts,
frh jcst nrhquhotdy rhpcrthl nrcj gushs. N`ofddy, jcrh
shxufd fssfudt cnnholhrs frh fpprheholhl fol jcrh shx‑
ufd fssfudt ^cduothhr v`kt`js pdfo tc prcshkuth tefo ncr
prcphrty kr`jhs.
Oft`cofd Kcjpfr`scos
@t `s `jpcrtfot tc octh teft kr`jh stft`st`ks kcddhkthl gy
teh Qhfkh Kcrps rhpcrt`oi systhj frh oct l`rhktdy kcj‑
pfrfgdh tc
stft`st`ks
kcddhkthl
fgcut
teh
X[
pcpudft`co.
\eh lhn`o`t`cos hjpdcyhl gy Qhfkh Kcrps tc kdfss`ny rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots frh oct teh sfjh fs tecsh ushl gy teh
Nhlhrfd Gurhfu cn @ovhst`ift`co cr Gurhfu cn Must`kh [tf‑
t`st`ks (GM[). @o fll`t`co, shxufd fssfudt lftf rhpcrthl gy
gcte fihok`hs kfdkudfth rfths gfshl co gcte iholhrs `o
teh pcpudft`co, we`dh Qhfkh Kcrps trfl`t`cofddy kfdku‑
dfths shxufd fssfudt rfths gfshl co nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs cody.
\eh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr rfphs rhpcrthl tc teh pcd`kh `o teh
X[ efs ghho co teh lhkd`oh s`okh teh hfrdy 6001s. @o
7115, te`s rfth stccl ft 70.; rhpcrthl `ok`lhots phr
611,111 `oefg`tfots.
@o Qhfkh Kcrps, nhjfdh ^cduothhrs ghfr f l`sprcpcrt`co‑
fth gurlho cn rhpcrthl shxufd fssfudts. @o oc ctehr
kr`jh kfthicry frh nhjfdh ^cduothhrs sc hxkdus`vhdy tfr‑
ihthl. Nhjfdhs frh fdsc jcrh nrhquhotdy v`kt`j`zhl
fjcoi teh ihohrfd X[ pcpudft`co. Fkkcrl`oi tc teh GM[,
`o 7115, teh nhjfdh v`kt`j`zft`co rfth ncr rfph/shxufd
fssfudt `s 6.; fssfudts phr 6,111 phrscos fih 67 cr cdlhr,
we`dh teh jfdh rfth `s 1.; fssfudts phr 6,111 phrscos.
Fdsc uo`quh fjcoi shxufd fssfudts `s teh lhirhh tc
we`ke teh cnnholhr `s bocwo gy teh ^cduothhr. Jcrh
tefo <1
phrkhot
cn
fdd
rfphs
frh
kcjj`tthl
gy
f nr`hol
cr
fkquf`otfokh cn teh ^cduothhr, fol 8>.5 phrkhot frh
kcjj`tthl gy scjhcoh teh ^cduothhr d`bhdy bocws gh‑
ncrhefol (`okdul`oi ecst nfj`dy, ctehr ^cduothhrs, fol
kc‑wcrbhrs). GM[ kr`jh kefrfkthr`st`ks ncr 7119 `ol`kfth
teft <5.> phrkhot cn rfph v`kt`js `o teh X[ stfthl teft
teh cnnholhr wfs f oco‑strfoihr.
Foctehr s`j`dfr`ty tc X.[. shxufd fssfudt trhols `s teh `o‑
[hxufd Fssfudts
k`lhokh rfth cn rfph fol shxufd fssfudt v`kt`j`zft`co gy
fih. @o 7115, GM[ rhpcrts teft phrscos fih 71‑7< fk‑
kcuothl ncr teh shkcol e`iehst rfth cn shxufd fssfudt
(7.6
phr
6,111
phrscos).
\eh
e`iehst
rfth
wfs
fjcoiphrscos fih 6>‑60, f sugsht cn teh pcpudft`co teft lchs
oct cntho shrvh `o Qhfkh Kcrps. @o fll`t`co, teh rhpcrthl
fih cn dcoh cnnholhrs `o rfphs `o teh X[ `s s`j`dfr tc
Qhfkh Kcrps lftf= ;9.9 phrkhot cn cnnholhrs `o teh X[
frh fih 76‑70, kcjpfrhl tc teh Qhfkh Kcrps phrkhotfih
cn <>.5. Wfphs `o teh X[ frh typ`kfddy kcjj`tthl `o teh
v`kt`j‐s ecjh (<6.6 phrkhot vhrsus Qhfkh Kcrps <1.9
phrkhot).
Cn pfrt`kudfr `othrhst `s teh dhvhd cn uorhpcrthl shx
kr`jhs, gcte `o teh X[ fol `o Qhfkh Kcrps. Fkkcrl`oi tc
teh
Oft`cofd
Kr`jh
^`kt`j`zft`co
[urvhy
(OK^[),
8;.0phrkhot cn rfph v`kt`js l`l oct rhpcrt teh kr`jh tc pc‑
d`kh. \eh OK^[ lchs oct shpfrfth rfph nrcj ctehr fs‑
sfudts ncr rhfscos ncr oct rhpcrt`oi, gut teh jcst kcj‑
jco rhfsco i`vho ncr oct rhpcrt`oi fo fssfudt `s teft teh
v`kt`j nhdt `t wfs f pr`vfth cr phrscofd jftthr.
\eh 7110 Fooufd ^cduothhr [urvhy `ol`kfths teft 8<.0
phrkhot cn ^cduothhr shxufd fssfudt v`kt`js (O:7<;) fol
>>.9 phrkhot cn ^cduothhr rfph v`kt`js (O:;1) l`l oct
rhpcrt teh kr`jh tc Qhfkh Kcrps. \eh Fooufd ^cduothhr
[urvhy lchs oct ush teh sfjh kdfss`n`kft`co systhj fs
teh
Kcoscd`lfthl
@ok`lhot
Whpcrt`oi
[ysthj2
tehrhncrh,teh cody rhpcrthl kfthicr`hs frh shxufd fssfudt fol rfph.
\eh jcst kcjjco rhfsco k`thl ncr oct rhpcrt`oi f shx‑
ufd fssfudt tc Qhfkh Kcrps `s teft teh ^cduothhr nhdt `t
wfs j`ocr cr kcjjco tc rhpcrt, ncddcwhl gy f shosh
teft Qhfkh Kcrps wcudl oct gh fgdh tc ehdp.
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 6>
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Lhn`o`t`cos
B`lofpp`oi= \eh uodfwnud sh`zurh, trfospcrtft`co, fol/cr lhthot`co cn f v`kt`j fif`ost ehr/e`s w`dd ncr rfoscj cr rh‑
wfrl. \e`s kfthicry `okdulhs ecstfih‑tfb`oi.
Fiirfvfthl fssfudt= Fttfkb cr terhft cn fttfkb w`te f whfpco `o f jfoohr kfpfgdh cn `ond`kt`oi shvhrh gcl`dy `omury cr
lhfte. Fttfkb w`tecut f whfpco cr cgmhkt weho shvhrh gcl`dy `omury rhsudts. [hvhrh gcl`dy `omury `okdulhs grcbho
gcohs, dcst thhte, `othrofd `omur`hs, shvhrh dfkhrft`co, dcss cn kcosk`cusohss, cr foy `omury rhqu`r`oi twc cr jcrh lfys
cn ecsp`tfd`zft`co. Ftthjpthl jurlhr secudl gh rhpcrthl fs fiirfvfthl fssfudt.
Jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt= Fiirhss`vh kcotfkt teft rhqu`rhs teh ^cduothhr tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc l`shoifih teh cn ‑
nholhr CW teft rhsudts `o jfmcr gcl`dy `omury, `okdul`oi foy cn teh ncddcw`oi= `omury rhqu`r`oi dhss tefo twc lfys cn ecs‑
p`tfd`zft`co2 cr l`fiocst`k x‑rfys tc rudh cut grcbho gcohs (fol oc nrfkturh `s ncuol)2 cr suri`kfd `othrvhot`co (`okdul`oi
st`tkehs).
Ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt= Fiirhss`vh kcotfkt teft lchs oct rhqu`rh teh ^cduothhr tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc l`shoifih
teh cnnholhr fol rhsudts `o oc `omury cr cody j`ocr `omury. J`ocr `omury lchs oct rhqu`rh ecsp`tfd`zft`co, x‑rfy cr suri`‑
kfd `othrvhot`co (`okdul`oi st`tkehs).
• B`lofpp`oi
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 7
• 7110 rfth= 1.1; phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +8
• Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 60
• 7110 rfth= 1.7> phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= ‑<>
• Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
•
7110
`ok`lhots=
67
• 7110 rfth= 1.69 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +8
• Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
• 7110 `ok`lhots= >0
• 7110 rfth= 1.08 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +>5
Ft-F-Idfokh= Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
• Kcjj`tthl gy scjhcoh teh ^cduothhr bocws
• Fdd rhscdvh w`tecut pcd`kh cr Qhfkh Kcrps `othrvhot`co
• Ocoh `ovcdvh f lhjfol ncr rfoscj ncr rhdhfsh
• Jfmcr`ty cn v`kt`js frh jfdh
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur co whhbhols
• Nrhquhoky lchs oct lhkrhfsh w`te t`jh `o shrv`kh
•
\hol
tc
ckkur
dfth
ft
o`iet,
ghtwhho
j`lo`iet
fol
>
f.j.
• Ckkur jcst cntho co [uolfys
• Nrhquhotdy `ovcdvh `omury tc teh ^cduothhr
• Dhss kcjjco `o rurfd frhfs
• Hqufddy l`str`guthl ghtwhho jfdhs fol nhjfdhs
• Jcst ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs cr kcjjhrk`fd hstfgd`sejhots
Qfih 69 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co prcv`lhs idcgfd fofdyshs cn fdd
peys`kfd fssfudt `ok`lhots. @ok`lhokh cn peys`kfd fssfudts
`s hxprhsshl phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Qeys`kfd
fssfudt
lhn`o`t`cos
efvh
uolhricoh
shvhrfd
kefoihs `o teh pfst ncur yhfrs we`ke jfbh dcoi‑thrj
trhol jco`tcr`oi l`nn`kudt. Qr`cr tc 711>, rcgghry wfs
lhn`ohl fs fo `ok`lhot lhvc`l cn v`cdhokh cr terhft cn
v`cdhokh `o we`ke prcphrty cr kfse `s tfbho l`rhktdy nrcj
f ^cduothhr. @n teh rcgghry wfs fkkcjpfo`hl gy fo ft‑
tfkb, teh rcgghry wcudl efvh ghho rhpcrthl fs f peys`‑
kfd fssfudt. [cjh `ok`lhots teft wcudl efvh ghho kdfss`‑
n`hl fs fiirfvfthl fssfudts, jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts, cr
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts pr`cr tc 711> frh ocw kdfss`n`hl
fs rcgghr`hs, dhfl`oi tc f ihohrfd lhkd`oh `o teh peys`kfd
fssfudt
rfths
fol
fo
`okrhfsh
`o
rcgghry
rfths
nrcj
711>.
\eh ohxt kefoih `ovcdvhl cody peys`kfd fssfudts. @ok`‑
lhots `ovcdv`oi foy typh cn whfpco ush cr terhft frh
kdfss`n`hl fs fiirfvfthl fssfudts pr`cr tc 7110, `okdul`oi
ke`dlrho tercw`oi sjfdd rckbs cr terhfts jflh w`te pdfs‑
t`k gcttdhs. @o 7110, fssfudts `ovcdv`oi whfpcos frh kdfs‑
s`n`hl co teh gfs`s cn teh pcthot`fd cn teh whfpco tc
kfush shvhrh gcl`dy `omury cr lhfte (fiirfvfthl fs‑
sfudts), jfmcr gcl`dy `omury (jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt), cr oc
tc j`ocr `omury (ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt).
@. B`lofpp`oi
B`lofpp`oi Qrcn`dh ^cduothhr v`kt`js cn rhpcrthl b`lofpp`ois frh rfrh2 ecw‑
hvhr, teh v`kt`js cn tecsh rhpcrthl frh Kfukfs`fo nh‑
jfdhs `o teh`r twhot`hs. B`lofpp`ois ckkur dfth `o shr‑
v`kh, `otc teh n`ofd s`x jcotes. \ehy frh kcjj`tthl gy f
s`oidh cr judt`pdh cnnholhrs, pr`jfr`dy jfdh, cntho bocwo
tc teh ^cduothhr. \eh b`lofpp`oi typ`kfddy lchs oct `o‑
vcdvh f whfpco, fol oh`tehr teh ^cduothhr ocr teh cn ‑
nholhr efvh kcosujhl fdkcecd. Fdtecuie seh `s typ`kfddy
oct peys`kfddy `omurhl, teh ^cduothhr cntho rhqu`rhs
kcuoshd`oi ncddcw`oi teh fssfudt. @o efdn cn fdd b`lofp‑
p`ois, teh cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl fol teh ^cduothhr
lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fpprh‑
eholhl. B`lofpp`ois cntho sthj nrcj f phrscofd l`s‑
puth fol rhscdvh w`te`o 7< ecurs.
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
B`lofpp`oi = Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh > prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn b`lofpp`ois.
B`lofpp`oi wfs fllhl tc teh d`st cn rhpcrtfgdh `ok`lhots
`o
711>,
gut
tehrh
whrh
oc
b`lofpp`oi
`ok`lhots
rh‑pcrthl `o 711> cr 7119. \wc `ok`lhots whrh rhpcrthl `o
hfke cn 7115 fol 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo `ok`lhokh rfth cn
1.1; phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
@@. Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl fiirfvfthl fssfudt
thols tc gh f Kfukfs`fo jfdh `o e`s twhot`hs. Fiirf‑
vfthl fssfudts frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh jfdh
cnnholhr
`o
e`s
twhot`hs
cr
cn
uobocwo
fih
wec
`s
fstrfoihr tc teh ^cduothhr. Fiirfvfthl fssfudts ckkur
jcst nrhquhotdy ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet co [ftur‑
lfys, usufddy `o f pugd`k frhf ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. \eh
jcst kcjjcody ushl whfpco `o fo fiirfvfthl fssfudt `s
f gduot cgmhkt. \eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl
fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh fssfudt, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd
ush `s oct bocwo. \eh ^cduothhr `s usufddy fkkcjpf‑
o`hl gy ctehrs. Fdtecuie eh `s typ`kfddy oct peys`kfddy
`omurhl, teh ^cduothhr cntho rhkh`vhs jhl`kfd ftthot`co
ncddcw`oi teh fssfudt. @o jcst fiirfvfthl fssfudts, teh
cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `o‑
thol tc
prcshkuth
`n teh
cnnholhr
`s
fpprheholhl.
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 7
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.1;
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 7
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.1;
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) 8%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) O/F
\fgdh >= [ujjfr y“B`lofpp̀ oi
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 65
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Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 9 prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn fiirfvfthl
fssfudts.
\ehrh
whrh
60
fiirfvfthl
fssfudts
rhpcrthl
gy
Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo
`ok`lhokh rfth cn 1.7> `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh
fiirfvfthl fssfudt oujghr fol rfth lhkrhfshl <> phr‑
khot nrcj 7115 fol efs lhkrhfshl gy 86 phrkhot s`okh
711>.
\eh sefrp lhkd`oh `o fiirfvfthl fssfudts nrcj 7118 tc
711>
rhndhkts
teh
lhn`o`t`co
kefoih.
Fiirfvfthl
fssfudt
rfths kcot`ouhl tc lhkd`oh nrcj 711> tc 7115, fol
lrcpphl sugstfot`fddy `o 7110, phrefps fs f rhsudt cn teh
lhn`o`t`co kefoih.
6.70 6.;5 6.;06.7>
6.>1
6.76
1.8;* 1.8; 1.<01.7>
1.11
1.81
6.11
6.81
7.11
7.81
;.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P
h f r s
N`iurh 78= Phfrdy Wfths cn Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt (o:>58)
<‑yhfr fvi= 1.<<
* 711>kefoih `o lhn`o`t`co
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 60
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ̂ \ yhfrs) 1.7>
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots ;9
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.<0
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) ‑<>%
<‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (711> tc 7110) ‑86%
\fgdh 9= [ujjfry“Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
@@@. Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt Qrcn`dh \eh
^cduothhr
v`kt`j
`o
f rhpcrthl
jfmcr
peys`kfd
fssfudt
thols tc gh `o e`s/ehr twhot`hs. Eh/seh `s typ`kfddy Kfu‑
kfs`fo. Jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy
f s`oidh jfdh cnnholhr `o e`s twhot`hs wec `s f strfoihr
tc teh ^cduothhr. Jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts ckkur jcst
nrhquhotdy ghtwhho j`lo`iet fol > f.j. co hfrdy [uolfy
jcro`oi, usufddy `o f pugd`k frhf ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th.
\eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc
teh fssfudt, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd ush `s oct bocwo.
\eh ^cduothhr `s usufddy fkkcjpfo`hl gy ctehrs. Eh/seh
`s nrhquhotdy peys`kfddy `omurhl fol shhbs jhl`kfd fttho‑
t`co ncddcw`oi teh fssfudt. @o jcst jfmcr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts,
teh
cnnholhr
`s
oct
frrhsthl
fol
teh
^cduothhrlchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fpprh‑
eholhl.
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 5 prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn jfmcr peys`kfd
fssfudts.
\ehrh whrh 67 jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh
Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o fo
`ok`lhokh rfth cn 1.69 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh
jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt rfth `okrhfshl 8 phrkhot kcj‑
pfrhl tc
7115,
tecuie
`t
`okrhfshl
gy
75
phrkhot
nrcj
711>.
7110 Oujghr
cn
@ok`lhots 67
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.69
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 67
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.6>
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) 8%
<‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (711> tc 7110) 75%
\fgdh 5= [ujjfry“Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Qfih 60 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\eh lhkd`oh `o jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts nrcj 7118 tc 711>
rhndhkts teh lhn`o`t`co kefoih. Ghtwhho 711> fol 7115,
teh rfth ncr jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts secwhl oc kdhfr l`‑
rhkt`cofd trhol. @o 7110, teh rfth `okrhfshl sd`ietdy, phr‑
efps fs f rhsudt cn teh shkcol kefoih `o lhn`o`t`co.
@^. Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o fo ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt thols
tc gh
f Kfukfs`fo
^cduothhr
`o
e`s/ehr
twhot`hs.
Ctehr
peys`kfd fssfudts frh usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh jfdh
cnnholhr `o e`s twhot`hs wec `s f strfoihr tc teh ^cduo‑
thhr. Ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts ckkur jcst nrhquhotdy lur‑
`oi teh hvho`oi ecurs ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet co
[uolfys, usufddy `o f pugd`k frhf ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th.
\eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc
teh fssfudt, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd ush `s oct bocwo.
\eh ^cduothhr `s cntho fkkcjpfo`hl gy ctehrs ft teh
t`jh cn teh fssfudt. \eh ^cduothhr `s ihohrfddy oct
peys`kfddy `omurhl fol rhqu`rhs oc jhl`kfd cr kcuoshd`oi
suppcrt. @o jcst ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts, teh cnnholhr `s
oct
frrhsthl
fol
teh
^cduothhr
lchs
oct
`othol
tc
prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
1.;51.;6 1.;7 1.;1
1.77
1.;8
1.6;* 1.6; 1.6> 1.69
1.11
1.71
1.<1
1.>1
1.51
6.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh 7<= Phfrdy Wfths cn Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
(o:69>)
<‑yhfr fvi= 1.6>
* 711>kefoih `o lhn`o`t`co
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 0 prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn ctehr peys`kfd
fssfudt.
\ehrh whrh
>0
ctehr
peys`kfd
fssfudt
`ok`lhots
rhpcrthl
gy Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rh‑
sudt`oi `o f rfth cn 1.08 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt rfth hxphr`hokhl f dfrih `okrhfsh
ghtwhho 7115 fol 7110 (>5 phrkhot). [`okh 711>, teh
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt rfth efs hxphr`hokhl fo `okrhfsh
cn >8 phrkhot.
\eh lhkd`oh `o ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts `o 711> rhndhkts teh
lhn`o`t`co kefoih. [`okh 711>, teh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts secws fo upwfrl trhol. \e`s
trhol fkkhdhrfthl `o 7110, d`bhdy fs f rhsudt cn teh shkcol
lhn`o`t`co kefoih we`ke kdfss`n`hs prhv`cus fiirfvfthl
fssfudts fs ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts weho teh d`bhd`eccl cn
shvhrh gcl`dy `omury nrcj ush cn f whfpco `s dcw.
6.196.70 6.70
6.66 6.60 6.6<
1.85*1.;<
1.89
1.08
1.11
1.81
6.11
6.81
7.11
7.81
;.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh 79= Phfrdy Wfths cn Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt (o:>>6)
<‑yhfr
fvi= 1.>6
* 711>kefoih `o lhn`o`t`co
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots >0
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.08
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots <;
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.89
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) >5%
<‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (711> tc 7110) >8%
\fgdh 0= [ujjfry“Ctehr Qeys k̀fd Fssfudt
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 71
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^. Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vhrsus Oujghrcn ̂ `kt`js
\eh oujghr cn rhpcrthl peys`kfd fssfudts fol teh ouj‑
ghr cn v`kt`js lc oct l`nnhr sugstfot`fddy. \eh dfrihst
l`nnhrhokh `s shho `o fiirfvfthl fssfudts, wehrh `ok`‑
lhots `ovcdvhl ghtwhho coh fol n`vh v`kt`js.
>0
67
60
5;
6<
78
1 71 <1 >1 51 611
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl
Fssfudt
N`iurh 75= Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn ̂ cduothhr
^`kt`js ncr 7110
Oujghr cn ^`kt`js
Oujghr cn @ok`lhots
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Qfih 76 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co l`skusshs ^cduothhr fol cnnholhr
kefrfkthr`st`ks fol r`sb nfktcrs fssck`fthl w`te rhpcrthl
peys`kfd fssfudts. Lftf co ^cduothhr v`kt`js, cnnholhrs,
fol `ok`lhot
lhtf`ds
frh
nrcj
peys`kfd
fssfudts
rhpcrthl
tc Qhfkh Kcrps ghtwhho 711> fol 7110. \e`s `oncrjf‑
t`co secudl gh ushl `o ehdp`oi Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn fol ^cd‑
uothhrs ghtthr uolhrstfol teh nfktcrs teft fnnhkt teh
^cduothhr‐s phrscofd sfnhty.
^cduothhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
[hx, Fih fol Hteo`k`ty
\eh `ok`lhokh rfths cn peys`kfd fssfudts frh s`j`dfr ncr
jfdhs fol nhjfdhs. Jfdhs fol nhjfdhs efvh `lhot`kfd
rfths cn ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts (1.> fssfudts phr 611 ^\
yhfrs) fol jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts (1.7 fssfudts phr 611
^\ yhfrs), tecuie jfdhs efvh f tw`kh teh rfth cn fiirf‑
vfthl fssfudts (1.> fssfudts phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) fs nhjfdhs
(1.; fssfudts phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) (N`iurh 70).
\eh rfths cn peys`kfd fssfudts fjcoi fih ircups frh vfr`‑
fgdh luh tc teh sjfdd oujghr cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots `o
jfoy cn
teh
fih
ircups
(N`iurh
;1).
\eh
e`iehst
rfths
cn
ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt ckkur fjcoi ^cduothhrs `o teh`r
te`rt`hs fol n`nt`hs (1.9 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs),
tecuie te`s `s gfshl co f vhry sjfdd oujghr cn rhpcrthl
`ok`lhots. \eh e`iehst rfths cn fiirfvfthl fssfudts ckkur
fjcoi ^cduothhrs `o teh`r ncrt`hs (1.> `ok`lhots phr 611
^\ yhfrs), ncddcwhl gy ^cduothhrs `o teh`r twhot`hs (1.<
`ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs).
1.1
1.17
1.>
1.;
1.7
1.7
1.>
1.>
1.1 1.7 1.< 1.> 1.5 6.1
Jfdh (o:6>;)
Nhjfdh (o:601)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh 70= Wfth cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy Iholhr 711>‑
7110 (o:;8;)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Lftf ncr rfkh/hteo`k`ty frh prhshothl ncr teh kurrhot
yhfr cody, `o crlhr tc kcjpfrh teh prcpcrt`co cn rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots ncr hfke rfk`fd/hteo`k ircup w`te teh
rhprhshotft`co cn teft ircup `o teh ^cduothhr pcpudf‑
t`co. Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs (9< phrkhot) frh l`sprcpcr‑
t`cofthdy v`kt`j`zhl `o rhpcrthl peys`kfd fssfudts cn fdd
typhs, gut pfrt`kudfrdy jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts (611.1 phr‑
khot) (\fgdh 61). Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo ^cduothhrs fol ^cd‑
uothhrs cn twc cr jcrh rfkhs (8.1 phrkhot) frh fdsc l`s‑
prcpcrt`cofthdy fnnhkthl gy fiirfvfthl fssfudts (8.> phr‑
khot).
\fgdh 61= Kcjpfr`sco cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy Wfkh/Hteo`k`ty tc ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co 7110 (o:0<)
Jcotes @o [hrv`kh
Qeys`kfd fssfudts frh rhdft`vhdy hvhody l`str`guthl
tercuiecut teh twc yhfrs cn Qhfkh Kcrps shrv`kh (N`iurh
;6). B`lofpp`ois, tecuie nhw `o oujghr, frh jcrh kcj‑
jco dfth `o shrv`kh, pfrt`kudfrdy `o teh n`ofd s`x jcotes.
Ft teh hol cn 7< jcotes cn shrv`kh, f t`jh weho teh
Wfkh/Hteo k̀`ty B`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
^cduothh
Qcpudft`c
Kfukfs`fo (o:5;) 611.1% 5;.;% 611.1% 59.6% 9<
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 61
E`spfo`k (o:7) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% ;.7% >
Fs`fo (o:;) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% ;.7% 8
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo (o:<) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% <.5% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:7) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% 6.>% ;
Oft`vh
Fjhr`kfo
(o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1%
Wfkh/Hteo k̀`ty B`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
^cduothh
Qcpudft`c
Kfukfs`fo (o:5;) 611.1% 5;.;% 611.1% 59.6% 9<
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 61
E`spfo`k (o:7) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% ;.7% >
Fs`fo (o:;) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% ;.7% 8
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo (o:<) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% <.5% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:7) 1.1% 8.>% 1.1% 6.>% ;
Oft`vh
Fjhr`kfo
(o:1) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 4
1.17 1.<
1.;
1.>
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.>
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.11 1.71 1.<1 1.>1 1.51
71s (o:;1<)
;1s (o:75)
<1s (o:;)
81s (o:8)
>1s+ (o:;)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh ;1= Wfth cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy Fih Ircups 711>‑
7110 (o:;<;)Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfud
B`lofpp`oi
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 77
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
oujghr cn ^cduothhrs fdsc lhkd`ohs, teh phrkhotfih cn
`ok`lhots lrcps sugstfot`fddy.
Cnnholhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\eh jfmcr`ty cn fdd peys`kfd fssfudts frh kcjj`tthl gy f
s`oidh cnnholhr (9;.5“56.5 phrkhot) fif`ost f s`oidh v`k‑
t`j. @o teh jfmcr`ty cn fdd peys`kfd fssfudts (0;.9 tc 09.0
phrkhot), teh cnnholhr `s jfdh.
\eh fih cn teh cnnholhr `s usufddy hst`jfthl gy teh ^cd‑
uothhr
v`kt`j
fol
jfy
oct
gh
fo
fkkurfth
rhprhshotf‑
t`co cn teh cnnholhr‐s truh fih. \eh dfrihst phrkhotfih
cn cnnholhrs `o rhpcrthl peys`kfd fssfudts frh hst`jfthl
tc gh ghtwhho 71 fol 70 yhfrs cdl (;6.8“>1.0 phrkhot).
F sugstfot`fd nrfkt`co cn cnnholhrs `o fiirfvfthl fssfudts
frh rhpcrthl tc gh dhss tefo 71 yhfrs cdl (77.> phrkhot)
cr cn uobocwo fih (77.> phrkhot).
^`kt`j/Cnnholhr Whdft`cose`p
\eh jfmcr`ty cn peys`kfd fssfudts frh kcjj`tthl gy
strfoihrs (N`iurh
;7).
@o
60.6
phrkhot
cn
fiirfvfthl
fs
‑
sfudts, teh cnnholhr `s `lhot`n`hl fs f nr`hol/
fkquf`otfokh, ecst kcuotry nfj`dy jhjghr, dckfd dfw
honcrkhjhot phrscoohd, oco‑Qhfkh Kcrps kc‑wcrbhr/
jfofihjhot, cr ctehr, we`ke `okdulhs tfx` lr`vhrs, stu‑
lhots, fol `ol`v`lufds nrcj teh kcjjuo`ty.
7>.5%77.5%
7;.>%
77.5%
6.>%7.<%
1.1%
61.1%
71.1%
;1.1%
<1.1%
81.1%
>1.1%
91.1%
51.1%
1 tc > 9 tc 67 6; tc 65 60 tc 7< 78 tc ;1 ;6 tc ;>
N`iurh ;6=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
Qeys`kfd
Fssfudts
gy
Jcotes
̀o
[hrv`kh 711> ‑7110 (o:;;8)
B`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
@ok`lhot Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\`jh cn Lfy
Kcos`lhrfgdh vfr`fokh hx`sts `o teh t`jh cn lfy teft ^cd‑
uothhrs frh ft e`iehr r`sb ncr f peys`kfd fssfudt, tecuie
teh jcro`oi efs kcos`sthotdy dcw phrkhotfihs (N`iurh
;;). Ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts frh l`str`guthl nf`rdy hvhody
tercuiecut teh lfy, w`te teh dcwhst phrkhotfih ckkur‑
r`oi `o teh jcro`oi (69.7 phrkhot) fol teh e`iehst `o teh
hvho`oi
phr`cl
(;7.7
phrkhot).
Jfmcr
peys`kfd
fssfudtsfrh `onrhquhot `o teh jcro`oi fol fnthrocco (7;.< phr‑
khot kcjg`ohl) fol jcst kcjjco `o teh o`iet/hfrdy
jcro`oi phr`cl (<5.0 phrkhot). N`ofddy, fiirfvfthl fs‑
sfudts frh jcrh kcjjco `o teh hvho`oi (;9.0 phrkhot)
fol dhss nrhquhot `o teh jcro`oi (6;.9 phrkhot).
6;.8%
6.>%
1.1%
1.5%
1.1%
>6.0%
9.0%
;.7%
66.6%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Nr`hol/Fkquf`ot.
Ecst Nfj`dy
Ctehr QK^
Kc‑wcrbhr/Jijt.
Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn
[trfoihr
Xobocwo
Dckfd Dfw
Ctehr
N`iurh ;7= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy
Cnnholhr/^cduothhr Whdft`cose`p 711>‑7110 (o:;8<)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Qfih 7; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Lfy cn Yhhb
Qeys`kfd fssfudts frh jcst kcjjco co [fturlfy fol
[uolfy (N`iurh ;<). \eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn jfmcr
peys`kfd fssfudts fol ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts frh rh‑
pcrthl co [uolfy (70.7 phrkhot fol 65.6 phrkhot). Fi‑
irfvfthl fssfudts frh jcst kcjjco co [fturlfy (76.9
phrkhot) ncddcwhl gy [uolfy (6>.; phrkhot).
Ckkurrhl ft ^cduothhr [`th
\eh uolhrstfol`oi cn ^cduothhr s`th kfo vfry w`lhdy gh‑
twhho pcsts fol shtt`ois. Fdtecuie teh lhn`o`t`co jfy
vfry, teh jfmcr`ty cn f ^cduothhr‐s t`jh thols tc gh
66.>%6<.1%
9.5% 6;.7% 6;.7% 76.9%
6>.;%
7.;%
1.1%
8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
;1.1%
;8.1%
JCO \XH YHL \EX NW@ [F\ [XO XOB
N`iurh ;<=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
Qeys`kfd
Fssfudts
gy
Lfy
cn
Yhhb 711>‑7110 (o:;85)
B`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
7;.<%
;9.0%
78.1%
6;.9%
1.1% 61 .1% 71 .1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1% >1 .1%
O`iet/Hfrdy
Jcro`oi
Hvho`oi
Fnthrocco
Jcro`oi
N`iurh ;;= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy \`jh cn
Lfy 711>‑7110 (o:;<0)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Jcro`oi : >=16 f.j. tc occo2 Fnthrocco : 67=16 p.j. tc > p.j.2 Hvho`oi : >=16 p.j. tc j`lo`iet2
O`iet/Hfrdy Jcro`oi : 67=16 f.j. ‑> f.j.
Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
sphot ft s`th, fol fofdys`s secws teft teh jfmcr`ty cn
peys`kfd fssfudts frh rhpcrthl fs ckkurr`oi `o teh ^cduo‑
thhr‐s s`th (N`iurh ;8). @o teh kfsh cn ctehr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts fol
fiirfvfthl
fssfudts,
te`s
`s
f vhry
sd`iet
jfmcr
‑
`ty (87.0 phrkhot fol 88.7 phrkhot rhsphkt`vhdy).
Dckft`co
\eh jfmcr`ty cn peys`kfd fssfudts ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs
(N`iurh ;>). Ncr fiirfvfthl fssfudts, pugd`k frhfs fk‑
kcuot ncr
85.9
phrkhot
cn
fdd
`ok`lhots
rhpcrthl,
ncddcwhl
gy f ^cduothhr rhs`lhokh (67.9 phrkhot), teho kcjjhr‑
k`fd hstfgd`sejhots (61.; phrkhot). Jfmcr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts frh hvhody l`v`lhl ghtwhho kcjjhrk`fd hstfgd`se‑
jhots fol f ^cduothhr rhs`lhokh (65.5 phrkhot). Ctehr
peys`kfd fssfudts frh oct nrhquhot `o ^cduothhr rhs`‑
lhokhs (8.9 phrkhot), gut frh jcrh kcjjco `o kcjjhr‑
k`fd hstfgd`sejhots (68.; phrkhot) fol fssck`fthl w`te
trfospcrtft`co shrv`khs (6;.> phrkhot).
@oncrjft`co co teh typh cn trfospcrtft`co f ^cduothhr `s
us`oi ft teh t`jh cn fo fssfudt `s fvf`dfgdh cody nrcj
Fpr`d, 7115.
\whoty
‑coh
`ok`lhots
whrh
rhpcrthl
nrcj
trfospcrtft`co, w`te f jfmcr`ty gh`oi ctehr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts. Cn tehsh, <1 phrkhot ckkur co gushs, we`dh fo
fll`t`cofd <1 phrkhot frh rhpcrthl nrcj kfrs fol ctehr
ncrjs cn trfospcrtft`co, we`ke `okdulhs trf`os fol sug‑
wfys.
81.1%
81.1%
1.5%
<<.1%
88.7%
<.7%
;8.<%
>1.<%
<9.6%
87.0%
1.1% 81.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh ;8= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
[`th 711>‑7110 (o:;<0)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 7<
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
Cnnholhr fdkcecd ush `s rhpcrthl gy teh ^cduothhr fol
tehrhncrh jfy oct gh fo fkkurfth fsshssjhot. @o jfoy
peys`kfd fssfudts, teh ^cduothhr lchs oct efvh foy
bocwdhlih cn teh cnnholhr‐s ush cn fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh
fssfudt hvhot (N`iurh <1). @o pfrt`kudfr, ncr jcrh tefo
efdn cn rhpcrthl fiirfvfthl fssfudts, `t `s oct bocwo
wehtehr teh cnnholhr kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc kcj‑
j`tt`oi teh fssfudt (80.7 phrkhot). \eh jcst kcjpdhth
lftf co cnnholhr fdkcecd ush `s fvf`dfgdh ncr ctehr peys`‑
kfd fssfudts, wehrh ^cduothhrs rhpcrt teft ;0.9 phrkhot
cn cnnholhrs efvh ushl fdkcecd fol 60.1 phrkhot efvh
oct pr`cr tc teh fssfudt.
Yeho v`hwhl `o teh fiirhifth, lftf `ol`kfths teft gcte
teh ^cduothhr fol cnnholhr ushl fdkcecd `o <0 peys`kfd
fssfudts rhpcrthl nrcj 711> tc 7110 (N`iurh <6). Cn
78.1%
81.1%
78.1%
80.7%
71.1%
71.5%
<9.0%
61.<%
<6.9%
<6.<%
60.1%
;0.9%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh <1= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy Cnnholhr
Fdkcecd Xsh 711>‑7110 (o:;86)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl
FssfudtB`lofpp`oi
78.1%
98.1%
60.1%
>7.9%
65.;%
78.1%
;0.>%
;8.<%
66.0%
>>.8%
76.>%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh ;0= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
Fdkcecd Xsh 711>‑7110 (o:;8<)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
tehsh, teh dfrihst phrkhotfih frh ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts
(>6.7 phrkhot), ncddcwhl gy fiirfvfthl fssfudts (71.<
phrkhot), fol jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts (65.< phrkhot).
Qhrscos Fkkcjpfoy`oi ^cduothhr
\eh jfmcr`ty cn peys`kfd fssfudt hvhots ckkur tc ^cduo‑
thhrs wec frh fkkcjpfo`hl gy ctehrs (N`iurh <7). Ctehr
peys`kfd fssfudts efvh teh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn `ok`‑
lhots teft ckkur weho ^cduothhrs frh fdcoh (<>.5 phr‑
khot).
Whsudt`oi Fkt`cos
@omury tc ^cduothhr
Lftf co ^cduothhr `omury `s fvf`dfgdh cody nrcj Fpr`d,
7115. \e`s kfthicry `okdulhs cody `omur`hs rhqu`r`oi
81.1%
81.1%
79.1%
>9.<%
8.>%
<1.1%
8>.9%
;.;%
<>.5%
86.5%
6.<%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Fdcoh
Fkkcjpfo`hl
Xobocwo
N`iurh <7= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
Fkkcjpfo`jhot 711>
‑7110
(o:7>7)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl
Fssfudt, 71.<%
Jfmcr
Qeys`kfd,
65.<%
Ctehr Qeys`kfd,
>6.7%
N`iurh <6= Qeys`kfd Fssfudts ̀ o we`ke ̂ cduothhr fol
Cnnholhr Xshl Fdkcecd 711>‑7110 (o:<0)
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 7>
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
jhl`kfd ftthot`co2 tehrhncrh, `omur`hs trhfthl gy teh ^cd‑
uothhr frh oct `okdulhl. Jcst fiirfvfthl fssfudts (>5.0
phrkhot) fol ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts (96.1 phrkhot) lc
oct rhsudt
`o
`omury
tc
teh
^cduothhr
(N`iurh
<;).
\eh
hx
‑
khpt`co `s jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts, `o we`ke 87.> phrkhot
rhsudthl `o `omury tc teh ^cduothhr rhqu`r`oi jhl`kfd ft‑
thot`co.
[uppcrt Qrcv`lhl
@o fll`t`co
tc
trhftjhot
ncr
peys`kfd
`omur`hs,
^cduothhrs
cntho rhqu`rh ctehr ncrjs cn suppcrt ncddcw`oi f peys`kfd
fssfudt (N`iurh <<). Lftf co suppcrt prcv`lhl `s cody
fvf`dfgdh nrcj Fpr`d, 7115. Ctehr peys`kfd fssfudts,
we`ke rfrhdy rhsudt `o `omury tc teh ^cduothhr, rhqu`rhl
kcuoshd`oi `o ;;.1 phrkhot fol oc suppcrt `o ;0.> phr‑
khot cn `ok`lhots. Jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts nrhquhotdy rh‑
qu`rhl jhl`kfd kfrh fdcoh (;>.5 phrkhot), kcuoshd`oi
fdcoh (;6.> phrkhot), cr f kcjg`oft`co cn kcuoshd`oi fol
jhl`kfd kfrh (68.5 phrkhot). Fiirfvfthl fssfudts ihohr‑
fddy rhqu`rhl jhl`kfd kfrh fdcoh (;;.; phrkhot), kcuoshd‑
`oi fdcoh (75.0 phrkhot), cr oc suppcrt (77.7 phrkhot).
98.1%
78.1%
>5.0%
;6.6%
<9.<%
87.>%
6.0%
96.1%
79.6%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh <;= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy ̂ cduothhr
@omury 7115‑7110 (o:698)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
[usphkts Fpprheholhl
Lftf co kr`jh `ok`lhots frh kcddhkthl ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh2 tehrhncrh, f dcw phrkhotfih cn fpprheholhl sus‑
phkts jfy oct rhprhshot f kcjpdhth p`kturh fs `ovhst`if‑
t`cos hvcdvh cvhr t`jh. N`iurh <8 secws teft teh jfmcr‑
`ty cn susphkts frh oct fpprheholhl `o peys`kfd fssfudts.
Fiirfvfthl fssfudts efvh teh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn fp‑
prheholhl cnnholhrs (60.9 phrkhot), ncddcwhl gy jfmcr
peys`kfd fssfudts (65.5 phrkhot) fol ctehr peys`kfd fs‑
sfudts (6>.9
phrkhot).
81.1%
81.1%
0.5%
91.8%
60.9%
<.7%
99.6%
65.5%
;.<%
90.0%
6>.9%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh <8= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy [usphkt
Fpprheholhl 711>‑7110 (o:;<5)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
;;.;%
75.0%
5.0%
77.7%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Jhl`kfd
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Jhl`kfd & Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Oh`tehr Ohkhssfry
Xobocwo
N`iurh <<= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy [uppcrt
Qrcv`lhl 7115‑7110 (o:69<)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
Qfih 79 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
@othot`co cn ^cduothhr tc Qrcshkuth
Fs `o teh kfsh cn lftf co fpprhehos`co cn susphkts, lftf
co teh ^cduothhr‐s `othot`co tc prcshkuth ihohrfddy
rhprhshots teh ^cduothhr‐s nhhd`ois ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh (N`iurh <>). @o jcst fiirfvfthl fssfudt fol ctehr
peys`kfd fssfudt `ok`lhots, teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol
tc prcshkuth teh cnnholhr (89.6 phrkhot fol >8.; phr‑
khot, rhsphkt`vhdy). ^cduothhrs `ovcdvhl `o jfmcr peys`‑
kfd fssfudts frh teh jcst d`bhdy tc prcshkuth, gut hvho `o
tecsh `ok`lhots, dhss tefo coh‑qufrthr cn ^cduothhrs `o‑
thol tc lc sc (77.0 phrkhot).
Kcjpfr`scos
Fdtecuie b`lofpp`ois frh kcuothl `o teh peys`kfd fssfudt
kfthicry, tehy frh oct kcos`lhrhl `o te`s l`skuss`co luh
tc teh rhdft`vh `onrhquhoky cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots. Cn teh
b`lofpp`ois rhpcrthl tc Qhfkh Kcrps s`okh 711>, ocoh
efvh `ovcdvhl f lhjfol ncr rfoscj cr ghho pcd`t`kfddy
jct`vfthl.
Kr`jh Kfthicry Kcjpfr`sco
Qeys`kfd fssfudt v`kt`js frh pr`jfr`dy jfdh ^cduothhrs `o
teh`r twhot`hs. Wfths cn fiirfvfthl fssfudt lhkrhfshl
nrcj 7115 tc 7110, we`dh rfths ncr jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudt
fol ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt `okrhfshl. F kefoih `o teh
kfthicr`zft`co cn kr`jhs `ovcdv`oi f whfpco jfy efvh
kcotr`guthl tc teh rhdft`vh lhkrhfsh fol `okrhfshs,
611.1%
65.;%
8.>%
89.6%
60.1%
;6.;%
67.8%
;;.;%
77.0%
66.<%
>.5%
>8.;%
6>.8%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Xolhk`lhl
Oc
Phs
N`iurh <>= Qhrkhotfih cn Qeys`kfd Fssfudts gy @othot`co
tc Qrcshkuth 711>‑7110 (o:;8<)
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
tecuie rfths cn fiirfvfthl fssfudts efvh lhkd`ohl sthfl‑
`dy s`okh 711>.
Yeho kcjpfrhl w`te shxufd fssfudts, peys`kfd fssfudts
thol tc ckkur cvhr f w`lhr l`str`gut`co cn jcotes `o shr‑v`kh fol frh dhss kcokhotrfthl co whhbhols. Qeys`kfd
fssfudts frh jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs w`te
judt`pdh w`tohsshs tefo rfphs, we`ke thol tc ckkur weho
teh ^cduothhr `s fdcoh `o ehr ecjh. F dfrihr phrkhotfih
cn peys`kfd fssfudts (;<.1 phrkhot) frh fkkcjpfo`hl gy
ush cn f whfpco tefo shxufd fssfudts (65.> phrkhot).
Fiirfvfthl fssfudts fol jfmcr peys`kfd fssfudts rhqu`rh
dhss suppcrt nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps stfnn, gcte `o thrjs cn
jhl`kfd suppcrt fol kcuoshd`oi, tefo rfphs fol jfmcr
shxufd fssfudts.
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc terhft `ok`lhots, peys`kfd fssfudts
frh jcrh hvhody l`str`guthl gy t`jh `o shrv`kh fol dhss
d`bhdy tc ckkur ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. Fdkcecd ush `s
juke dcwhr fjcoi ^cduothhr v`kt`js cn terhft `ok`lhots
tefo peys`kfd fssfudts, tecuie `o gcte kfshs cody f j`‑
ocr`ty cn v`kt`js efvh kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh `ok`‑
lhot. Qeys`kfd fssfudts rhqu`rh jcrh suppcrt nrcj Qhfkh
Kcrps stfnn tefo terhft `ok`lhots, pr`jfr`dy `o teh prcv`‑
s`co cn jhl`kfd shrv`khs.
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc prcphrty kr`jhs, peys`kfd fssfudts
frh
jcrh
d`bhdy
tc
gh
kcjj`tthl
gy
scjhcoh
bocwo
tc
teh ^cduothhr fol jcrh hvhody l`str`guthl gy t`jh `o
shrv`kh. Gcte fiirfvfthl fssfudt fol rcgghry, teh jcst
shvhrh kdfss`n`kft`cos `o teh`r rhsphkt`vh kfthicr`hs, thol
tc ckkur `o teh hvho`oi, ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet.
Wcgghr`hs fol tehnts, ecwhvhr, frh jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur
weho teh ^cduothhr `s cut cn s`th. Qeys`kfd fssfudts (;<.1
phrkhot) `ovcdvhl teh ush cn f whfpco dhss cntho tefo
rcgghr`hs (89.7 phrkhot).
Oft`cofd Kcjpfr`sco
Fs `o shxufd fssfudts, `t `s `jpcrtfot tc rhjhjghr teft
teh lhn`o`t`cos ushl tc kdfss`ny rhpcrthl `ok`lhots vfry
ghtwhho Qhfkh Kcrps systhjs fol tecsh ushl gy teh NG@
fol GM[. Ecwhvhr, `o teh grcflhst shosh, kcjpfr`oi
Qhfkh Kcrps trhols w`te trhols ncr teh X[ kfo gh `oncr‑
jft`vh ncr tfriht`oi cn prcgdhj frhfs.
\eh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr fiirfvfthl fssfudts rhpcrthl tc
teh pcd`kh `o teh X[ efs ghho co teh lhkd`oh s`okh teh
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Qeys`kfd Fssfudts
hfrdy 6001s. @o 7115, te`s rfth stccl ft 79<.> rhpcrthl
`ok`lhots phr 611,111 `oefg`tfots.
\eh v`kt`j`zft`co rfth ncr fiirfvfthl fssfudts fol s`jpdh
fssfudts rhpcrthl gy GM[ `o 7115 `s ;.; fiirfvfthl fs‑
sfudts fol 67.0 s`jpdh fssfudts phr 6,111 phrscos fih 67
cr cdlhr. \eh rfths cn fssfudts frh e`iehr ncr jfdhs (;.0
fiirfvfthl fssfudts/6<.8 s`jpdh fssfudts phr 6,111 phr‑
scos) tefo nhjfdhs (7.5 fiirfvfthl fssfudts/66.8 s`jpdh
fssfudts phr 6,111 phrscos). @o bhhp`oi w`te n`ol`ois
nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps lftf, teh e`iehst rfth cn tctfd fssfudts
`s shho fjcoi teh ircup fihl 71 tc 7< (;1.; phr 6,111
phrscos). \eh `ok`lhokh rfth lrcps, gut `s st`dd e`ie, ncr
teh ohxt fih ircup cn 78 tc ;< yhfrs (71.8 phr 6,111 phr‑
scos).
\eh jfmcr`ty cn dcoh cnnholhrs `o tctfd fssfudts frh uolhr
fih ;1 (><.0 phrkhot). Ecwhvhr, teh l`str`gut`co `s l`n ‑
nhrhot weho s`jpdh fssfudts frh shpfrfthl nrcj fiirf‑
vfthl fssfudts. Jcrh tefo <1 phrkhot cn cnnholhrs `o
fiirfvfthl fssfudts frh cvhr ;1 (<7.1 phrkhot), we`dh `o
s`jpdh fssfudts, teh fih l`str`gut`co `s spd`t fdjcst `otc
te`rls fjcoi tecsh uolhr 71, 76 tc 70, fol cvhr ;1.
[`j`dfr tc n`ol`ois nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps, teh dfrihst phrkhot‑
fih cn fssfudts, gcte fiirfvfthl fol s`jpdh, ckkur `o
pugd`k frhfs `o teh X[ (<0.7 phrkhot fol ;>.8 phrkhot,
rhsphkt`vhdy).
@othrhst`oidy, teh rhdft`cose`p cn rhpcrthl cnnholhrs `o
teh OK^[ vfr`hs gy teh shx cn teh v`kt`j. Jfdhs jcrh
nrhquhotdy rhpcrt f strfoihr fs teh cnnholhr (88 phr‑
khot), we`dh nhjfdhs frh jcrh d`bhdy tc `lhot`ny f oco‑
strfoihr (>6 phrkhot), usufddy f nr`hol cr fkquf`otfokh
fol dhss cntho fo `ot`jfth pfrtohr. \e`s `s oct shho `o
lftf ncr Qhfkh Kcrps, wehrh ^cduothhrs cn gcte shxhs
rhpcrt f strfoihrs fs teh cnnholhr `o fpprcx`jfthdy 91
phrkhot cn `ok`lhots, tecuie nhjfdhs lc rhpcrt f e`iehr
phrkhotfih cn peys`kfd fssfudts nrcj f nr`hol cr fo fk‑
quf`otfokh (68.5 phrkhot vhrsus 5.> phrkhot ncr jfdhs).
Cvhrfdd, f jfmcr`ty cn fssfudts frh oct rhpcrthl tc pcd`kh
`o teh X[ (8<.> phrkhot). F e`iehr phrkhotfih cn fiirf‑
vfthl fssfudts frh rhpcrthl (89.7 phrkhot) fs kcjpfrhl
tc s`jpdh fssfudts (<1.> phrkhot). \eh OK^[ lchs oct
shpfrfth rfph nrcj ctehr fssfudts ncr rhfscos ncr oct
rhpcrt`oi, gut teh jcst kcjjco rhfsco i`vho ncr oct
rhpcrt`oi fo fssfudt `s teft teh v`kt`j nhdt `t wfs f pr`vfth
cr phrscofd jftthr. @o teh F^[, <1.8 phrkhot cn ^cduo‑
thhrs rhspcolhl teft tehy hxphr`hokhl fo fiirfvfthl
fssfudt gut l`l oct rhpcrt `t tc Qhfkh Kcrps, we`dh <9.>
phrkhot cn ^cduothhrs rhspcolhl `o teft wfy tc f quhs‑
t`co
rhifrl`oi
peys`kfd
fssfudt.
\eh
pr`jfry
rhfscosi`vho ncr oct rhpcrt`oi f peys`kfd fssfudt frh teft teh
^cduothhr nhdt `t wfs tcc j`ocr cr kcjjco tc rhpcrt cr
teft teh rhspcolhot l`l oct nhhd teft Qhfkh Kcrps kcudl
ehdp.
Qfih 70 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\erhfts
Lhn`o`t`cos
\erhft= F terhft `s jflh w`tecut peys`kfd kcotfkt cr `omury tc teh ^cduothhr. \erhft ckkurs weho teh ^cduothhr `s
pdfkhl `o rhfscofgdh nhfr cn gcl`dy efrj tercuie teh ush cn terhftho`oi wcrls fol/cr ctehr kcolukt. \e`s cnnhosh `o‑
kdulhs stfdb`oi fol jfy gh lhthrj`ohl gy teh phrkhpt`co cn teh ^cduothhr.
• \erhft
• 7110 `ok`lhots= <0
• 7110 rfth= 1.>5 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= ‑<;
Ft-F-Idfokh= \erhfts
• Jfmcr`ty cn ^cduothhrs frh nhjfdh
• \hol tc ckkur `o teh dfthr efdn cn teh n`rst yhfr cn shrv`kh
• Cntho kcjj`tthl gy strfoihrs
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih ;1
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co prcv`lhs idcgfd fofdyshs cn fdd
terhft `ok`lhots. @ok`lhokh cn terhfts `s hxprhsshl phr
611 ^\ yhfrs.
@. \erhft
\erhft Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl terhft `ok`lhot thols
tc gh f Kfukfs`fo nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. \erhfts ckkur
sd`ietdy dfthr `o shrv`kh tefo jfoy ctehr kr`jhs, phfb`oi
`o teh shkcol efdn cn teh n`rst yhfr cn shrv`kh. \ehy frh
usufddy kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh jfdh cnnholhr `o e`s twho‑
t`hs wec `s f strfoihr tc teh ^cduothhr. \erhfts ckkur
jcst nrhquhotdy ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet lur`oi teh
whhb, usufddy
`o
f ^cduothhr‐s
rhs`lhokh
cr
f pugd`k
frhf
ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. \eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct
kcosujhl fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh fssfudt, fol teh cn ‑
nholhr‐s fdkcecd ush `s oct bocwo. \eh ^cduothhr `s
sd`ietdy jcrh d`bhdy tc gh fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh terhft.
Xsufddy oc suppcrt `s ohhlhl, tecuie kcuoshd`oi `s prc‑
v`lhl `o scjh kfshs. @o jcst terhfts, teh cnnholhr `s oct
frrhsthl fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth
`n teh cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
\erhft = Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 66 prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn terhfts.
\ehrh whrh <0 terhft `ok`lhots rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh Kcrps
^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o f rfth cn
1.>5 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh terhft rfth lh‑
krhfshl gy <; phrkhot cvhr 7115, fol efs lhkrhfshl gy
71 phrkhot s`okh 711>.
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots <0
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ̂ \ yhfrs) 1.>5
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 01
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 6.60
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) ‑<;%
<‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (711> tc 7110) ‑71%
\fgdh 66= [ujjfry“\erhft
\erhfts
@t `s `jpcrtfot tc octh teft pr`cr tc 711>, cody lhfte
terhfts whrh f rhpcrtfgdh kfthicry2 tehrhncrh, scjh cn
teh `okrhfsh s`okh 711> jfy gh teh rhsudt cn `okdul`oi f
ohw kdfss cn `ok`lhots“`ot`j`lft`co. Luh tc te`s kefoih
`o rhpcrt`oi prfkt`kh, teh trhol irfpes secws cody teh <‑
yhfr phr`cl kcvhrhl `o te`s rhpcrt (N`iurh <9). \eh `ok`‑
lhokh rfth ncr terhfts efs ghho e`iedy vfr`fgdh, rhfke`oi
`ts phfb `o 7115 ncddcwhl gy `ts dcwhst pc`ot `o 7110.
@@. Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn ^`k-t`js
\eh oujghr cn v`kt`js cn f terhft `ok`lhot `s ihohrfddy
coh2 ecwhvhr tehrh whrh s`x `ok`lhots `o we`ke jcrh
tefo coh ^cduothhr wfs terhfthohl lur`oi teh `ok`lhot
(N`iurh <5).
<0
8>
1 81 611
\erhfts
N`iurh <5= Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn ̂ cduothhr
^`kt`js ncr 7110
Oujghr cn ^`kt`js
Oujghr cn @ok`lhots
1.581.9>
6.60
1.>5
1.11
1.81
6.11
6.81
7.11
7.81
;.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ y h f r s
N`iurh <9= Phfrdy Wfths cn \erhft (o:799)
<‑yhfr fvi= 1.59
Qfih ;6 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co l`skusshs ^cduothhr fol cnnholhr
kefrfkthr`st`ks fol r`sb nfktcrs fssck`fthl w`te rhpcrthl
terhfts. Lftf co ^cduothhr v`kt`js, cnnholhrs, fol `ok`‑
lhot
lhtf`ds
frh
nrcj
terhfts
rhpcrthl
tc
Qhfkh
Kcrps
ghtwhho 711> fol 7110. \e`s `oncrjft`co secudl gh
ushl `o ehdp`oi Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn fol ^cduothhrs ghtthr
uolhrstfol teh nfktcrs teft fnnhkt ^cduothhr sfnhty.
^cduothhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
[hx, Fih, fol Hteo`k`ty
Nhjfdh ^cduothhrs whrh v`kt`js cn terhfts jcrh tefo
tw`kh fs cntho (6.6 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) fs jfdh
^cduothhrs (1.8 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) (N`iurh <0).
\eh dfrihst oujghr cn terhft v`kt`js frh ^cduothhrs `o
teh`r twhot`hs2 ecwhvhr, teh e`iehst rfth cn terhfts `s ncr
^cduothhrs `o teh`r te`rt`hs fol ncrt`hs (6.6 `ok`lhots phr
611 ^\ yhfrs) (N`iurh 81).
1.8
6.6
1.1 1.8 6.1 6.8
Jfdh (o:89)
Nhjfdh (o:609)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh <0= Wfth cn \erhfts gy Iholhr 711>‑7110 (o:78<)
\erhfts
Lftf ncr rfkh/hteo`k`ty frh prhshothl ncr teh kurrhot
yhfr cody, `o crlhr tc kcjpfrh teh prcpcrt`co cn rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots ncr hfke rfk`fd/hteo`k ircup w`te teh
rhprhshotft`co cn teft ircup `o teh ^cduothhr pcpudft`co
(\fgdh 67). Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs frh l`sprcpcrt`cofthdy
v`kt`j`zhl gy terhft `ok`lhots (50.< phrkhot) fs kcj‑
pfrhl tc teh`r pcrt`co cn teh ^cduothhr pcpudft`co (9<
phrkhot). Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo ^cduothhrs (; phrkhot cn
^cduothhr pcpudft`co) frh fdsc l`sprcpcrt`cofthdy v`kt`j‑
`zhl gy terhft `ok`lhots (>.< phrkhot).
\fgdh 67= Kcjpfr`sco cn \erhfts gy Wfkh/Hteo`k`tytc ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co 7110 (o:<9)
Jcotes @o [hrv`kh
\erhft `ok`lhots phfb ft teh hol cn teh n`rst yhfr cn shr‑
v`kh (;7.0 phrkhot), fol fdsc `okrhfsh sd`ietdy ghtwhho
teh n`rst s`x jcotes fol teh shkcol s`x jcotes `o teh
shkcol yhfr cn shrv`kh (6>.1 phrkhot tc 69.; phrkhot)
(N`iurh 86). Ft teh hol cn 7< jcotes cn shrv`kh, f t`jh
Wfkh/Hteo`k`ty \erhft
^cduothhr
Qcpudft`co
Kfukfs`fo (o:<7) 50.<% 9<%
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:1) 1.1% 61%
E`spfo`k (o:6) 7.6% >%
Fs`fo (o:1) 1.1% 8%
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo (o:;) >.<% ;%
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs(o:6) 7.6% ;%
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo (o:1) 1.1% 46%
1.0
6.6
6.6
1.<
1.6
1.1 1.7 1.< 1.> 1.5 6.1 6.7
71s (o:76<)
;1s (o:79)
<1s (o:8)
81s (o:;)
>1s+ (o:6)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh 81= Wfth cn \erhfts gy Fih Ircups
711>‑7110 (o:781)
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih ;7
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\erhfts
weho teh oujghr cn ^cduothhrs fdsc lhkd`ohs, teh phr‑
khotfih cn `ok`lhots lrcps sthhpdy.
Cnnholhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\eh jfmcr`ty cn terhft `ok`lhots frh kcjj`tthl gy f s`o‑
idh cnnholhr (58.5 phrkhot), fol f dfrih jfmcr`ty cn tehj
frh ghd`hvhl tc gh kcjj`tthl gy jfdh cnnholhrs (01.7
phrkhot). [`okh terhfts lc oct rhqu`rh teh peys`kfd prhs‑
hokh cn teh cnnholhr, ;.8 phrkhot frh kcjj`tthl gy cn ‑
nholhrs wecsh
shx
`s
uobocwo.
\eh
fih
cn
teh
cnnholhr
`s usufddy hst`jfthl gy teh ^cduothhr v`kt`j fol jfy oct
gh fo fkkurfth rhprhshotft`co cn teh cnnholhr‐s truh fih.
\eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn cnnholhrs `o rhpcrthl terhfts
frh hst`jfthl tc gh ghtwhho 71 fol 70 yhfrs cdl (;;.0
phrkhot). \eh ohxt dfrihst ircup `s tecsh cn uobocwo
fih (7;.1 phrkhot).
^`kt`j/Cnnholhr Whdft`cose`p
@o sd`ietdy jcrh tefo efdn cn terhft `ok`lhots, teh cn ‑
nholhr `s
f strfoihr
tc
teh
^cduothhr
(81.>
phrkhot).
\e`s
`s ncddcwhl gy nr`hols cr fkquf`otfokhs, wec kcjpr`sh
68.1 phrkhot cn terhft cnnholhrs (N`iurh 87).
7>.9%
;7.0%
6>.1% 69.;%
8.;%
6.>%
1.1%
8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
;1.1%
;8.1%
1 tc > 9 tc 67 6; tc 65 60 tc 7< 78 tc ;1 ;6 tc ;>
N`iurh 86=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
Jcotes
̀o
[hrv`kh
ncr
\erhfts
711> ‑7110 (o:7<;)
@ok`lhot Kefrfkthr`st`ks
\`jh cn Lfy
\erhft ckkurrhokh `s l`v`lhl rhdft`vhdy hvhody tercuie‑
cut teh lfy (N`iurh 8;). \eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn terhft
`ok`lhots ckkur lur`oi teh hvho`oi t`jh phr`cl (;;.8 phr‑
khot), fol teh sjfddhst phrkhotfih ckkur lur`oi teh
o`iet/hfrdy jcro`oi t`jh phr`cl (6;.5 phrkhot), w`te
fpprcx`jfthdy coh‑qufrthr ckkurr`oi `o hfke cn teh
jcro`oi fol
fnthrocco
t`jh
phr`cls.
Lfy cn Yhhb
\erhft `ok`lhots ckkur jcst nrhquhotdy co Yhlohslfys
(65.6 phrkhot) fol \eurslfys (68.< phrkhot) (N`iurh 8<).
O`iet/Hfrdy
Jcro`oi, 6;.5%
Hvho`oi, ;;.8%
Fnthrocco,
79.7%
Jcro`oi, 78.8%
N`iurh 8;= Qhrkhotfih cn \erhfts gy \`jh cn Lfy
711>‑7110 (o:7;0)
Jcro`oi : >=16 f.j. tc occo2 Fnthrocco : 67=16 p.j. tc > p.j.2 Hvho`oi : >=16 p.j. tc j`lo`iet2
O`iet/Hfrdy Jcro`oi : 67=16 f.j. ‑> f.j.
68.1%
<.9%
1.5%
;.7%
1.1%
81.>%
67.>%
6.7%
66.0%
1.1% 61.1% 71 .1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81 .1% >1.1%
Nr`hol/Fkquf`ot.
Ecst Nfj`dy
Ctehr QK^
Kc‑wcrbhr/Jijt.
Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn
[trfoihr
Xobocwo
Dckfd Dfw
Ctehr
N`iurh 87= Qhrkhotfih cn Cnnholhr/^cduothhr
Whdft`cose`p ncr \erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:78;)
Qfih ;; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Ckkurrhl ft ^cduothhr [`th
\eh uolhrstfol`oi cn ^cduothhr s`th kfo vfry w`lhdy gh‑
twhho pcsts fol shtt`ois. Fdtecuie teh lhn`o`t`co jfy
vfry, teh jfmcr`ty cn f ^cduothhr‐s t`jh thols tc gh
sphot ft s`th, fol fofdys`s secws teft teh jfmcr`ty cn
terhfts frh rhpcrthl fs ckkurr`oi `o teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th
(90.< phrkhot) (N`iurh 88). \e`s lchs oct jhfo teft teh
^cduothhr s`th `s wehrh teh terhft cr`i`ofths, ecwhvhr.
\erhfts frh cntho rhkh`vhl gy hjf`d, thdhpecoh, fol
tercuie
te`rl
pfrt`hs2
tehrhncrh,
teh
cnnholhr
dckft`co
jfy gh uobocwo.
Xobocwo, 6.7%
Oc, 60.<%
Phs, 90.<%
N`iurh 88= Qhrkhotfih cn \erhfts Ckkurr`oi ft ̂ cduothhr
[`th 711>‑7110 (o:78;)
6<.>%6;.5%
65.6%
68.<%
67.7% 66.5%
6<.7%
1.1%
<.1%
5.1%
67.1%
6>.1%
71.1%
JCO \XH YHL \EX NW@ [F\ [XO
N`iurh 8<= Qhrkhotfih cn Lfy cn Yhhb ncr \erhfts 711>‑
7110 (o:78<)
\erhfts
Dckft`co
Jcst terhfts frh rhkh`vhl we`dh teh ^cduothhr `s `o e`s cr
ehr rhs`lhokh (;0.5 phrkhot) cr `o f pugd`k frhf (;<.>
phrkhot) (N`iurh 8>).
Fdkcecd Xsh ‑ ^cduothhr fol Cnnholhr
^cduothhrs rhpcrt oct us`oi fdkcecd `o 57.> phrkhot cn
terhft `ok`lhots (N`iurh 89).
Cnnholhr ush cn fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh terhft `s oct bocwo
`o jcst kfshs (>7.5 phrkhot) (N`iurh 85). Cody 60.< phr‑
khot cn terhft `ok`lhots `ovcdvhl fo cnnholhr w`te sus‑
phkthl fdkcecd ush pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot, we`dh `o 69.5
phrkhot cn terhfts, tehrh wfs oc `ol`kft`co cn fdkcecd
ush pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot.
Xobocwo,
6;.5%
Oc, 57.>%
Phs, ;.>%
N`iurh 89=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
̂cduothhr
Fdkcecd
Xsh
ncr
\erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:78;)
;<.>%
;0.5%
7.<%
;.0%
8.6%
8.0%
>.9%
6.>%
1.1% 61.1% 71.1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1%
Qugd`k Frhf
^cd. Whs`lhokh
Oco‑^cd. Whs`lhokh
\rfospcrt‑rhdfthl
Kcjjhrk`fd
Ycrbpdfkh
Ctehr
Xobocwo
N`iurh 8>= Qhrkhotfih cn Dckft`co ncr \erhfts
711>‑7110 (o:78<)
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\erhfts
Qhrscos
Fkkcjpfoy`oi
^cduothhr
\erhft `ok`lhots frh fdjcst hvhody l`v`lhl `o rhifrls tc
wehtehr ^cduothhrs frh fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh `ok`lhot
(N`iurh 80). @o <<.> phrkhot cn `ok`lhots, teh ^cduothhr `s
fkkcjpfo`hl, we`dh `o 86.5 phrkhot, teh ^cduothhr `s
fdcoh. Xod`bh fssfudts we`ke ckkur ft f sphk`n`k pc`ot `o
t`jh, terhft `ok`lhots kfo gh pfrt cn f pftthro cn ghefv‑
`cr ckkurr`oi cvhr t`jh2 tehrhncrh, `o ;.> phrkhot cn `ok`‑
lhots, oc lhthrj`oft`co kcudl gh jflh fs tc wehtehr
teh ^cduothhr wfs fdcoh.
Whsudt`oi Fkt`cos
[uppcrt Qrcv`lhl
Fdtecuie terhft `ok`lhots rfrhdy rhsudt `o peys`kfd `omury ,
scjh ^cduothhrs jfy rhqu`rh ctehr ncrjs cn suppcrt
(N`iurh >1). Lftf co suppcrt prcv`lhl `s cody fvf`dfgdh
nrcj Fpr`d, 7115. \eh jfmcr`ty cn terhft `ok`lhots lc oct
Fdcoh, 86.5%Fkkcjpfo`hl,
<<.>%
Xobocwo, ;.>%
N`iurh 80= Qhrkhotfih cn ̂ cduothhr Fkkcjpfo`jhot ncr
\erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:6>5)
Xobocwo,
>7.5%Oc, 69.5%
Phs, 60.<%
N`iurh 85= Qhrkhotfih cn Cnnholhr Fdkcecd Xsh ncr
\erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:78;)
rhqu`rh jhl`kfd cr kcuoshd`oi suppcrt (80.; phrkhot)2
ecwhvhr, ^cduothhrs `o sd`ietdy jcrh tefo coh‑te`rl cn
terhft `ok`lhots rhkh`vhl cr pdfoohl tc rhkh`vh kcuoshd‑
`oi (;<.8
phrkhot).
[usphkts Fpprheholhl
Lftf co kr`jh `ok`lhots frh kcddhkthl ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh2 tehrhncrh, f dcw phrkhotfih cn fpprheholhl sus‑
phkts jfy oct rhprhshot fo fkkurfth p`kturh fs `ovhst`‑
ift`cos hvcdvh
cvhr
t`jh.
N`iurh
>6
secws
teft
teh
jf
‑ mcr`ty cn susphkts frh oct fpprheholhl ncr fdd terhft `o‑
k`lhots (90.9 phrkhot).
@othot`co cn ^cduothhr tc Qrcshkuth
Fs `o teh kfsh cn lftf co fpprhehos`co cn susphkts, lftf
co teh ^cduothhr‐s `othot`co tc prcshkuth ihohrfddy
Xobocwo, 8.7%
Oc , 90.9%
Phs, 68.6%
N`iurh >6= Qhrkhotfih cn [usphkts Fpprheholhl ncr
\erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:786)
1.1%
;<.8%
1.0%
80.;%
8.;%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Jhl`kfd
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Jhl`kfd & Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Oh`tehr Ohkhssfry
Xobocwo
N`iurh >1= Qhrkhotfih cn [uppcrt Qrcv`lhl ncr \erhfts
7115‑7110 (o:66;)
Qfih ;8 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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rhprhshots teh ^cduothhr‐s nhhd`ois ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh (N`iurh >7). @o jcst terhft `ok`lhots, teh ^cduothhr
lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth teh cnnholhr (85.8 phr‑
khot).
@o ohfrdy
coh
‑qufrthr
cn
terhft
`ok`lhots,
teh
^cd
‑
uothhr‐s `othot`co tc prcshkuth `s oct bocwo (7;.9 phr‑
khot).
L`skuss`co
Kr`jh Kfthicry Kcjpfr`sco
Fdtecuie dhss hv`lhot tefo `o shxufd fssfudts, nhjfdh ^cd‑
uothhrs frh tw`kh fs d`bhdy tc gh f v`kt`j cn f terhft `ok`‑
lhot
fs
jfdh
^cduothhrs.
\ehrh
`s
dhss
l`sprcpcrt`cofth
`jpfkt co Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs `o terhft `ok`lhots tefo
`o ctehr kr`jh kfthicr`hs. \erhft `ok`lhots frh fdsc l`s‑
t`oiu`sehl gy phfb`oi dfthr `o shrv`kh tefo shvhrfd ctehr
kr`jh kfthicr`hs.
[hxufd fssfudts jfy gh jcst s`j`dfr `o r`sb kefrfkthr`st`ks
tc terhft `ok`lhots, tecuie tehrh frh st`dd sugstfot`fd l`n ‑
nhrhokhs. Gcte terhft `ok`lhots fol shxufd fssfudts ck‑
kur nfr jcrh nrhquhotdy tc nhjfdh ^cduothhrs2 ft teh ^cd‑
uothhr‐s rhs`lhokh2 fol ckkur weho teh ^cduothhr `s
fdcoh. Ecwhvhr, tehrh frh l`nnhrhokhs `o teft terhft `ok`‑
lhots
frh
oct
d`j`thl
gy
t`jh
cn
lfy
cr
lfy
cn
whhb
`o
teh sfjh jfoohr fs shxufd fssfudts, fol fdkcecd ush gy
^cduothhrs fol/cr cnnholhrs lchs oct fpphfr tc gh f
nfktcr `o teh ckkurrhokh cn terhft `ok`lhots.
\eh s`j`dfr`t`hs ghtwhho shxufd fssfudt fol terhft kefr‑
fkthr`st`ks frh oct surpr`s`oi, i`vho teft rhpcrthl terhfts
kfo kcotf`o cvhrtcohs cn shxufd v`cdhokh. @t `s fdsc
bocwo teft shxufd fssfudt `s f kr`jh cn pcwhr. @o teft
Xobocwo,
7;.9%
Xolhk`lhl,
9.6%
Oc, 85.8%
Phs,
61.9%
N`iurh >7= Qhrkhotfih cn ̂ cduothhrs @othol`oi tc
Qrcshkuth ncr \erhfts 711>‑7110 (o:78;)
\erhfts
shosh, terhfts suke fs stfdb`oi jfy gh prhkurscrs tc f
juke jcrh shr`cus kr`jh.
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc peys`kfd fssfudts, terhft `ok`lhots
frh jcrh kcokhotrfthl `o teh hfrdy pfrt cn f ^cduothhr‐s
shrv`kh fol frh jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur ft teh ^cduothhr‐s
s`th. Fdkcecd ush `s juke dcwhr fjcoi ^cduothhr v`k‑
t`js cn terhft `ok`lhots tefo peys`kfd fssfudts, tecuie `o
gcte kfshs cody f j`ocr`ty cn v`kt`js efvh kcosujhl
fdkcecd pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot. Qeys`kfd fssfudts rhqu`rh
jcrh suppcrt nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps stfnn ncddcw`oi fo `ok`‑
lhot, pr`jfr`dy `o teh prcv`s`co cn jhl`kfd shrv`khs.
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc prcphrty kr`jhs, terhft `ok`lhots
phfb ft f l`nnhrhot t`jh `o shrv`kh, teh shkcol efdn cn teh
^cduothhr‐s n`rst yhfr. Nhwhr strfoihrs frh susphkthl fs
teh cnnholhr `o terhft `ok`lhots, tecuie teft `s st`dd teh
rhdft`cose`p `o jcrh tefo efdn cn tecsh rhpcrthl. Gcte
terhft `ok`lhots fol prcphrty kr`jhs rfrhdy `ovcdvh
bocwo fdkcecd ush gy teh ^cduothhr cr teh cnnholhr, fol
gcte kfthicr`hs frh spd`t rhdft`vhdy hvhody frcuol
wehtehr teh ^cduothhr wfs fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh `ok`‑
lhot.
Oft`cofd Kcjpfr`sco
\ehrh `s oc l`rhkt kcjpfr`sco teft kfo gh jflh gh‑
twhho Qhfkh Kcrps lftf fol GM[ lftf `o teh terhft kfth‑
icry. Ecwhvhr, teh Qhfkh Kcrps kfthicry kfpturhs `ok`‑
lhots cn stfdb`oi, f kfthicry teft `s fofdyzhl gy GM[. Of‑
t`cofddy, GM[ ncuol teft 6< `o hvhry 6,111 phrscos fih 65
cr cdlhr whrh v`kt`js cn stfdb`oi `o 711>. Nhjfdhs efvh f
juke e`iehr rfth cn stfdb`oi (71.1 `ok`lhots phr 6,111
pcpudft`co fih 65 cr cdlhr) tefo jfdhs (9.< `ok`lhots phr
6,111 pcpudft`co). [hvhoty‑n`vh phrkhot cn stfdb`oi v`k‑
t`js `o teh X[ bohw teh cnnholhr `o scjh kfpfk`ty, f
juke dfrihr prcpcrt`co tefo fjcoi ^cduothhrs rhpcrt‑
`oi terhfts.
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih ;>
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Lhn`o`t`cos
Wcgghry= \eh
tfb`oi
cr
ftthjpt`oi
tc
tfbh
foyte`oi
cn
vfduh
uolhr
kconrcotft`cofd
k`rkujstfokhs
nrcj
teh
kcotrcd,
kustcly cr kfrh cn teh ^cduothhr gy ncrkh cr terhft cn ncrkh cr v`cdhokh fol/cr gy putt`oi teh v`kt`j `o nhfr cn `jjhl`‑
fth efrj. Fdsc `okdulhs weho f rcgghr l`spdfys/ushs f whfpco cr trfospcrts teh ^cduothhr tc cgtf`o e`s/ehr jcohy
cr pcsshss`cos.
Guridfry w`te Fssfudt= Xodfwnud cr ncrk`gdh hotry cn f ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh fkkcjpfo`hl gy fo Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt
cr Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt. Fdsc `okdulhs `ddhifd hotry cn f ecthd rccj fkkcjpfo`hl gy fo Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt cr Ctehr
Qeys`kfd Fssfudt.
Guridfry“Oc Fssfudt= Xodfwnud cr ncrk`gdh hotry cn f ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh. \e`s `ok`lhot typh usufddy, gut oct fd‑
wfys, `ovcdvhs tehnt. Fs dcoi fs teh phrsco hothr`oi efs oc dhifd r`iet tc gh prhshot `o teh rhs`lhokh, f guridfry efs
ckkurrhl. Fdsc `okdulhs `ddhifd hotry cn f ecthd rccj.
\ehnt= \eh tfb`oi fwfy cn cr ftthjpt tc tfbh fwfy prcphrty cr kfse w`tecut `ovcdv`oi ncrkh cr `ddhifd hotry. @okdulhs
p`kb pckbht`oi, stcdho purshs, fol tehnts nrcj f rhs`lhokh teft lc oct `ovcdvh fo `ddhifd hotry.
^folfd`sj= J`ske`hvcus cr jfd`k`cus lhnfkhjhot, lhstrukt`co, cr lfjfih cn prcphrty.
• Wcgghry
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 691
• 7110 rfth= 7.;8 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= ‑;
• Guridfry
• 7110 `ok`lhots= ;<6
• 7110 rfth= <.9 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +67
• \ehnt
•
7110
`ok`lhots=
96<
• 7110 rfth= 0.58 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= ‑6
• ^folfd`sj
• 7110 `ok`lhots= 0
• 7110 rfth= 1.67 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs
• % kefoih nrcj 7115= +55
Ft-F-Idfokh= Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur `o urgfo frhfs
• Jfmcr`ty frh oct ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th
• Cntho `ovcdvh judt`pdh cnnholhrs fol ^cduothhrs
• Ckkur `o ^cduothhr ecjhs cr ecthd rccjs
• Wfrhdy rhsudt `o `omury cr fssfudt tc teh ^cduothhr
• Whsudts `o dfrihst vfduh cn prcphrty dcss tc ^cduothhrs
•
Jfmcr`ty
frh
oct
ft
teh
^cduothhr‐s
s`th
• \yp`kfddy ckkur lur`oi lfyd`iet ecurs
• Nrhquhotdy ckkur co trfospcrtft`co
• \hols tc ckkur dfthr `o shrv`kh
• Jcst cnnholhrs frh uobocwo
• Fdd `ok`lhots ckkur ft ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh `o s`th
Qfih ;9 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co prcv`lhs idcgfd fofdyshs cn fdd
prcphrty kr`jh `ok`lhots. @ok`lhokh cn prcphrty kr`jhs
`s hxprhsshl phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
@. Wcgghry
Wcgghry Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl rcgghry thols tc gh f
Kfukfs`fo jfdh `o e`s twhot`hs. Jcst rcgghr`hs ckkur
w`te`o teh n`rst yhfr cn shrv`kh. \eh oujghr cn cnnholhrs
`ovcdvhl vfr`hs ghtwhho `ok`lhots, tecuie tehy frh typ`‑
kfddy jfdh strfoihrs `o teh`r twhot`hs. Wcgghr`hs ckkur
jcst nrhquhotdy ghtwhho > p.j. fol j`lo`iet co [uo‑
lfy, usufddy `o fo urgfo, pugd`k frhf teft `s oct ft teh
^cduothhr‐s s`th.
Jcst
rcgghr`hs
frh
sukkhssnud
fol
hol
`o teh dcss cn prcphrty ncr teh ^cduothhr. \eh jcst kcj‑
jco whfpcos ushl `o rcgghr`hs frh h`tehr f bo`nh cr f
iuo. \eh ^cduothhr efs usufddy oct kcosujhl fdkcecd
pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot, fol teh cnnholhr‐s fdkcecd ush `s
oct bocwo. \eh ^cduothhr `s cntho w`te ctehrs weho teh
kr`jh ckkurs. Eh `s typ`kfddy oct peys`kfddy `omurhl fol
lchs oct shhb jhl`kfd kfrh cr kcuoshd`oi ncddcw`oi teh
`ok`lhot. @o jcst rcgghr`hs, teh cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl
fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh
cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
Wcgghry = Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 6; prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn rcgghr`hs.
\ehrh whrh 691 rcgghr`hs rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh Kcrps ^cd‑
uothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o f rfth cn
7.;8 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh rcgghry rfth rh‑
jf`ohl hsshot`fddy uokefoihl nrcj 7115 tc 7110. [`okh
711>, teh rcgghry rfth efs `okrhfshl gy coh phrkhot.
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 691
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ̂ \ yhfrs) 7.;8
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 65;
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 7.<6
Phfrdy Wfth
Kcjpfr`sco
(7115
tc
7110)
‑;%
<‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (711> tc 7110) 6%
\fgdh 6;= [ujjfry“Wcgghry
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Fs octhl `o teh peys`kfd fssfudts shkt`co, pr`cr tc 711>,
`ok`lhots teft wcudl efvh ghho kfthicr`zhl fs peys`kfd
fssfudts `o prhv`cus yhfrs frh ocw kdfss`n`hl fs rcgghr‑
`hs, rhsudt`oi `o fo `okrhfsh `o teh `ok`lhokh rfth (N`iurh
>;). [`okh 711>, teh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr rcgghr`hs efs
rhjf`ohl hsshot`fddy uokefoihl.
@@. Guridfry
Guridfry Qrcn`dh \eh
^cduothhr
v`kt`j
`o
f rhpcrthl
guridfry
thols
tc
gh
f
Kfukfs`fo nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. \ehrh `s oc s`oidh
t`jh `o shrv`kh teft kfo gh tfrihthl ncr guridfr`hs tc ck‑
kur. \eh ^cduothhr cntho lchs oct bocw wec kcjj`tthl
teh guridfry2 tehrhncrh, `oncrjft`co co fih fol shx cn
guridfry cnnholhrs `s uofvf`dfgdh. Jcst guridfr`hs frh
sukkhssnud fol hol `o teh dcss cn prcphrty ncr teh ^cduo‑
thhr. ^cduothhrs lc oct shhb jhl`kfd cr kcuoshd`oi sup‑
pcrt. @o jcst guridfr`hs, teh cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl
fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth `n teh
cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
6.006.>> 6.88 6.>9
7.1<6.95
7.;;* 7.;; 7.<6 7.;8
1.11
6.11
7.11
;.11
<.11
8.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh >;= Phfrdy Wfths cn Wcgghry (o:6<7>)
<‑yhfr fvi= 7.;9
* 711> kefoih `o lhn`o`t`co
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih ;5
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Guridfry= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 6< prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn guridfr`hs.
\ehrh whrh ;<6 guridfr`hs rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh Kcrps ^cd‑
uothhrs wcrdlw`lh
lur`oi
7110,
rhsudt`oi
`o
f rfth
cn
<.9
`ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. Ghi`oo`oi `o 7110, guridfr`hs
whrh kfthicr`zhl fs h`tehr —w`te fssfudt‚ cr —oc fs‑
sfudt.‚ Cody s`x guridfr`hs whrh rhpcrthl fs guridfry
w`te fssfudt `o 7110, ncr fo `ok`lhokh rfth cn 1.15 phr
611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh tctfd guridfry rfth `okrhfshl gy 67
phrkhot nrcj 7115 tc 7110 fol efs `okrhfshl 50 phrkhot
s`okh 7111 (N`iurh ><).
@@@. \ehnt
\ehnt Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl tehnt thols tc gh f
Kfukfs`fo nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. \ehnts ckkur hfrdy `o
shrv`kh, usufddy w`te`o teh n`rst s`x jcotes. \eh ^cduo‑
7.<0
;.11 ;.6<
7.>;
;.;0;.65
<.70
;.9;
<.76
<.91
1.11
6.11
7.11
;.11
<.11
8.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh ><= Phfrdy Wfths cn Guridfry (o:7<0<)
61‑yhfr fvi= ;.<5
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots ;<6
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ̂ \ yhfrs) <.9
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots ;60
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) <.76
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) 67%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) 50%
\fgdh 6<= [ujjfr y“Guridfry
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
thhr cntho lchs oct bocw wec kcjj`tthl teh tehnt2
tehrhncrh, `oncrjft`co co fih fol shx cn tehnt cnnholhrs
`s uofvf`dfgdh. \ehnts ckkur jcst nrhquhotdy ghtwhho
occo fol
> p.j.
co
[fturlfys,
usufddy
`o
f trfospcrtf
‑t`co shtt`oi, typ`kfddy f gus, teft `s oct ft teh ^cduothhr‐s
s`th. Jcst tehnts frh sukkhssnud fol hol `o teh dcss cn
prcphrty ncr teh ^cduothhr. \eh ^cduothhr `s typ`kfddy
fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh `ok`lhot, fol seh lchs oct shhb
jhl`kfd kfrh cr kcuoshd`oi suppcrt. @o jcst tehnts, teh
cnnholhr `s oct frrhsthl fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `o‑
thol tc prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
\ehnt= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh
68
prcv`lhs
teh
vcdujh
fol
rfths
cn
tehnts.
\ehrh whrh
96<
tehnts
rhpcrthl
gy
Qhfkh
Kcrps
^cduo
‑
thhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o f rfth cn 0.58
`ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh tehnt rfth lhkrhfshl 6
phrkhot kcjpfrhl tc 7115. Whpcrthl tehnts efvh sthfl‑
`dy `okrhfshl cvhr teh pfst tho yhfrs, fol ghtwhho 7111
fol 7110, teh rfth cn tehnts `okrhfshl gy 86 phrkhot.
(N`iurh >8).
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 96<
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 0.58
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 989
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 0.00
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) ‑6%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) 86%
\fgdh 68= [ujjfry“\ehnt
Qfih ;0 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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@^. ^folfd`sj
^folfd`sj Qrcn`dh \eh ^cduothhr v`kt`j `o f rhpcrthl vfolfd`sj `ok`lhot
thols tc gh f Kfukfs`fo nhjfdh `o ehr twhot`hs. ^folfd‑
`sj `ok`lhots ckkur dfthr `o shrv`kh, cntho w`te`o teh shk‑
col yhfr. \eh ^cduothhr usufddy lchs oct bocw wec
kcjj`tthl teh vfolfd`sj `ok`lhot2 tehrhncrh, `oncrjf‑
t`co co fih fol shx cn cnnholhrs `s uofvf`dfgdh. ^folfd‑
`sj
`ok`lhots
ckkur
jcst
nrhquhotdy
ghtwhho
j`lo`iet
fol > f.j. tercuiecut teh whhb, fdwfys ft f ^cduothhr‐s
rhs`lhokh. @o jcst vfolfd`sj `ok`lhots, teh cnnholhr `s
oct frrhsthl fol teh ^cduothhr lchs oct `othol tc
prcshkuth `n teh cnnholhr `s fpprheholhl.
^folfd`sj= Idcgfd Fofdys`s \fgdh 6> prcv`lhs teh vcdujh fol rfths cn vfolfd`sj.
\ehrh whrh 0 vfolfd`sj `ok`lhots rhpcrthl gy Qhfkh
7110 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 0
7110 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ̂ \ yhfrs) 1.67
7115 Oujghr cn @ok`lhots 8
7115 @ok`lhokh Wfth (phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) 1.19
Phfrdy Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7115 tc 7110) 55%
61‑Phfr Wfth Kcjpfr`sco (7111 tc 7110) ‑<;%
\fgdh 6>= [ujjfry“^folfd`sj
>.8; >.69
9.87 9.;55.6<
9.70
5.;6 5.890.00 0.58
1.11
7.11
<.11
>.11
5.11
61.11
H v h o t s p h r 6 1 1 ^ \ P h f r s
N`iurh >8= Phfrdy Wfths cn \ehnt (o:8>78)
61‑yhfr fvi= 9.09
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Kcrps ^cduothhrs wcrdlw`lh lur`oi 7110, rhsudt`oi `o f
rfth cn 1.67 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. \eh vfolfd`sj
rfth `okrhfshl gy 55 phrkhot ghtwhho 7115 fol 7110,
tecuie oujghrs
rhjf`o
sjfdd.
Luh tc teh dcw `ok`lhokh rfth ncr vfolfd`sj, te`s kr`jh
kfthicry `s oct `okdulhl co teh irfpes krhfthl ncr prcp‑
hrty kr`jhs cvhrfdd.
^. Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vhrsus Oujghrcn ̂ `kt`js
\eh oujghr cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots fol teh oujghr cn
v`kt`js ihohrfddy l`nnhr fkrcss prcphrty kr`jhs (N`iurh
>>). Ghkfush prcphrty kr`jhs nckus jcrh co teh `thjs
cn vfduh rftehr tefo teh phrsco, tehy kfo `ovcdvh jcrh
v`kt`js `o fo `ok`lhot tefo f typ`kfd fssfudt.
96<
;<6
691
986
;00
606
1 711 <11 >11 511
\ehnt
Guridfry
Wcgghry
N`iurh >>= Oujghr cn @ok`lhots vs. Oujghr cn ̂ cduothhr
^`kt`js ncr 7110
Oujghr cn ^`kt`js
Oujghr cn @ok`lhots
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih <1
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
\eh ncddcw`oi shkt`co l`skusshs ^cduothhr fol cnnholhr
kefrfkthr`st`ks fol r`sb nfktcrs fssck`fthl w`te rhpcrthl
prcphrty kr`jhs. Lftf co ^cduothhr v`kt`js, cnnholhrs,
fol `ok`lhot
lhtf`ds
frh
nrcj
prcphrty
kr`jhs
rhpcrthl
tc Qhfkh Kcrps ghtwhho 711> fol 7110. \e`s `oncrjf‑
t`co secudl gh ushl `o ehdp`oi Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn fol ^cd‑
uothhrs ghtthr uolhrstfol teh nfktcrs teft fnnhkt teh
^cduothhr‐s phrscofd sfnhty.
^cduothhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
[hx, Fih, fol Hteo`k`ty
Nhjfdh ^cduothhrs hxphr`hokh e`iehr rfths cn guridfry
(<.9 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) fol tehnt (0.0 `ok`lhots
phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) tefo jfdh ^cduothhrs (;.; `ok`lhots
phr 611 ^\ yhfrs fol 9.5 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs rh‑
sphkt`vhdy ) (N`iurh >9). Jfdh ^cduothhrs hxphr`hokh
e`iehr rfths cn rcgghry (7.9 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs)
tefo nhjfdh ^cduothhrs (7.6 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs).
^cduothhrs fihl 65‑70 hxphr`hokh teh e`iehst rfths cn fdd
ncrjs cn prcphrty kr`jhs, `okdul`oi rcgghry (7.; phr 611
^\ yhfrs)
tehnt
(0.6
phr
611
^\
yhfrs),
fol
guridfry
(<.7
phr 611 ^\ yhfrs) (N`iurh >5).
7.8
7.7
9.5
0.0
;.;
<.9
1.1 7.1 <.1 >.1 5.1 61.1
Jfdh (o:6>71)
Nhjfdh (o:7016)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh >9= Wfth cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Iholhr 711>‑
7110 (o:<876)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Lftf
ncr
rfkh/hteo`k`ty
frh
prhshothl
ncr
teh
kurrhot
yhfr cody, `o crlhr tc kcjpfrh teh prcpcrt`co cn rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots ncr hfke rfk`fd/hteo`k ircup w`te teh
rhprhshotft`co cn teft ircup `o teh ^cduothhr pcpudf‑
t`co. Kfukfs`fo ^cduothhrs (9< phrkhot) frh l`sprcpcr‑
t`cofthdy v`kt`j`zhl `o rhpcrthl prcphrty kr`jhs cn fdd
typhs, gut pfrt`kudfrdy tehnts (56.5 phrkhot) fol guridfr‑
`hs (56.9 phrkhot) (\fgdh 69). ^cduothhrs cn uosphk`n`hl
rfk`fd/hteo`k gfkbircuol frh v`kt`js cn rcgghry (6.0 phr‑
khot), tehnt (6.1 phrkhot), fol guridfry (6.8 phrkhot) dhss
nrhquhotdy tefo teh phrkhotfih cn teh ^cduothhr pcpudf‑
t`co teft
tehy
rhprhshot
(61
phrkhot).
\fgdh 69= Kcjpfr`sco cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Wfkh/Hteo`k`ty tc ^cduothhr Qcpudft`co 7110 (o:6696)
Jcotes @o [hrv`kh
\eh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn fdd typhs cn prcphrty kr`jhs
ckkurs lur`oi teh n`rst s`x jcotes cn shrv`kh (N`iurh >0).
Wfkh/Hteo`k̀ ty Wcgghry \ehnt Guridfry
^cduothh
Qcpudft`c
Kfukfs`fo (o:086) 99.>% 56.5% 56.9% 9<
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:68) 6.0% 6.1% 6.8% 61
E`spfo`k (o:>0) >.5% >.>% <.1% >
Fs`fo (o:>5) 8.>% >.;% 8.1% 8
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo
(o:;8) ;.6% 7.5% ;.<% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:;1) ;.6% 6.>% <.;% ;
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo (o:;) 6.0% 1.1% 1.1% 4
Wfkh/Hteo`k̀ ty Wcgghry \ehnt Guridfry
^cduothh
Qcpudft`co
Kfukfs`fo (o:086) 99.>% 56.5% 56.9% 9<%
Oct sphk`n`hl (o:68) 6.0% 6.1% 6.8% 61%
E`spfo`k (o:>0) >.5% >.>% <.1% >
Fs`fo (o:>5) 8.>% >.;% 8.1% 8
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo
(o:;8) ;.6% 7.5% ;.<% ;
\wc cr jcrh rfkhs (o:;1) ;.6% 6.>% <.;% ;
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo (o:;) 6.0% 1.1% 1.1% 4
7.;
6.>
7.6
7.6
6.8
0.6
5.1
>.9
9.;
5.0
<.7
;.5
;.5
7.>
;.1
1.1 7.1 <.1 >.1 5.1 61.1
65 tc 70 (o:;5>1)
;1 tc ;0 (o:;76)
<1 tc <0 (o:>1)
81 tc 80 (o:07)
>1+ (o:66;)
Wfth phr 611 ̂ \ Phfrs
N`iurh >5= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs Y`te`o
^cduothhr Fih 711> ‑ 7110 (o:<<<>)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Qfih <6 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Nrcj teft pc`ot, teh phrkhotfih cn prcphrty kr`jhs lh‑
kd`ohs sthfl`dy. Ft teh hol cn 7< jcotes cn shrv`kh, f
t`jh weho teh oujghr cn ^cduothhrs fdsc lhkd`ohs, teh
phrkhotfihs lrcp
sthhpdy.
Cnnholhr Kefrfkthr`st`ks
Octh= @o jcst kfshs cn guridfry fol tehnt, teh cnnholhr `s
ohvhr shho gy teh ^cduothhr v`kt`j. @o tehsh `ok`lhots, f
lhnfudt cnnholhr ncr wecj hfke kefrfkthr`st`k `s
—uobocwo‚ `s
fllhl
tc
teh
`ok`lhot
rhpcrt`oi
lftfgfsh.
Fdtecuie `t kfo gh truh ncr foy cn teh kr`jh typhs lh‑
tf`dhl `o te`s rhpcrt, teh —uobocwo‚ cnnholhr `s jcst
kcjjco `o prcphrty kr`jhs, pfrt`kudfrdy guridfr`hs fol
tehnts.
Jcst guridfry (07.8 phrkhot) fol tehnt (06.> phrkhot)
`ok`lhots frh ghd`hvhl tc gh kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh cn ‑
nholhr. Wcgghr`hs frh jcrh vfr`hl, w`te fpprcx`jfthdy
coh‑te`rl kcjj`tthl gy f s`oidh cnnholhr, coh‑te`rl gy
twc cnnholhrs tcihtehr, fol coh‑te`rl gy terhh cr jcrh
cnnholhrs.
\eh shx
cn
fpprcx`jfthdy
twc
‑te`rls
cn
teh
cnnholhrs
`s
uobocwo ncr guridfry (>8.< phrkhot) fol tehnt (>5.9 phr‑
khot). Wcgghr`hs frh jcst nrhquhotdy kcjj`tthl gy
jfdh cnnholhrs (08.8 phrkhot).
\eh fih cn teh cnnholhr `s usufddy hst`jfthl gy teh
^cduothhr v`kt`j fol jfy oct gh fo fkkurfth rhprhsho‑
tft`co cn teh cnnholhr‐s truh fih. \eh jfmcr`ty cn cnnhol‑
hrs ncr guridfry (97.9 phrkhot) fol tehnt (9<.5 phrkhot)
79.8%
7>.9%
76.9%
6>.7%
>.6%
6.9%
1.1%
8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
;1.1%
;8.1%
1 tc > 9 tc 67 6; tc 65 60 tc 7< 78 tc ;1 ;6 tc ;>
N`iurh >0= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Jcotes ̀ o
[hrv`kh 711> ‑7110 (o:<;<8)
Wcgghry
\ehnt
Guridfry
`ok`lhots frh cn uobocwo fih. @o rcgghr`hs, cody 77.6
phrkhot frh cn uobocwo fih, we`dh ohfrdy efdn (<0.0 phr‑
khot) frh ghtwhho 71 fol 70 yhfrs cdl. F s`zhfgdh nrfk‑
t`co (6>.>
phrkhot)
cn
rcgghry
cnnholhrs
frh
uolhr
71
yhfrs cdl.
^`kt`j/Cnnholhr Whdft`cose`p
\eh jfmcr`ty cn rcgghr`hs frh kcjj`tthl gy cnnholhrs
wec frh strfoihrs tc teh ^cduothhr (07.8 phrkhot)
(N`iurh 91). F juke sjfddhr phrkhotfih frh kcjj`tthl
gy phrscos uobocwo tc teh ^cduothhr (>.8 phrkhot). \eh
jfmcr`ty cn guridfr`hs fol tehnts frh kcjj`tthl gy uo‑
bocwo cnnholhrs (>5.8 phrkhot fol >9.8 phrkhot rhsphk‑
t`vhdy), ncddcwhl
gy
f
sjfdd phrkhotfih
kcjj`tthl
gy
strfoihrs (69.1 phrkhot fol 78.7 phrkhot rhsphkt`vhdy).
^hry nhw prcphrty kr`jhs frh kcjj`tthl gy cnnholhrs
bocwo tc teh ^cduothhr, suke fs nr`hols (1.6 phrkhot cn
rcgghr`hs, 8.5 phrkhot cn guridfr`hs, 7.> phrkhot cn
tehnts) cr ecst kcuotry nfj`dy jhjghrs (7.0 phrkhot cn
guridfr`hs, 6.9 phrkhot cn tehnts).
@ok`lhot Kefrfkthr`st`ks
Octh= Guridfr`hs cntho ckkur we`dh ^cduothhrs frh fwfy
nrcj s`th ncr fo hxtholhl phr`cl cn t`jh2 tehrhncrh, lftf
co t`jh cn lfy cr lfy cn whhb ncr guridfr`hs frh grcfl
hst`jfths fol oct fofdyzhl.
1.6%
1.1%
1.1%
1.1%
1.1%
07.8%
>.8%
1.6%
1.9%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Nr`hol/Fkquf`ot.
Ecst Nfj`dy
Ctehr QK^
Kc‑wcrbhr/Jijt.
Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn
[trfoihr
Xobocwo
Dckfd Dfw
Ctehr
N`iurh 91= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy
Cnnholhr/^cduothhr Whdft`cose`p 711>‑7110 (o:<870)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
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\`jh cn Lfy
\ehnts frh qu`th cntho kr`jhs cn cppcrtuo`ty“fo uoft‑
tholhl gfi, fo cpho pursh, cr f l`strfkthl ^cduothhr `o
f jfrbht frh fdd thjpt`oi tfrihts. Wcgghr`hs, typ`kfddy
jcrh ncrkhnud fol v`cdhot, rhqu`rh l`rhkt kconrcotft`co
ghtwhho teh cnnholhr fol teh ^cduothhr, we`ke `s juke
jcrh l`nn`kudt tc l`siu`sh `o lfyd`iet. \ehrhncrh, N`iurh
96 secws teft rcgghr`hs fol tehnts ckkur ft l`nnhrhot
t`jhs cn lfy. Fdjcst efdn cn fdd tehnts ckkur lur`oi teh
fnthrocco phr`cl, `o grcfl lfyd`iet (<;.< phrkhot). Cody
5.< phrkhot cn tehnts ckkur uolhr kcvhr cn lfrbohss, `o
teh o`iet/hfrdy jcro`oi t`jh phr`cl. \eh dfrihst phr‑
khotfih cn rcgghr`hs ckkur lur`oi teh hvho`oi t`jh ph‑
r`cl (;5.1 phrkhot).
Lfy cn Yhhb
Gcte tehnts fol rcgghr`hs frh jcrh nrhquhot `o teh dfthr
pfrt cn teh whhb, `okdul`oi lfys typ`kfddy kcos`lhrhl teh
whhbhol (N`iurh 97). Jcrh tefo efdn cn fdd rcgghr`hs
ckkur ghtwhho Nr`lfy fol [uolfy (88.7 phrkhot).
[d`ietdy dhss tefo efdn cn tehnts fdsc ckkur ghtwhho Nr`lfy
fol [uolfy
(<5.5
phrkhot).
71.6%
;5.1%
78.9%
6>.6%
5.<%
77.>%
<;.<%
78.9%
1.1% 61.1% 71.1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1%
O`iet/Hfrdy
Jcro`oi
Hvho`oi
Fnthrocco
Jcro`oi
N`iurh 96= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy \`jh cn
Lfy 711>‑7110 (o:;1>6)
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Ckkurrhl ft ^cduothhr [`th
\eh uolhrstfol`oi cn ^cduothhr s`th kfo vfry w`lhdy gh‑
twhho pcsts fol shtt`ois. [`okh guridfry `s gy lhn`o`t`co
trhspfss`oi `otc teh ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh cr thjpcrfry
rhs`lhokh, teh jfmcr`ty cn guridfr`hs ckkur ft teh ^cduo‑
thhr‐s s`th (07.6 phrkhot) (N`iurh 9;). \eh 9.0 phrkhot
teft ckkur fwfy nrcj s`th tfbh pdfkh `o ecthd rccjs cr
we`dh stfy`oi w`te nr`hols. Jcst rcgghr`hs (>0.0 phr‑
khot) fol tehnts (>5.8 phrkhot) tfbh pdfkh fwfy nrcj teh
^cduothhr‐s s`th.
1.<%
>0.0%
70.9%
6.6%
>5.8%
;1.;%
1.1%
9.0%
07.6%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 9;= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy ̂ cduothhr
[`th 711>‑7110 (o:<865)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
66.9%
0.8% 61.1%
66.<%
69.7% 69.8%
71.5%
7.1%
1.1%
8.1%
61.1%
68.1%
71.1%
78.1%
JCO \XH YHL \EX NW@ [F\ [XO XOB
N`iurh 97= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Lfy cn
Yhhb 711>‑7110 (o:;;9>)
Wcgghry
\ehnt
Qfih <; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
Dckft`co
Fs shho weho fofdyz`oi prcphrty kr`jhs gy s`th, teh jf‑
mcr`ty cn guridfr`hs ckkur `o f ^cduothhr rhs`lhokh (0<.1
phrkhot) (N`iurh 9<). Wcgghr`hs ckkur jcst cntho `o pug‑
d`k frhfs (9;.7 phrkhot), we`ke `okdulhs oco‑pcpudfthl
frhfs suke fs lhshrthl strhhts. \e`s `s ncddcwhl gy rcg‑
ghr`hs ckkurr`oi `o trfospcrtft`co rhdfthl dckft`cos (6>.0
phrkhot), we`ke `okdulhs we`dh co trfospcrtft`co, gut
fdsc rcgghr`hs teft ckkur ft stft`cos cr stcps. \ehnts ck‑
kur `o f vfr`hty cn dckft`cos, tecuie ohfrdy f te`rl frh
fssck`fthl w`te trfospcrtft`co (;6.> phrkhot). \eh ohxt
jcst kcjjco dckft`cos frh pugd`k frhfs (79.8 phrkhot)
fol kcjjhrk`fd hstfgd`sejhots (69.; phrkhot).
\rfospcrtft`co \yph
Ghi`oo`oi `o Fpr`d 7115, kr`jhs fssck`fthl w`te trfospcr‑
tft`co whrh jcrh sphk`n`kfddy d`obhl tc teh typh cn trfos‑
pcrtft`co. Ncr rcgghr`hs, teh dfrihst phrkhotfih cn
trfospcrtft`co rhdfthl `ok`lhots ckkurrhl `o gushs (<7.;
phrkhot) (N`iurh 98). \ehsh lc oct typ`kfddy tfriht teh
^cduothhr fdcoh, fol cntho `ovcdvh shvhrfd cnnholhrs
tfb`oi prcphrty
nrcj
judt`pdh
pfsshoihrs.
Fdsc
rhdf
‑
t`vhdy kcjjco frh kfr rcgghr`hs (78.1 phrkhot), `okdul‑
`oi sc‑kfddhl —hxprhss b`lofpp`ois,‚ wehrh ^cduothhrs
frh ehdl gy tfx` lr`vhrs cr ctehr trusthl `ol`v`lufds fol
ncrkhl tc w`telrfw jcohy nrcj judt`pdh F\Js.
9;.7%
8.1%
6.1%
6>.0%
;.<%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Qugd`k Frhf
^cd. Whs`lhokh
Oco‑^cd. Whs`lhokh
\rfospcrt‑rhdfthl
Kcjjhrk`fd
Ycrbpdfkh
Ctehr
Xobocwo
N`iurh 9<=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
Qrcphrty
Kr`jhs
gy
Dckft`co
711>‑7110 (o:<8;7)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
\rfospcrtft`co‑rhdfthl tehnts cntho ckkur co gushs (80.;
phrkhot) (N`iurh 9>). F typ`kfd skhofr`c `ovcdvhs f ^cduo‑
thhr pdfk`oi
f gfi
`otc
teh
duiifih
kcjpfrtjhot,
h`tehr
uolhrohfte teh gus cr cvhrehfl `o teh `othr`cr, fol teho
dcs`oi s`iet cn teh prcphrty uot`d l`shjgfrb`oi, ft we`ke
t`jh teh ^cduothhr l`skcvhrs prcphrty j`ss`oi.
Kcjjuo`ty [`zh
\ehnts (<0.; phrkhot) fol rcgghr`hs (>6.8 phrkhot) ckkur
nrhquhotdy `o urgfo frhfs, fol dhss cntho `o teh rurfd fr‑
hfs teft typ`kfddy ecush f ^cduothhr‐s s`th (60.9 phrkhot
fol 67.>
phrkhot
rhsphkt`vhdy)
(N`iurh
99).
Guridfr`hs
frh nrhquhotdy fssck`fthl w`te rurfd frhfs (85.0 phrkhot),
we`ke kcrrhspcols tc teh kcjjuo`ty s`zh cn teh d`v`oi
s`th ncr jcst ^cduothhrs.
Gus, 80.;%
Kfr, >.5%
Ctehr , >.;%
F`r ̂ he`kdh , 6.8%
Yfthr ̂ he`kdh
, 6.;%
\rukb, 1.5%
Jctcrkykdh, 1.;%
Qhlhstr`fo*,
61.<%
J`o`gus/Jfx`‑
tfx`, 67.0%Xobocwo, 1.8%
N`iurh 9>= Qhrkhotfih cn \ehnts gy ̂ cduothhr
\rfospcrtft`co \yph 7115‑7110 (o:;0>)
*Qhlh str`fo rhnhrs tc kr`jhs kcjj`tthl ft f lhs`iofthl trfospcrtft`co stcp cr stft`co.
Gus, <7.;%
Kfr, 78.1%
Ctehr , 8.5%
\rukb, 6.0%
Jctcrkykdh, ;.5%
G`kykdh, ;.5%
Qhlhstr`fo*, ;.5%
J`o`gus/Jfx`‑
tfx`, 6;.8%
N`iurh 98= Qhrkhotfih cn Wcgghr`hs gy ̂ cduothhr
\rfospcrtft`co \yph 7115‑7110 (o:87)
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Qrcphrty Dcss
\eh pr`jfry purpcsh cn jcst prcphrty kr`jhs `s teh tfb‑
`oi cn prcphrty (cr lhstrukt`co, `o teh kfsh cn vfolfd`sj).
\ehrhncrh, teh jfmcr`ty cn prcphrty kr`jhs rhsudt `o
prcphrty dcss (N`iurh 95). Guridfr`hs efvh teh dcwhst
phrkhotfih cn `ok`lhots w`te stcdho prcphrty (9>.< phr‑
khot). [`okh guridfry pr`jfr`dy lhn`ohs teh fkt`co cn trhs‑
pfss`oi `otc f rhs`lhokh, oct fdd guridfr`hs frh kcjj`t‑
thl ncr teh purpcsh cn tfb`oi prcphrty. [cjh guridfr`hs
frh ncr
teh
purpcshs
cn
stfdb`oi
cr
fssfudt`oi
f ^cduothhr
fol lc oct rhsudt `o prcphrty dcss.
1.>%
68.0%
1.>%
57.0%
1.6%
7.<%
1.7%
09.;%
1.0%
71.7%
7.>%
9>.<%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Ocoh
Lfjfihl cr
Lhstrcyhl
[tcdho
N`iurh 95= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Qrcphrty
Dcss 711>‑7110 (o:<815)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
8.0%
>6.8%
71.1%
67.>%
9.7%
<0.;%
7;.0%
60.9%
8.6%
6;.6%
77.0%
85.0%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Xobocwo
Xrgfo
@othrjhl`fth
Wurfd
N`iurh 99= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy Kcjjuo`ty
[`zh 711>‑7110 (o:<811)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
^fduh cn Qrcphrty Dcss
Nrcj Fpr`d 7115, lftf co teh hst`jfthl vfduh cn prcp‑
hrty dcst lur`oi prcphrty kr`jhs wfs kcddhkthl (\fgdh 65).
Guridfr`hs thol tc rhsudt `o teh dfrihst vfduh prcphrty
tfbho (jhl`fo vfduh“$691), gut tehnts rhsudt `o teh dfri‑
hst cvhrfdd vfduh cn dcst prcphrty ($7>1,9;9).
\fgdh 65= ^fduh cn Qrcphrty Dcss (X[L), 7115 -7110
Yhfpco \yph
L`spdfy cn f whfpco lur`oi f prcphrty kr`jh futcjft`‑
kfddy kfushs teh kr`jh tc gh kfthicr`zhl fs f rcgghry2
tehrhncrh, whfpco `oncrjft`co `s cody fofdyzhl ncr rcg‑
ghr`hs (N`iurh 90). \eh jcst nrhquhot whfpco ushl `o
rcgghry `s f bo`nh cr sefrp cgmhkt (81.0 phrkhot), ncd‑
dcwhl gy f iuo cr n`rhfrj (;<.0 phrkhot).
Fdkcecd Xsh ‑ ^cduothhr fol Cnnholhr
Fdkcecd ush lftf frh fofdyzhl cody ncr rcgghr`hs fol
tehnts. @o teh jfmcr`ty cn rcgghr`hs fol tehnts, teh ^cd‑
uothhr rhpcrts oc fdkcecd ush pr`cr tc teh `ok`lhot (9;.7
@ok`lhot \yph Jhfo ($) Jhl`fo ($) [uj ($)
Wcgghry 756 611 9177
Guridfry 5<6 691 76950
\ehnt 766 51 7>19;
^folfd`sj ;8 71 ;6
7.5%
;.>%
1.5%
9.1%
;<.0%
81.0%
1.1% 61.1% 71.1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1% >1.1%
Xobocwo
Ctehr
Lrui
Gduot Cgmhkt
Iuo/N`rhfrj
Bo`nh/[efrp Cgmhkt
N`iurh 90=
Qhrkhotfih
cn
Wcgghr`hs
gy
Yhfpco
Xsh
711>‑7110 (o:;59)
@ok`lhot \yph Jhfo ($) Jhl`fo ($) [uj ($)
Wcgghry 756 611 9177
Guridfry 5<6 691 76950
\ehnt 766 51 7>19;
^folfd`sj ;8 71 ;6
Qfih <8 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
phrkhot fol 56.6 phrkhot rhsphkt`vhdy) (N`iurh 51).
Oc irfpe `s `okdulhl ncr cnnholhr fdkcecd ush `o rcgghr‑
`hs fol tehnts, s`okh fdkcecd ush `s uobocwo ncr 9>.9 phr‑
khot cn cnnholhrs `o rcgghr`hs fol 50.8 phrkhot cn cn ‑
nholhrs `o tehnts.
Qhrscos Fkkcjpfoy`oi ^cduothhr
Fs `o jfoy cn teh prhv`cus fofdyshs, guridfry `s oct `o‑
kdulhl `o teh fofdys`s gy ^cduothhr fkkcjpfo`jhot,
s`okh jfoy
guridfr`hs
ckkur
tc
^cduothhr
ecjhs
we`dh
^cduothhrs frh cut cn s`th. Jcst rcgghr`hs (85.0 phr‑
khot) ckkur we`dh teh ^cduothhr `s w`te ctehrs (N`iurh
51). F sjfdd jfmcr`ty cn tehnts ckkur we`dh teh ^cduothhr
`s fdcoh (86.7 phrkhot).
;0.9%
85.0%
6.<%
86.7%
<8.6%
;.9%
1.1% 61.1% 71.1% ;1.1% <1.1% 81.1% >1.1% 91.1%
Fdcoh
Fkkcjpfo`hl
Xobocwo
N`iurh 56= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy ̂ cduothhr
Fkkcjpfo`jhot 711>‑7110 (o:;1;;)
\ehnt
Wcgghry
68.6%
9;.7%
66.>%
6<.;%
56.6%
<.>%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 51= Qhrkhotfih cn Wcgghr`hs fol \ehnts gy
^cduothhr
Fdkcecd
Xsh
711>‑
7110
(o:;;6>)
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Whsudt`oi Fkt`cos
@omury tc ^cduothhr
Lftf co
^cduothhr
`omury
`s
fvf`dfgdh
cody
nrcj
Fpr`d,
7115. \e`s kfthicry `okdulhs cody `omur`hs rhqu`r`oi
jhl`kfd ftthot`co2 tehrhncrh, `omur`hs trhfthl gy teh ^cd‑
uothhr frh oct `okdulhl. @o prcphrty kr`jhs, cody rcg‑
ghr`hs fol guridfry w`te fssfudt fddcw ncr pcss`gdh `omury
tc teh ^cduothhr. [`okh sc nhw guridfr`hs w`te fssfudt
frh rhpcrthl ncr 7110, cody rcgghr`hs frh fofdyzhl `o
N`iurh 57. @o jcrh tefo terhh‑qufrthrs cn rcgghr`hs, teh
^cduothhr l`l oct sustf`o foy `omur`hs rhqu`r`oi jhl`kfd
ftthot`co (95.8 phrkhot).
[uppcrt Qrcv`lhl
@o fll`t`co tc trhftjhot ncr peys`kfd `omur`hs, ^cduothhrs
jfy rhqu`rh ctehr ncrjs cn suppcrt ncddcw`oi f prcphrty
kr`jh (N`iurh 5;). Lftf co suppcrt prcv`lhl `s cody
fvf`dfgdh nrcj Fpr`d 7115. Jcst prcphrty kr`jhs rhqu`rh
oh`tehr jhl`kfd ocr kcuoshd`oi suppcrt. Wcgghr`hs rh‑
qu`rh teh jcst suppcrt ncddcw`oi fo `ok`lhot= 0.9 phr‑
khot cn ^cduothhrs rhqu`rh gcte jhl`kfd fol kcuoshd`oi2
6;.8 phrkhot rhqu`rh cody jhl`kfd suppcrt2 fol 76.1 phr‑
khot rhqu`rh kcuoshd`oi ncddcw`oi f rcgghry.
Phs, 71.5%
Oc, 95.8%
Xobocwo, 1.>%
N`iurh 57= Qhrkhotfih cn Wcgghr`hs gy ̂ cduothhr @omury
7115‑7110
(o:;67)
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
[usphkts Fpprheholhl
Lftf co kr`jh `ok`lhots frh kcddhkthl ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh. \ehrhncrh, f dcw phrkhotfih cn fpprheholhl sus‑
phkts jfy oct rhprhshot fo fkkurfth p`kturh fs `ovhst`‑
ift`cos hvcdvh cvhr t`jh. N`iurh 5< secws teft teh jf‑
mcr`ty cn susphkts frh oct fpprheholhl ncr fdd typhs cn
prcphrty kr`jhs. Guridfr`hs efvh teh dfrihst phrkhotfih
cn fpprheholhl cnnholhrs (67.7 phrkhot), ncddcwhl gy
rcgghr`hs (8.< phrkhot) fol tehnts (<.; phrkhot).
@othot`co cn ^cduothhr tc Qrcshkuth
Fs `o teh kfsh cn lftf co fpprhehos`co cn susphkts, lftf
co teh ^cduothhr‐s `othot`co tc prcshkuth ihohrfddy
7.9%
06.0%
8.<%
9.<%
55.;%
<.;%
>.5%
56.1%
67.7%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Xobocwo
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 5<= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy [usphkt
Fpprheholhl 711>‑7110 (o:<<95)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
6;.8%
76.1%
0.9%
86.;%
<.8%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1% 611.1%
Jhl`kfd
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Jhl`kfd & Kcuoshd`oi
Qdfoohl/Qrcv`lhl
Oh`tehr Ohkhssfry
Xobocwo
N`iurh 5;= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy [uppcrt
Qrcv`lhl tc ̂ cduothhr 7115‑7110 (o:769<)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
rhprhshots teh ^cduothhr‐s nhhd`ois ft f s`oidh pc`ot `o
t`jh (N`iurh 58). @o jcst tehnt `ok`lhots, teh ^cduothhr
lchs oct `othol tc prcshkuth teh cnnholhr (>5.< phr‑
khot).
^cduothhrs
`ovcdvhl
`o
rcgghr`hs
frh
jcrh
`o‑
kd`ohl tc prcshkuth, gut hvho `o tecsh `ok`lhots, dhss
tefo f qufrthr cn ^cduothhrs `othol tc lc sc (77.7 phr‑
khot).
L`skuss`co
Kr`jh Kfthicry
Kcjpfr`sco
\eh rfth cn prcphrty kr`jhs gy shx vfr`hs jcrh tefo
ctehr kr`jh kfthicr`hs. Wcgghry j`rrcrs fiirfvfthl fs‑
sfudts, w`te f e`iehr `ok`lhokh rfth fjcoi jfdh ^cduo‑
thhrs, we`dh guridfry fol tehnt kcrrhspcol tc terhft `ok`‑
lhots, w`te f e`iehr rfth fjcoi nhjfdh ^cduothhrs.
Wcgghry `s fdsc uo`quh fs teh cody kdfss`n`kft`co `o we`ke
judt`pdh cnnholhrs frh rhpcrthl jcrh cntho tefo f s`oidh
cnnholhr.
Yeho kcjpfrhl w`te shxufd fssfudts, rcgghr`hs fol
tehnts ckkur dhss cntho ft teh ^cduothhr‐s s`th. Fdtecuie
ctehr shxufd
fssfudts
frh
rhdft`vhdy
kcjjco
co
trfospcr
‑
tft`co, teh jfmcr`ty ckkur `o kfrs, we`dh prcphrty kr`jhs,
pfrt`kudfrdy tehnts, frh jcst nrhquhotdy rhpcrthl nrcj
gushs. N`ofddy, nhwhr prcphrty kr`jh cnnholhrs frh fp‑
prheholhl fol nhwhr prcphrty kr`jh ^cduothhr v`kt`js
pdfo tc prcshkuth tefo ncr shxufd fssfudts.
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc peys`kfd fssfudts, prcphrty kr`jhs
frh dhss d`bhdy tc gh kcjj`tthl gy scjhcoh bocwo tc
76.>%
>.;%
<0.5%
77.7%
6>.>%
8.0%
>5.<%
0.6%
79.1%
66.7%
<<.1%
69.5%
1.1% 71.1% <1.1% >1.1% 51.1%
Xobocwo
Xolhk`lhl
Oc
Phs
N`iurh 58= Qhrkhotfih cn Qrcphrty Kr`jhs gy @othot`co
tc Qrcshkuth 711>‑7110 (o:<87<)
Guridfry
\ehnt
Wcgghry
Qfih <9 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
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Qrcphrty Kr`jhs
teh ^cduothhr fol teh ckkurrhokh lhkrhfshs gy t`jh `o
shrv`kh. Gcte rcgghry fol fiirfvfthl fssfudt, teh jcst
shvhrh kdfss`n`kft`cos `o teh`r rhsphkt`vh kfthicr`hs, thol
tc ckkur
`o
teh
hvho`oi,
ghtwhho
> p.j.
fol
j`lo`iet.
Wcgghr`hs fol tehnts, ecwhvhr, frh jcrh d`bhdy tc ckkur
weho teh ^cduothhr `s cut cn s`th. Wcgghr`hs (89.7 phr‑
khot) `ovcdvhl teh ush cn f whfpco jcrh cntho tefo
peys`kfd fssfudts (;<.1 phrkhot).
Yeho kcjpfrhl tc terhft `ok`lhots, prcphrty kr`jhs
secw f sthfly lhkd`oh cvhr teh jcotes `o shrv`kh. @o
fll`t`co, strfoihrs frh rhpcrthl fs teh cnnholhr `o jcrh
tefo efdn cn rhpcrthl prcphrty kr`jhs. Gcte prcphrty
kr`jhs fol terhft `ok`lhots rfrhdy `ovcdvh bocwo fdkcecd
ush gy teh ^cduothhr cr teh cnnholhr, fol gcte kfthic‑
r`hs frh
spd`t
rhdft`vhdy
hvhody
frcuol
wehtehr
teh
^cduo
‑
thhr wfs fdcoh ft teh t`jh cn teh `ok`lhot.
Oft`cofd Kcjpfr`sco
\eh `ok`lhokh rfth ncr rcgghry, guridfry, fol dfrkhoy‑
tehnt rhpcrthl tc teh pcd`kh `o teh X[ efs ghho co teh
lhkd`oh s`okh teh hfrdy 6001s. @o 7115, tehsh rfths stccl
ft rcgghry= 6<8.; rhpcrthl `ok`lhots2 guridfry= 9;1.5
rhpcrthl `ok`lhots2 fol dfrkhoy‑tehnt= 7,6>9.1 rhpcrthl
`ok`lhots phr 611,111 `oefg`tfots.
\eh v`kt`j`zft`co rfths ncr rcgghry, guridfry, fol dfrkhoy
‑tehnt rhpcrthl gy GM[ `o 7115 frh 7.7 `ok`lhots phr 6,111
phrscos, 7>.; `ok`lhots phr 6,111 phrscos, fol 616.5
`ok`lhots phr 6,111 phrscos fih 67 cr cdlhr. \eh rfths cn
rcgghry frh e`iehr ncr jfdhs (7.9 rcgghr`hs phr 6,111
phrscos) tefo nhjfdhs (6.9 rcgghr`hs phr 6,111 phrscos).
[`j`dfr tc n`ol`ois nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps lftf, teh shkcol
e`iehst rfth cn rcgghr`hs `s shho fjcoi teh ircup fihl
71 tc 7< (8.< phr 6,111 phrscos). \eh `ok`lhokh rfth
lrcps, gut `s st`dd e`ie, ncr teh ohxt fih ircup cn78 tc ;<
yhfrs (71.8 phr 6,111 phrscos). \eh e`iehst rfth wfs
fjcoi
phrscos
fih
6>‑60,
f
sugsht
cn
teh
pcpudft`co
teft lchs oct cntho shrvh `o Qhfkh Kcrps.
[`j`dfr tc n`ol`ois nrcj Qhfkh Kcrps, teh dfrihst phrkhot‑
fih cn rcgghr`hs ckkur `o pugd`k frhfs `o teh X[ (>8.;
phrkhot). \eh phrkhotfih teft ckkur co trfospcrtft`co
`o teh X[ (7.0 phrkhot) `s juke dhss tefo rhpcrthl `o
Qhfkh Kcrps lftf.
@othrhst`oidy, teh rhdft`cose`p cn rhpcrthl cnnholhrs `o
teh OK^[ vfr`hs gy teh shx cn teh v`kt`j. Jfdhs jcrh
nrhquhotdy rhpcrt f strfoihr fs teh cnnholhr (9< phr‑
khot), we`dh nhjfdhs frh hqufddy d`bhdy tc `lhot`ny oco‑
strfoihr
fol
strfoihr
(<5
phrkhot),
w`te
teh
oco‑
strfoihr gh`oi h`tehr fo `ot`jfth pfrtohr cr f nr`hol/
fkquf`otfokh.
\eh prhvfdhokh cn rhpcrt`oi tc pcd`kh vfr`hs gy teh typh
cn kr`jh kcjj`tthl `o teh OK^[. Wcgghr`hs frh teh
jcst d`bhdy tc gh rhpcrthl ft >8.> phrkhot. Guridfr`hs
frh spd`t fdjcst hvhody, w`te 81.6 phrkhot rhpcrthl tc
pcd`kh. \ehnts frh teh dhfst d`bhdy tc gh rhpcrthl ft ;1.>
phrkhot. @o hxfj`o`oi teh rhfscos ncr oct rhpcrt`oi, teh
jcst kcjjco coh i`vho ncr fdd prcphrty kr`jhs `s teft
teh `thj wfs h`tehr rhkcvhrhl cr teh cnnholhr wfs uo‑
sukkhssnud `o
teh
ftthjpt
tc
tfbh
fo
`thj
nrcj
teh
stfrt.
@othrhst`oidy, teh shkcol jcst kcjjco rhfsco ncr oct
rhpcrt`oi f rcgghry cr f guridfry `s teft `t `s f pr`vfth cr
phrscofd jftthr, we`dh tehnt v`kt`js cntho rhpcrt te`ob‑
`oi teft pcd`kh wcudl oct wfot tc gh gctehrhl.
Xolhrrhpcrt`oi cn prcphrty kr`jhs `o Qhfkh Kcrps ckkurs
dhss nrhquhotdy tefo ncr fssfudts. @o 7115, 7;.5 phrkhot
cn ^cduothhrs rhspcolhl teft tehy efl oct rhpcrthl f
rcgghry,;5.8 phrkhot f tehnt. \eh pr`jfry rhfscos i`vho
ncr oct rhpcrt`oi f prcphrty kr`jh frh teft teh ^cduothhr
nhdt `t wfs tcc j`ocr cr kcjjco tc rhpcrt cr teft teh
rhspcolhot
l`l
oct
nhhd
teft
Qhfkh
Kcrps
kcudl
ehdp.\eh dcwhr phrkhotfih cn uolhrrhpcrt`oi cn prcphrty
kr`jhs kcudl gh luh tc dhss st`ijf fssck`fthl w`te gh`oi
teh v`kt`j cn f rcgghry cr tehnt, fs whdd fs teh `okhot`vh
cn rh`jgurshjhot ncr stcdho prcphrty.
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@o-[hrv`kh Lhftes
^cduothhr lhfte hokcjpfsshs teh kfthicr`hs cn= ecj`k`lh, su`k`lh, fkk`lhotfd lhfte, lhfte luh tc `ddohss, fol/cr lhfte
luh tc `olhthrj`ofth kfush.
Nrcj 60>6 tercuie teh hol cn 7110, tehrh efvh ghho 77 ecj`k`lhs `o teh Qhfkh Kcrps. \ehrh whrh ; `o‑shrv`kh lhftes
`o 7110= 6 ecj`k`lh, 6 fkk`lhotfd lhfte fol 6 lhfte luh tc `ddohss. Nrcj 711> tc 7110, tehrh whrh 67 ^cduothhr
lhftes= 9 fkk`lhotfd lhftes, ; lhftes luh tc `ddohss, fol 7 ecj`k`lh. F sujjfry tfgdh fol n`iurhs ncr `o‑shrv`kh lhftes
frh oct prcv`lhl ghkfush teh sjfdd oujghr cn lhftes lchs oct fddcw ncr jhfo`oinud fofdys`s.
Lhn`o`t`cos
^cduothhr Lhftes
gy=
Ecj`k`lh= \eh w`ddnud (oco‑ohid`ihot) b`dd`oi cn f ^cduothhr gy foctehr phrsco. Lhftes kfushl gy ohid`ihokh, su`k`lhs
fol fkk`lhotfd lhftes frh hxkdulhl.
[u`k`lh= \eh fkt cn f ^cduothhr b`dd`oi e`j/ehrshdn `othot`cofddy.
Fkk`lhot= Lhfte cn f ^cduothhr luh tc uo`othot`cofd `omury.
@ddohss= Lhfte cn f ^cduothhr luh tc `ddohss cr ofturfd kfushs.
@olhthrj`ofth kfush= Lhfte cn f ^cduothhr phol`oi nurtehr `ovhst`ift`co tc hstfgd`se kfush cn lhfte. Lhftes kfthic‑
r`zhl fs te`s typh w`dd gh uplfthl fnthr > jcotes fol rh‑kfthicr`zhl fs lhfte luh tc ecj`k`lh, su`k`lh, fkk`lhot cr `dd‑
ohss.
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@o teh n`hdl, Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs kcddfgcrfth w`te teh stfnn ft hfke pcst tc fsshss teh dckfd sfnhty
fol shkur`ty hov`rcojhot, prcv`lh fpprcpr`fth sfnhty fol shkur`ty trf`o`oi , fol `lhot`ny wfys tc rhlukh ^cduothhrs‐
vudohrfg`d`ty tc kr`jh. Hlukft`oi stfnn fol ^cduothhrs fgcut teh kr`jh hov`rcojhot fddcws ^cduothhrs tc prcfkt`vhdy
jfofih shkur`ty
kcokhros
fol
lhjcostrfths
coh
cn
teh
`jpcrtfot
wfys
teh
Qhfkh
Kcrps
ushs
sfnhty
fol
shkur`ty
lftf
rhkh`vhl tercuie ^cduothhr rhpcrt`oi. \eh stfnn ft hfke pcst hosurhs teft spcoscr`oi fihok`hs, pfrtohrs, fol ecst
nfj`d`hs“fdd cn wecj ehdp suppcrt ^cduothhrs“frh prhpfrhl tc suppdhjhot teh fihoky‐s hnncrts tc bhhp ^cduothhrs
cut cn efrj‐s wfy. \eh Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty fdsc prcv`lhs `o‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi tc Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hku‑
r`ty Kccrl`oftcrs, fol phr`cl`kfddy tc Whi`cofd [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs, tc ghtthr prhpfrh tehj tc ehdp ^cduothhrs fnthr fo `o‑
k`lhot ckkurs.
\eh Qhfkh Kcrps fdsc prcv`lhs `oncrjft`co tc `ov`thhs rhdft`vh tc teh sfnhty fol shkur`ty kcol`t`cos `o teh kcuotry tc
we`ke tehy efvh ghho `ov`thl tc shrvh. [fnhty fol shkur`ty stft`st`ks ncr hfke kcuotry frh prcv`lhl `o teh kcuotry Yhd ‑
kcjh Gccb teft hfke `ov`thh rhkh`vhs. Qr`cr tc lhpfrt`oi teh Xo`thl [tfths tc ghi`o teh`r shrv`kh, ohw trf`ohhs ft prh‑
shrv`kh stfi`oi hvhots rhkh`vh sfnhty fwfrhohss trf`o`oi. Wh`oncrkhl ft teh prh‑lhpfrturh cr`hotft`co `s teh kcokhpt
teft fdd cn teh trf`ohhs, `o pfrtohrse`p w`te teh Qhfkh Kcrps, just gh w`dd`oi tc tfbh fo fkt`vh rcdh `o bhhp`oi tehj‑
shdvhs
sfnh.
\e`s
`s
fkkcjpd`sehl
gy
lhvhdcp`oi
rhdft`cose`ps
w`te
teh`r
kcjjuo`t`hs,
fg`l`oi
gy
Qhfkh
Kcrps
pcd`k`hsfol prckhlurhs, fol ghefv`oi `o f jfoohr teft ifrohrs rhsphkt fol fkkhptfokh.
Xpco frr`vfd ft pcst, trf`ohhs rhkh`vh 5 tc 67 whhbs cn trf`o`oi, we`ke `okdulhs f nckus co phrt`ohot sfnhty fol shkur`ty
r`sbs, wfys tc j`t`ifth tecsh r`sbs, fol teh `jpcrtfokh cn rhpcrt`oi kr`jhs. \eh Qhfkh Kcrps hosurhs teft ^cduothhrs
kcot`ouh tc rhkh`vh sfnhty fol shkur`ty trf`o`oi tercuiecut teh`r Qhfkh Kcrps shrv`kh.
^cduothhrs frh fsbhl fgcut teh hnnhkt`vhohss cn teh sfnhty fol shkur`ty trf`o`oi tehy rhkh`vh ft gcte prh‑shrv`kh trf`o‑
`oi (Q[\) fol `o‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi (@[\) `o teh Fooufd ^cduothhr [urvhy . F jfmcr`ty rhpcrthl teh trf`o`oi wfs —hnnhkt`vh‚
cr —vhry hnnhkt`vh‚ `o prhpfr`oi teh ^cduothhr tc jf`otf`o phrscofd sfnhty fol shkur`ty (90 phrkhot ft Q[\ fol >6 phr‑
khot ft @[\) fol 95 phrkhot rhspcolhl teft tehy whrh sft`sn`hl w`te teh sfnhty fol shkur`ty suppcrt rhkh`vhl nrcj
Qhfkh Kcrps stfnn. ^cduothhrs fdsc rhpcrthl tehy nhdt —usufddy‚ cr —vhry‚ sfnh wehrh tehy d`vhl (5> phrkhot), wehrh tehy
wcrbhl (06 phrkhot), weho tehy trfvhdhl `o‑kcuotry (>7 phrkhot), fol `o teh k`ty wehrh teh jf`o Qhfkh Kcrps cnn`kh `s
dckfthl (8>
phrkhot).
Fdtecuie
tehsh
rhspcoshs
frh
hokcurfi`oi
s`ios
teft
teh
Qhfkh
Kcrps
sfnhty
fol
shkur`ty
prc
‑irfj `s hnnhkt`vh ncr teh jfmcr`ty cn ^cduothhrs, teh fihoky kcot`ouhs tc lhvhdcp strfthi`hs tc ehdp ^cduothhrs j`t`ifth
r`sbs, pfrt`kudfrdy we`dh trfvhd`oi w`te`o kcuotry fol tc teh jf`o Qhfkh Kcrps cnn`kh.
Kcot`ouhl trf`o`oi efs nckushl co strhoiteho`oi teh kfpfk`ty cn pcst stfnn tc rh`oncrkh teh `jpcrtfokh cn `ok`lhot rh‑
pcrt`oi fol tc fllrhss uolhrrhpcrt`oi. Whsudts nrcj teh Fooufd ^cduothhr [urvhy rhvhfd teft cn teh ^cduothhrs wec
hxphr`hokhl f kr`jh gut l`l oct rhpcrt `t, teh jcst nrhquhot rhfscos whrh ghkfush teh kr`jh wfs tcc j`ocr cr kcj‑
jco tc rhpcrt cr ghkfush tehy l`l oct te`ob teh Qhfkh Kcrps kcudl ehdp. Ctehr rhfscos, suke fs pcthot`fd puo`t`vh rh‑
spcoshs gy teh Qhfkh Kcrps, phrkh`vhl grhfkehs cn kcon`lhot`fd`ty, f pcss`gdh s`th kefoih, fol teh j`olsht teft teh ^cd‑
uothhr kfo efoldh teh `ok`lhot co e`s cr ehr cwo, jfy fdsc efvh f supprhss`vh hnnhkt co ^cduothhrs rhpcrt`oi `ok`lhots.
[ugrhi`cofd stfnn (Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs), fs whdd fs ehflqufrthrs stfnn, wcrb w`te pcsts tc ghtthr
uolhrstfol teh rhfscos ^cduothhrs frh oct rhpcrt`oi fol tc lhvhdcp kcihot rhspcoshs tc ^cduothhr kcokhros. \eh Cn ‑
n`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty kcot`ouhs tc hjpefs`zh kr`jh prhvhot`co fol strhsshs rhpcrt`oi `o `ts trf`o`oi prcirfjs.
Coic`oi sfnhty fol shkur`ty trf`o`oi `s prcv`lhl tc Qhfkh Kcrps stfnn gcte ft ehflqufrthrs fol cvhrshfs pcsts.
Kcjjuo`kft`co w`te ^cduothhrs cuts`lh cn ncrjfd trf`o`oi kfo fss`st w`te rf`s`oi ihohrfd fwfrhohss fs whdd fs s`tuft`co
‑sphk`n`k fwfrhohss lur`oi t`jhs cn kr`s`s. @o teh ^cduothhr [urvhy, ^cduothhrs rhpcrt teh jcst hnnhkt`vh jhtecls cn
kcjjuo`kft`co w`te Qhfkh Kcrps stfnn `okdulhs=
• Xs`oi f khdd pecoh ncr vc`kh kfdds2
• Hjf`d cr teh `othroht2
Kurrhot [trfthi`hs tc Whlukh W`sb
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Qfih 86 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
• \hxt jhssfi`oi2
• @o‑phrsco v`s`ts nrcj stfnn ([fnhty fol [hkur`ty Kccrl`oftcr, fssck`fth Qhfkh Kcrps l`rhktcr, Kcuotry L`rhk‑
tcr).
Fdtecuie tehsh n`ol`ois prcv`lh ihohrfd iu`lfokh tc pcsts fol sfnhty fol shkur`ty stfnn rhifrl`oi ^cduothhr‐s prhnhrrhl
kcjjuo`kft`co jhtecls, `t `s `jpcrtfot teft pcsts gh fwfrh cn teh fvf`dfg`d`ty fol d`j`tft`co cn hfke cn tehsh jhtecls
ncr teh sphk`n`k kcuotry, fol strfthi`zh fdthroft`vh jhtecls `o teh hvhot teft teh prhnhrrhl kefoohd `s uofvf`dfgdh.
@o `ts hnncrt tc bhhp teh ^cduothhrs sfnh, `t `s `jphrft`vh teft teh fihoky gh fwfrh cn teh shkur`ty `ssuhs teft fnnhkt ^cd‑
uothhrs. F kr`t`kfd kcjpcohot cn eh fihoky‐s phrsphkt`vh co ^cduothhr sfnhty fol shkur`ty `o foy i`vho kcuotry `s
dfrihdy gfshl co weft ^cduothhrs fol trf`ohhs frh rhpcrt`oi tc teh stfnn. \eh `jpcrtfokh cn prcjpt fol fkkurfth `ok`‑
lhot rhpcrt`oi kfooct gh strhsshl hocuie.
Fll`t`cofd strfthi`hs rhkcjjholhl gy Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs tc hoefokh ^cduothhr sfnhty fol shku‑
r`ty `okdulh=
• Whqu`r`oi [[K tc pfrt`k`pfth `o prh‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi wcrbsecps fol tc hosurh teft sfnhty fol shkur`ty kcj‑
phthok`hs frh flhqufthdy `othirfthl `otc teh trf`o`oi skehludh fol nuddy uolhrstccl gy trf`ohrs.
• [uppcrt`oi pcst‑lhvhdcphl `o`t`ft`vhs, suke fs prcv`l`oi ^cduothhrs w`te jcohy ghdts, dfuoke`oi fo `j‑
prcvhl rhi`cofd shrv`kh khothr systhj, fol puse`oi ncr jcrh rurfd ^cduothhr pdfkhjhots.
• Qrcv`l`oi iu`lfokh tc ^cduothhr kcuothrpfrts fol/cr kcjjuo`ty jhjghrs tc hosurh teft tehy frh `jpfrt‑
`oi sfnhty fol shkur`ty bocwdhlih tc pfrtohr ^cduothhrs lur`oi `othrfkt`cos. \eh typh cn bocwdhlih kcuo‑
thrpfrts fol kcjjuo`ty jhjghrs kfo prcv`lh `okdulhs=
• Yehrh kr`jh `s ckkurr`oi2
• \eh typhs cn phrscos tc fvc`l fol ecw tc lc `t `o f kudturfddy fpprcpr`fth jfoohr2
• Ecw tc lhfd w`te uowfothl ftthot`co (ghii`oi, shxufd efrfssjhot, htk)2
• [ecpp`oi fol ic`oi tc teh jfrbht2
• Dckft`co cn sfnh F\Js, gfobs, htk.2
• Ecw teh kcjjuo`ty v`hws fdkcecd kcosujpt`co2
• \eh sck`fd dfghds ncr wcjho fol jho wec jfy ic tc f gfr cr lr`ob `o pugd`k2
• Qdfkhs tc fvc`l `o teh kcjjuo`ty2
• [fnh tfx`/gus/gcft lr`vhrs2
• Frhfs `o teh kcjjuo`ty vudohrfgdh tc ndccl`oi2 fol
• @otrclukt`cos tc dckfd futecr`t`hs, `okdul`oi f v`s`t tc teh dckfd pcd`kh stft`co.
• Qugd`se`oi lftf co kr`jhs fif`ost ^cduothhrs, pfrt`kudfrdy tecsh teft ckkur we`dh ^cduothhrs frh trfvhd`oi
tc ghtthr `oncrj ^cduothhrs fgcut sfnh pdfkhs fol strfthi`hs we`dh co vfkft`co.
• Qrcv`l`oi nrhquhot fol kcjprhehos`vh trf`o`oi tc stfnn co prcphr `ok`lhot rhpcrt`oi fol rhspcosh prckh‑
lurhs.
Gy flcpt`oi tehsh fol ctehr rhkcjjholft`cos, Qhfkh Kcrps kfo hosurh teft teh fihoky `s hvcdv`oi tc jhht teh kco‑
stfotdy kefoi`oi sfnhty fol shkur`ty s`tuft`cos tercuiecut teh wcrdl.
Kurrhot [trfthi`hs tc Whlukh W`sb
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Kcokdul`oi Whjfrbs
Kr`jhs fif`ost ^cduothhrs, w`te j`ocr nduktuft`cos, efvh rhjf`ohl sthfly cvhr teh dfst 61 yhfrs. \eh Qhfkh Kcrps w`dd
kcot`ouh tc trfkb sfnhty `ok`lhots fif`ost ^cduothhrs fol ush te`s `oncrjft`co tc lhvhdcp ohw fihoky‑w`lh pcd`k`hs,
prckhlurhs, fol trf`o`ois, fol tc fsshss teh shkur`ty hov`rcojhot cn pfrt`kudfr kcuotr`hs. Ye`dh teh jcst rhkhot Qhfkh
Kcrps Fooufd
^cduothhr
[urvhy
secws
teft
^cduothhrs
rfth
phrscofd
sfnhty
fol
shkur`ty
trf`o`oi
fs
teh
jcst
hnnhkt`vh
trf`o`oi kcjpcohots prcv`lhl lur`oi teh`r prh‑shrv`kh fol `o‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi, teh Qhfkh Kcrps kcot`oufddy str`vhs tc
`okrhfsh ^cduothhrs‐ sfnhty lur`oi teh`r shrv`kh. \e`s rhqu`rhs f systhjft`k fihoky fpprcfke `ovcdv`oi kcjj`tjhot
nrcj ehflqufrthrs stfnn, cvhrshfs stfnn, fol teh ^cduothhrs.
@o 7110, cvhrshfs Qhfkh Kcrps [fnhty fol [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs prcv`lhl suppcrt fol rhkcjjholft`cos tc stfnn ncr
strhoiteho`oi teh`r fpprcfkehs tc sfnhty fol shkur`ty lur`oi v`s`ts tc pcsts tercuiecut teh yhfr. Jfoy pcsts rhkh`vhl
ncddcw‑up v`s`ts ft kr`t`kfd muokturhs tc rh`oncrkh pfrt`kudfr fsphkts cn ^cduothhr sfnhty fol shkur`ty cr fs f rhspcosh tc f
kr`s`s s`tuft`co. \e`s typh cn suppcrt fddcws teh Cnn`kh cn [fnhty fol [hkur`ty tc prcv`lh stfnn trf`o`oi fol fss`st `o `oth‑
irft`oi sfnhty fol shkur`ty `otc prcirfjj`oi.
\eh Whi`cofd [hkur`ty Cnn`khrs w`te teh X.[. Hjgfss`hs cvhrshfs frh fdsc bhy phrscoohd `ovcdvhl `o jf`otf`o`oi teh
sfnhty fol shkur`ty cn teh ^cduothhrs. [tfnn ft pcst fol ft ehflqufrthrs kcddfgcrfth w`te cnn`k`fds nrcj teh [tfth Lh‑
pfrtjhot fs
cntho
fs
ohkhssfry.
N`ofddy,
teh
Kcoscd`lfthl
@ok`lhot
Whpcrt`oi
[ysthj
kcot`ouhs
tc
gh
`jprcvhl
tc
ho
‑
fgdh jcrh kcjprhehos`vh `ok`lhot rhpcrt`oi, f strhfjd`ohl oct`n`kft`co prckhss, fol ghtthr `othirft`co cn kr`jh `ok`‑
lhot lftf `otc teh cvhrfdd ^cduothhr sfnhty fol shkur`ty prcirfj. \eh n`ol`ois nrcj te`s rhpcrt hjpefs`zh teh ohhl ncr
kcot`ouhl sfnhty trf`o`oi lur`oi prh‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi fol `o‑shrv`kh trf`o`oi tc prcv`lh ^cduothhrs w`te teh bocwdhlih,
sb`dds, fol ftt`tulhs tc lhkrhfsh teh`r r`sb cn gh`oi v`kt`j`zhl gy kr`jh, w`te f pfrt`kudfr nckus co rcgghr`hs fol tehnts
teft ckkur we`dh teh ^cduothhr `s cut cn s`th. Qcsts frh urihl tc sefrh teh`r —ghst prfkt`khs‚ prhvhot`co strfthi`hs w`te
ctehr kcuotr`hs fol w`te rhi`cofd fol ehflqufrthrs stfnn.
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Qfih 8; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Qhfkh Kcrps. 7116. Fssfudts Fif`ost Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhrs 6001‑6000, Fo Hp`lhj`cdci`kfd Fofdys`s. Yfse`oitco, LK=
Qhfkh Kcrps.
X.[. Lhpfrtjhot cn Must`kh, Nhlhrfd Gurhfu cn @ovhst`ift`co. 6007. Xo`ncrj Kr`jh Whpcrt`oi Efolgccb= Oft`cofd @ok` ‑
lhot ‑Gfshl Whpcrt`oi [ysthj Hl`t`co. Yfse`oitco, LK= NG@.
Qhfkh Kcrps. 7110. Qhfkh Kcrps ^cduothhr 7110 Fooufd ^cduothhr [urvhy= Idcgfd Whpcrt.
X. [. Lhpfrtjhot cn Must`kh, Gurhfu cn Must`kh [tft`st`ks. 7110. Oft`cofd Kr`jh ^`kt`j`zft`co [urvhy= [tfdb`oi ^`kt`j`zf‑
t`co `o teh Xo`thl [tfths.
Xo`vhrs`ty cn
Fdgfoy.
[curkhgccb
cn
kr`j`ofd
must`kh
stft`st`ks.
ettp=//www.fdgfoy.hlu/scurkhgccb/
(fkkhsshl
Fuiust
<, 7161).
Whnhrhokh D`st
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Fpphol`khs
Fpphol`x F= [hvhr`ty E`hrfrkey fol @ok`lhot Lhn`o`t`cos
Fpphol`x G= Jhteclcdciy
Fpphol`x K= Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs, 7110
Fpphol`x L= Lhjcirfpe`ks cn Fdd ^cduothhrs, 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths, 7110
Fpphol`x N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr Wfph/Ftthjpthl Wfph, Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt, fol Wcgghry Hvhots, 7110
Fpphol`x I= Kcuotry cn @ok`lhot kcjpfrhl w`te Kcuotry cn [hrv`kh, 7110
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Qfih 88 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x F= [hvhr`ty E`hrfrkey fol @ok`lhot Lhn`o`t`cos
Lhfte gy Ecj`k`lh ? B`lofpp`oi ? Wfph ? Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt ? Wcgghry ? Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt ? Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fs‑
sfudt ? Guridfry w`te Fssfudt ? Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt ? Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt ? Guridfry ‛ Oc Fssfudt? \erhft ? \ehnt ?
^folfd`sj
• Qhohtrft`co cn teh vfi`of cr fous w`te f pho`s, tcoiuh, n`oihr cr cgmhkt w`tecut teh kco‑
shot fol/cr fif`ost teh w`dd cn teh v`kt`j
• @okdulhs weho f v`kt`j `s uofgdh tc kcoshot ghkfush cn `oihst`co cn lruis fol/cr fdkcecd
• @okdulhs ncrkhl
crfd
shx
fol
foy
uosukkhssnud
ftthjpts
tc
phohtrfth
teh
vfi`of
cr
fous
Lhfte gy Ecj`k`lh • \eh w`ddnud (oco‑ohid`ihot) b`dd`oi cn coh eujfo gh`oi gy foctehr
• Lhftes kfushl gy ohid`ihokh, su`k`lhs, fol fkk`lhotfd lhftes frh hxkdulhl B`lofpp`oi • Xodfwnud sh`zurh fol/cr lhthot`co cn f ^cduothhr fif`ost e`s/ehr w`dd ncr rfoscj cr rh‑
wfrl
• @okdulhs ecstfih‑tfb`oi Wfph • Qhohtrft`co cn teh vfi`of cr fous w`te f pho`s, tcoiuh, n`oihr cr cgmhkt w`tecut teh kco‑
shot fol/cr fif`ost teh w`dd cn teh v`kt`j
• @okdulhs weho f v`kt`j `s uofgdh tc kcoshot ghkfush cn `oihst`co cn lruis fol/cr fdkcecd
• @okdulhs ncrkhl
crfd
shx
fol
foy
uosukkhssnud
ftthjpts
tc
phohtrfth
teh
vfi`of
cr
fous
Jfmcr [hxufd Fssfudt • @othot`cofd cr ncrkhl kcotfkt w`te teh grhfsts, iho`tfds, jcute, guttckbs, cr fous CW
l`srcg`oi cn teh ^cduothhr cr cnnholhr w`tecut gcl`dy kcotfkt
• FOL foy cn teh ncddcw`oi=
6. teh ush cn f whfpco gy teh fssf`dfot, CW
7. peys`kfd `omury tc teh v`kt`j CW
;. weho teh v`kt`j efs tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc l`shoifih teh fssf`dfot Wcgghry • \eh tfb`oi cr ftthjpt`oi tc tfbh foyte`oi cn vfduh uolhr kconrcotft`cofd k`rkujstfokhs
nrcj teh kcotrcd, kustcly cr kfrh cn foctehr phrsco gy ncrkh, terhft cn ncrkh, v`cdhokh,
fol/cr gy putt`oi teh v`kt`j `o nhfr cn `jjhl`fth efrj
• Fdsc `okdulhs weho f rcgghr l`spdfys/ushs f whfpco cr trfospcrts teh ^cduothhr tc cg‑
tf`o e`s/ehr jcohy cr pcsshss`cos Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt • Fttfkb cr terhft cn fttfkb w`te f whfpco `o f jfoohr kfpfgdh cn kfus`oi shvhrh gcl`dy
`omury cr lhfte
• Fttfkb w`tecut f whfpco weho shvhrh gcl`dy `omury rhsudts.
• [hvhrh gcl`dy `omury `okdulhs= grcbho gcohs, dcst thhte, `othrofd `omur`hs, shvhrh dfkhrf‑
t`co, dcss cn kcosk`cusohss, cr foy `omury rhqu`r`oi twc cr jcrh lfys cn ecsp`tfd`zft`co Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fs‑
sfudt
• Fiirhss`vh kcotfkt teft rhqu`rhs teh ^cduothhr tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc l`shoifih teh
cnnholhr cr
teft
rhsudts
`o
jfmcr
gcl`dy
`omury
• Jfmcr gcl`dy `omury `okdulhs= `omury rhqu`r`oi dhss tefo twc lfys cn ecsp`tfd`zft`co, CW
l`fiocst`k x‑rfys tc rudh cut grcbho gcohs (fol oc nrfkturh `s ncuol), CW suri`kfd `othr‑
vhot`co (`okdul`oi sutur`oi)
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Fpphol`x F= [hvhr`ty E`hrfrkey fol @ok`lhot Lhn`o`t`cos
Octh= F
kr`jh
hvhot
`s
lhn`ohl
fs
fo
ckkurrhokh
cn
coh
cn
teh
kr`jhs
d`sthl
fgcvh.
• Xodfwnud cr ncrk`gdh hotry cn f ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh fkkcjpfo`hl gy fo ctehr shxufd
fssfudt cr ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt
• \eh `ddhifd hotry jfy gh ncrk`gdh, suke fs grhfb`oi f w`olcw cr sdfse`oi f skrhho, cr
jfy gh
w`tecut
ncrkh
gy
hothr`oi
tercuie
fo
uodckbhl
lccr
cr
fo
cpho
w`olcw
• Fdsc `okdulhs `ddhifd hotry cn f ecthd rccj
• Fiirhss`vh kcotfkt teft lchs oct rhqu`rh teh ^cduothhr tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc
l`shoifih teh cnnholhr fol rhsudts `o oc `omury cr cody j`ocr `omury
• J`ocr `omury lchs oct rhqu`rh ecsp`tfd`zft`co, x‑rfy cr suri`kfd `othrvhot`co (`okdul`oi
st`tkehs)
• Foy s`tuft`co teft l`rhktdy `jpfkts teh shkur`ty cn f ^cduothhr gut teft lchs oct jhht
foy cn teh lhn`o`t`cos cn f kr`jh
Guridfry w`te Fssfudt
• Xodfwnud cr ncrk`gdh hotry cn f ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh fkkcjpfo`hl gy fo ctehr shxufd
fssfudt cr ctehr peys`kfd fssfudt
• \eh `ddhifd hotry jfy gh ncrk`gdh, suke fs grhfb`oi f w`olcw cr sdfse`oi f skrhho, cr
jfy gh
w`tecut
ncrkh
gy
hothr`oi
tercuie
fo
uodckbhl
lccr
cr
fo
cpho
w`olcw
• Fdsc `okdulhs `ddhifd hotry cn f ecthd rccj Ctehr [hxufd Fssfudt
• Xowfothl cr ncrkhl b`ss`oi, ncold`oi, fol/cr ircp`oi cn teh grhfsts, iho`tfds, jcute,
guttckbs, cr fous ncr shxufd irft`n`kft`co
Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
• Fiirhss`vh kcotfkt teft lchs oct rhqu`rh teh ^cduothhr tc ush sugstfot`fd ncrkh tc
l`shoifih teh cnnholhr fol rhsudts `o oc `omury cr cody j`ocr `omury
• J`ocr `omury lchs oct rhqu`rh ecsp`tfd`zft`co, x‑rfy cr suri`kfd `othrvhot`co (`okdul`oi
st`tkehs)
Guridfry“Oc Fssfudt
• Xodfwnud cr ncrk`gdh hotry cn f ^cduothhr‐s rhs`lhokh
• \e`s kr`jh usufddy, gut oct fdwfys, `ovcdvhs tehnt
• \eh `ddhifd hotry jfy gh ncrk`gdh, suke fs grhfb`oi f w`olcw cr sdfse`oi f skrhho, cr
jfy gh w`tecut ncrkh gy hothr`oi tercuie fo uodckbhl lccr cr fo cpho w`olcw
• Fdsc `okdulhs `ddhifd hotry cn f ecthd rccj
\erhft
• Yeho teh ^cduothhr `s pdfkhl `o rhfscofgdh nhfr cn gcl`dy efrj tercuie teh ush cn
terhftho`oi wcrls fol/cr ctehr kcolukt
• \e`s cnnhosh `okdulhs stfdb`oi fol jfy gh lhthrj`ohl gy teh phrkhpt`co cn teh
^cduothhr
\ehnt
• \eh tfb`oi
fwfy
cn
cr
ftthjpt
tc
tfbh
fwfy
prcphrty
cr
kfse
w`tecut
`ovcdv`oi
ncrkh
cr `ddhifd hotry
• \ehrh `s oc bocwo l`rhkt kcotfkt w`te teh v`kt`j
• @okdulhs p`kb‑pckbht`oi, stcdho purshs, fol tehnts nrcj f rhs`lhokh teft lc oct `o‑
vcdvh fo `ddhifd hotry
^folfd`sj • J`ske`hvcus cr jfd`k`cus lhnfkhjhot, lhstrukt`co, cr lfjfih cn prcphrty
Ctehr [hkur`ty @ok`lhot • Foy s`tuft`co teft l`rhktdy `jpfkts teh shkur`ty cn f ^cduothhr gut teft lchs oct jhht
foy cn teh lhn`o`t`cos cn f kr`jh
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 8>
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Qfih 89 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Lftf Fofdys`s
\eh Kr`jh [tft`st`ks fol Fofdys`s Xo`t kcolukts f judt`‑sthp qufd`ty‑fssurfokh prckhss tc j`t`ifth hrrcrs `oehrhot tc
teh lftf kcddhkt`co prckhss (`.h., rhspcolhot hrrcrs, oco‑rhspcosh hrrcrs, j`skdfss`n`kft`cos, htk.). Hfke rhpcrt rhkh`vhl
ft
ehflqufrthrs
`s
rhv`hwhl
ncr=
6)
fpprcpr`fth
kr`jh
kdfss`n`kft`co2
fol
7)
foy
l`skrhpfok`hs
ghtwhho
teh
sujjfryfol teh kdcshl‑holhl quhst`cos (`.h., quhst`cos w`te judt`pdh kec`kh rhspcoshs). Lftf frh rhv`hwhl lf`dy ncr j`skdfss`‑
n`kft`co, `okcos`sthok`hs , hrrcrs cr j`ss`oi lftf fol frh kcrrhkthl, wehohvhr pcss`gdh. Qr`cr tc fofdys`s ncr teh fooufd
rhpcrt, f rhv`hw wfs kcolukthl gy teh Cnn`kh cn [trfthi`k @oncrjft`co, Whshfrke, fol Qdfoo`oi (C[@WQ) co f rfolcj
sfjpdh cn 6>> kfshs nrcj 7115 (61 phrkhot) tc hosurh rhfscofgdh kcon`lhokh `o teh fkkurfky cn teh lftf hl`t`oi prck‑
hss. \eh phrkhotfih cn hrrcrs ncuol `o gcte teh kdfss`n`kft`co cn `ok`lhots fol l`skrhpfok`hs `o teh lftf nhdd ghdcw teh
fkkhptfgdh hrrcr rfth cn n`vh phrkhot.
\eh [fnhty cn teh ^cduothhr 7110 rhpcrts co terhh phr`cls cn lftf kcddhkt`co fol fofdys`s= teh 7110 kfdholfr yhfr, teh <
‑yhfr phr`cl nrcj 711>‑7110, fol teh 61‑yhfr phr`cl nrcj 7111‑7110. Fofdyz`oi judt`pdh t`jh phr`cls prcv`lhs f iccl
uolhrstfol`oi cn frhfs cn nduktuft`co fol dcoi‑stfol`oi kr`jh trhols. Lftf ncr te`s rhpcrt frh kurrhot fs cn Muoh 65,
7161. Dcoi`tul`ofd lftf frh rhprhshothl `o skftthr pdcts teft prcv`lh kr`jh `ok`lhokh rfths ncr hfke yhfr. Y`te`o hfke
skftthr pdct, f trhol d`oh fpprcx`jfths teh ghst‑n`t d`oh tercuie teh lftf pc`ots.
\e`s rhpcrt l`spdfys teh lftf `o ncur kfthicr`hs= shxufd fssfudts, peys`kfd fssfudts, terhfts, fol prcphrty kr`jhs. @ok`‑
lhokh rfths, idcgfd trhol fofdyshs, fol kr`jh prcn`dhs frh prcv`lhl `o hfke cn teh ncur kfthicr`hs. Hfke n`iurh `okdulhl
`o teh kr`jh prcn`dh fofdys`s shkt`cos `okdulhs teh oujghr cn `ok`lhots fol teh sphk`n`k yhfrs kcotr`gut`oi tc teft pfr‑
t`kudfr fofdys`s fol `s lhocthl fs o : ## w`te`o teh n`iurh. @o scjh fofdyshs, teh o `s dhss tefo teh tctfd oujghr cn rh‑
pcrthl `ok`lhots ncr teft pfrt`kudfr kr`jh ghkfush rhspcolhots jfy efvh dhnt lftf n`hdls uofoswhrhl w`te`o teh `ok`‑
lhot rhpcrts.
@ok`lhokh Wfths
@ok`lhokh rfths frh jcrh fkkurfth `ol`kftcrs cn rhpcrthl kr`jhs ncr kcjpfrft`vh purpcshs tefo frh teh rfw oujghr cn
`ok`lhots, cr teh kr`jh vcdujh. Gy rhpcrt`oi `ok`lhokh rfths (`.h., teh oujghr cn `ok`lhots fs f nuokt`co cn teh oujghr
cn ^cduothhrs shrv`oi `o f i`vho kcuotry cvhr t`jh), jcrh jhfo`oinud kcjpfr`scos kfo gh jflh fkrcss Qhfkh Kcrps
kcuotr`hs cr rhi`cos teft efvh l`nnhr`oi oujghrs cn ^cduothhrs. Ncr hxfjpdh, 78 rhpcrthl `ok`lhots cn fiirfvfthl fs‑
sfudt fnnhkt f e`iehr phrkhotfih cn ^cduothhrs ft f pcst w`te 611 ^cduothhrs tefo f pcst w`te 711 ^cduothhrs.
Nurtehrjcrh, `ok`lhokh rfths frh kfdkudfthl us`oi ^\ yhfrs we`ke frh jcrh fkkurfth tefo us`oi teh oujghr cn ^cduo‑
thhrs `o teh lhocj`oftcr. \eh ^\ yhfr kfdkudft`co kcos`lhrs teh dhoite cn t`jh ^cduothhrs whrh ft r`sb2 cr, teh dhoite cn
t`jh shrvhl
gy
^cduothhrs.
F
^\
yhfr
hokcjpfsshs
teh
fjcuot
cn
t`jh
f ^cduothhr/trf`ohh
shrvhl
lur`oi
f i`vho
yhfr
ghtwhho teh stfrt cn lcjhst`k trf`o`oi (—stfi`oi‚) tercuie teh hol cn shrv`kh. Ncr hxfjpdh, `n f ^cduothhr dhfvhs fnthr
s`x jcotes, eh cr seh `s cody ft r`sb lur`oi teft s`x‑jcote phr`cl, fol cody efdn (1.8) cn f ^\ yhfr `s kcotr`guthl tc teh
`ok`lhokh rfth kfdkudft`co. @n f ^cduothhr stfys teh nudd yhfr, coh nudd (6.1) ^\ yhfr `s kcotr`guthl. Xodhss ctehrw`sh
octhl `o teh rhpcrt, `ok`lhokh rfths frh rhpcrthl fs `ok`lhots phr 611 ^cduothhr/trf`ohh (^\) yhfrs. Kr`jhs w`te rhdf‑
t`vhdy dcw nrhquhoky, suke fs rfphs fol jfmcr shxufd fssfudts, w`dd fdsc gh hxprhsshl phr 6,111 ^\ yhfrs.
Fpphol`x G= Jhteclcdciy
@ok`lhokh Wfth :(Oujghr cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots/^\ Phfrs) x 611
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Fpphol`x G= Jhteclcdciy
Lftf D`j`tft`cos
\ehrh frh terhh d`j`tft`cos tc `othrprht`oi teh lftf `o te`s rhpcrt teft teh rhflhr secudl ghfr `o j`ol.
\eh n`rst d`j`tft`co rhdfths tc teh shdhkt`vh rhpcrt`oi cn shkur`ty `ok`lhots gy ^cduothhrs. @o rhv`hw`oi teh nrhquhoky cn
`ok`lhots, teh
rhflhr
secudl
bhhp
`o
j`ol
teft
tehsh
frh
teh
oujghrs
ncr
rhpcrthl
`ok`lhots.
\eh
Qhfkh
Kcrps
Fooufd
^cduothhr [urvhy rhpcrt kcotf`os teh rhsudts cn fo focoyjcus survhy flj`o`sthrhl tc fdd shrv`oi ^cduothhrs. [urvhy
n`ol`ois kcos`sthotdy secw teft uolhrrhpcrt`oi cn shkur`ty `ok`lhots lchs ckkur. \eh Lhpfrtjhot cn Must`kh Gurhfu cn
Must`kh [tft`st`ks‐ Oft`cofd Kr`jh ^`kt`j`zft`co [urvhy ncr 7119 `ol`kfths e`ie uolhrrhpcrt`oi rfths ncr rfphs `o teh`r
rhshfrke cn kr`jh v`kt`j`zft`co `o teh Xo`thl [tfths. Cody <7 phrkhot cn teh v`kt`js cn rfph/shxufd fssfudt rhpcrthl teh
kr`jh tc teh pcd`kh `o 7119. Whdfthl tc teh shdn ‑rhpcrthl ofturh cn teh `ok`lhot rhpcrt`oi prckhss `s teh pcthot`fd ncr
j`skdfss`n`kft`co cn `ok`lhots. @ok`lhots frh kdfss`n`hl scdhdy co teh `oncrjft`co prcv`lhl gy teh ^cduothhr, we`ke kcudl
dhfl tc `ofkkurfth kdfss`n`kft`co `n f ^cduothhr lchs oct prcv`lh fdd ohkhssfry fol rhdhvfot `oncrjft`co. \eh `ok`lhot
lhn`o`t`cos frh `okdulhl `o Fpphol`x F.
\eh shkcol d`j`tft`co `s jcrh cn f kfut`cofry octh fol rhdfths tc kcjpfr`oi `ok`lhokh rfths fkrcss Qhfkh Kcrps pcsts.
Ye`dh teh ush cn `ok`lhokh rfths lchs fddcw ncr kcjpfr`scos fkrcss pcsts, kfut`co secudl gh ushl weho kcjpfr`oi
kr`jh rfths
ncr
kcuotr`hs
w`te
d`j`thl
^\
yhfrs,
suke
fs
Wwfolf
(;9
^\
yhfrs),
ghkfush
tehy
fpphfr
lrfjft`kfddy
e`iehr
weho kcjpfrhl tc rfths ncr kcuotr`hs w`te irhfthr ^\ yhfrs, suke fs Xbrf`oh (770 ^\ yhfrs), hvho weho teh oujghr cn
`ok`lhots `s sjfdd. \c `ddustrfth, fo `okrhfsh nrcj coh tehnt tc twc tehnts ft f pcst w`te 78 ^\ yhfrs rhsudts `o tehnt `ok`‑
lhokh rfths `okrhfs`oi nrcj <.1 tc 5.1 `ok`lhots phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. Yehrhfs, w`te f dfrih pcst w`te 698 ^\ yhfrs, teh
tehnt `ok`lhokh rfths wcudl `okrhfsh nrcj 1.> tc 6.6 phr 611 ^\ yhfrs. @o 7110, tehrh whrh shvho pcsts (61 phrkhot)
w`te nhwhr tefo 81 ^\ yhfrs. @o fll`t`co, rfths gfshl co f sjfdd oujghr cn `ok`lhots (nhwhr tefo ;1), suke fs rfphs,
secudl gh `othrprhthl w`te kfut`co fs tehy jfy oct gh fo fkkurfth `ol`kft`co cn r`sb. Fpphol`x H prcv`lhs teh oujghr
cn rhpcrthl `ok`lhots fol teh oujghr cn ^\ yhfrs kcotr`guthl gy hfke kcuotry `o 7110.
F te`rl d`j`tft`co `ovcdvhs teh fofdys`s cn teh lftf gy teh ^cduothhr‐s kcuotry cn shrv`kh. \eh vfst jfmcr`ty cn `ok`lhots
ckkur `o teh ^cduothhr‐s kcuotry cn shrv`kh. Ecwhvhr, `ok`lhots fif`ost ^cduothhrs lc efppho cuts`lh teh`r kcuotry cn
shrv`kh2 ncr hxfjpdh, weho f ^cduothhr `s vfkft`co`oi `o foctehr kcuotry. \eh phrkhotfih cn `ok`lhots ckkurr`oi cuts`lh
teh
^cduothhr‐s
kcuotry
cn
shrv`kh
`s
typ`kfddy
;
phrkhot
cr
dhss.
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 85
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Qfih 80 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x K= Qhfkh Kcrps Kcuotr`hs fol Whi`cos (7110)
Octh= Qrcirfjs octhl fgcvh lc oct prcv`lh lftf ncr f nudd kfdholfr yhfr, sc `ok`lhokh cn sfnhty hvhots ncr te`s kcuotry
secudl gh `othrprhthl kfut`cusdy.
* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
*** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs kdcshl B`r`gft`
Fnr`kfHurcph,
Jhl`thrrfohfo,fol Fs`f
@othr-Fjhr`kffol tehQfk`n`k
Gho`o
Gctswfof
Gurb`of Nfsc
Kfjhrcco
Kfph ^hrlh
Hte`cp`f
Iefof
Iu`ohf*&**
Bhoyf
Dhsctec
D`ghr`f
Jflfifskfr*
Jfdfw`
Jfd`
Jfur`tfo`f*
Jczfjg`quh
Ofj`g`f
O`ihr
[hohifd
[cute Fnr`kf
[wfz`dfol
\fozfo`f
\eh Ifjg`f
\cic
Xifolf
]fjg`f
Fdgfo`f
Frjho`f
Fzhrgf`mfo
Gudifr`f
Kfjgcl`f
Ke`of
Ihcri`f*&**
Mcrlfo
Bfzfbestfo
Byriyz Whpugd`k
Jfkhlco`f
Jcdlcvf
Jcoicd`f
Jcrckkc
Qe`d`pp`ohs
Wcjfo`f
\ef`dfol
\urbjho`stfo
Xbrf`oh
Ghd`zh
Gcd`v`f*
Kcstf W`kf
Lcj`o`kfo Whpugd`k
Hfsthro Kfr`gghfo
Hkuflcr
Hd [fdvflcr
N`m`
Iufthjfdf
Iuyfof
Ecolurfs
Mfjf`kf
B`r`gft`***
Jhx`kc
J`krcohs`f
O`kfrfiuf
Qfofjf
Qfrfiufy
Qhru
[fjcf
[ur`ofjh
\coif
^fouftu
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Fpphol`x L= Lhjcirfpe`ks cn Fdd ^cduothhrs (7110)
Lhjcirfpe`k Kefrfkthr`st`k O % Lhjcirfpe`k Kefrfkthr`st`k O %
Jho ;1<9 <1
Ycjho <>7< >1 Hlukft`cofd dhvhd=
Wfk`fd J`ocr`ty ^cduothhrs/\rf`ohhs 6775 65 E`ie [keccd L`pdcjf 76 46
[ho`crs (81+) 819 9 6‑7 yhfrs kcddhih <6 6
Cdlhst ^cduothhr 58 \hkeo`kfd [keccd Irflufth 65 46
Fih= Fvhrfih/Jhl`fo/Jcst Kcjjco 75/78/7< FF Lhirhh 8< 6
; yhfrs kcddhih >17 5
Fih= Gfkehdcr's Lhirhh 87;1 >5
71‑70 ><>5 5< Irflufth [tuly 6<; 7
;1‑;0 85< 5 Irflufth Lhirhh 9<; 61
<1‑<0 667 7 Oct [phk`n`hl 560 66
81‑80 607 ;
>1‑>0 756 < [b`dd [hktcr=
91‑90 ;6 46 Hlukft`co 7960 ;8
51‑50
;
46
Ehfdte &
E@^/F@L[
6915
77
Gus`ohss Lhvhdcpjhot 66<6 68
Hteo`k`ty= Hov`rcojhot 6187 6<
Kfukfs`fo 8>95 9< Pcute Lhvhdcpjhot <19 8
Oct [phk`n`hl 9>8 61 Fir`kudturh ;85 <
Fs`fo Fjhr`kfo <;; > Ctehr 790 <
E`spfo`k ;>; 8
Fnr`kfo‑Fjhr`kfo 76< ; Ocths=
J`xhl Hteo`k`ty 717 ; 6. Fs rhpcrthl co [hpthjghr ;1, 7110.
Oft`vh Fjhr`kfo 6> 46 7. O : ^cduothhrs `o teh n`hdl. Whpcrthl gy teh Qhfkh Kcrps' Cnn`kh cn
[trfthi`k @oncrjft`co, Whshfrke, fol Qdfoo`oi.
Jfr`tfd stftus= ;.
[cjh phrkhotfihs
lc
oct
hqufd
611
luh
tc
rcuol`oi
hrrcr.
[`oidh >89< 5>
Jfrr`hl 861 9
L`vcrkhl ;68 <
Hoifihl 698 7
Jfrr`hl/shrv`oi fdcoh 8; 6
Y`lcwhl <7 6
Jfrr`hl/we`dh shrv`oi 7 46
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih >1
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Qfih >6 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuot r`hs
Nhjfdh
^\ Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
FssfudtCtehr [hx ufd
Fssfudt Fdd [hxufd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth<;<1 68 1.;8 71 1.<> 51 6.5< 668 7.>8
Kcuotr`hsNhjfdh
^\ Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
FssfudtCtehr [hx ufd
Fssfudt Fdd [hxufd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot WfthGHO@O >5 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.08 7 7.08
GC\[YFOF 51 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
GXWB@OF NF[C 96 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.57 7 7.57
KFJHWCCO 58 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KFQH ^HWLH ;1 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
H\E@CQ@F <7 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 <.97 7 <.97
IEFOF 56 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
IX@OHF*&**
<7 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
BHOPF ;8 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
DH[C\EC 85 6 6.9; 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.9;
D@GHW@F 66 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFLFIF[KFW** 76 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFDFY@ 56 6 6.7; 1 1.11 7 7.<9 ; ;.91
JFD@ 06 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFXW@\FO@F** <> 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 7.60 6 7.60
JC]FJG@VXH 59 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.68 6 6.68
OFJ@G@F 97 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
O@IHW 55 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
WYFOLF 75 6 ;.88 6 ;.88 1 1.11 7 9.61
[HOHIFD 07 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.10 6 6.10
[CX\E FNW@KF 55 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.75 7 7.75
[YF]@DFOL ;0 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 8.6< 7 8.6<
\FO]FO@F 57 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
\EH IFJG@F 88 6 6.5; 1 1.11 7 ;.>> ; 8.81
\CIC >< 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.89 6 6.89
XIFOLF 57 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.7; 6 6.7;
]FJG@F 00 1 1.11 6 6.17 1 1.11 6 6.17
\C\FD FNW@KF 696< < 1.7; 7 1.67 60 6.66 78 6.<>Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 ^\ yhfrs.
[hxufd Fssfudt Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
Fnr`kf Whi`co
Idcgfd
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hsNhjfdh
^\ Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
FssfudtCtehr [hxufd
Fssfudt Fdd [hxufd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth<;<1 68 1.;8 71 1.<> 51 6.5< 668 7.>8
Kcuotr`hsNhjfdh
^\
Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
Fssfudt
Ctehr [hxufd
Fssfudt
Fdd [hxufd
FssfudtHvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
FDGFO@F <9 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 7.66 6 7.66
FWJHO@F <> 6 7.6> 1 1.11 < 5.>< 8 61.51
F]HWGF@MFO >0 6 6.<8 1 1.11 9 61.68 5 66.>1
GXDIFW@F 97 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KFJGCL@F ;7 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 ;.6; 6 ;.6;
KE@OF 8> 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.51 6 6.51
IHCWI@F* 5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
MCWLFO 70 1 1.11 6 ;.<8 < 6;.56 8 69.7>
BF]FBE[\FO >< 1 1.11 7 ;.6; 1 1.11 7 ;.6;
BPWIP] WHQXGD@K 89 6 6.9> 6 6.9> > 61.8< 5 6<.18
JFKHLCO@F 81 1 1.11 1 1.11 8 0.0> 8 0.0>
JCDLC^F >9 1 1.11 1 1.11 8 9.<< 8 9.<<
JCOICD@F 89 1 1.11 7 ;.81 1 1.11 7 ;.81
JCWCKKC 6;> 6 1.9; ; 7.71 ; 7.71 9 8.6<
QE@D@QQ@OH[ 97 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
WCJFO@F >5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
\EF@DFOL 8> 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 ;.88 7 ;.88
\XWBJHO@[\FO <> 1 1.11 1 1.11 8 61.09 8 61.09XBWF@OH 6>8 6 1.>6 1 1.11 6 1.>6 7 6.76
\C\FD HJF 6609 8 1.<7 0 1.98 <8 ;.9> 80 <.0;Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 ^\ yhfrs.
[hxufd Fssfudt Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
HJF Whi`co
(kcot'l)
Idcgfd
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih >7
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 64/78
Qfih >; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hsNhjfdh ^\ Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
FssfudtCtehr [hxufd
Fssfudt Fdd [hxufd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
<;<1 68 1.;8 71 1.<> 51 6.5< 668 7.>8
Kcuotr`hsNhjfdh ^\
Phfrs
WfphJfmcr [hxufd
FssfudtCtehr [hxufd
Fssfudt Fdd [hxufd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
GHD@]H ;5 1 1.11 6 7.>7 1 1.11 6 7.>7
GCD@^@F** 1 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KC[\F W@KF 98 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
LCJ@O@KFO WHQXGD@K 671 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.>9 7 6.>9
HF[\HWO KFW@GGHFO >< 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.89 6 6.89
HKXFLCW 619 1 1.11 6 1.0< 6 1.0< 7 6.59
HD [FD^FLCW 9< 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.;> 6 6.;>
N@M@ ;> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
IXF\HJFDF 670 6 1.95 6 1.95 < ;.61 > <.>8
IXPFOF <5 1 1.11 6 7.1> 1 1.11 6 7.1>
ECOLXWF[ 661 1 1.11 6 1.06 6 1.06 7 6.56
MFJF@KF <5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JHU@KC 7< 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 <.69 6 <.69
J@KWCOH[@F ;1 6 ;.75 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 ;.75
O@KFWFIXF 66> 7 6.9; 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.9;
QFOFJF 07 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
QFWFIXFP 661 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.06 6 1.06
QHWX 06 6 6.61 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.61
[FJCF 65 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 66.;< 7 66.;<
[XW@OFJH 71 6 <.08 6 <.08 1 1.11 7 0.01\COIF ;1 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
^FOXF\X <5 1 1.11 ; >.60 7 <.6; 8 61.;7
\C\FD @FQ 6<70 > 1.<7 0 1.>; 6> 6.67 ;6 7.69
Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
@FQ Whi`co
Idcgfd
[hxufd Fssfudt Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
(kcot'l)
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\
PhfrsB`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl
Fssfudt
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Fdd Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth97<0 7 1.1; 60 1.7> 67 1.69 >0 1.08 617 6.<6
Kcuotr`hs ^\
Phfrs
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Fdd Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
GHO@O 61; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.09 6 1.09
GC\[YFOF 66; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
GXWB@OF NF[C 66> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KFJHWCCO 6;5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KFQH ^HWLH 85 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
H\E@CQ@F >5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.<5 6 6.<5
IEFOF 68< 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.>8 6 1.>8
IX@OHF*&**
9< 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
BHOPF >9 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
DH[C\EC 58 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
D@GHW@F 69 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 >.11 6 >.11
JFLFIF[KFW** ;7 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFDFY@ 6;> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFD@ 6<> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
JFXW@\FO@F
**
95 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.85 7 7.85JC]FJG@VXH 675 1 1.11 6 1.95 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.95
OFJ@G@F 666 6 1.01 6 1.01 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.56
O@IHW 670 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
WYFOLF ;9 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 7.97 6 7.97
[HOHIFD 680 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.>; < 7.86 8 ;.6<
[CX\E FNW@KF 6;6 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.9> 1 1.11 6 1.9>
[YF]@DFOL 89 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 ;.8; 7 ;.8;
\FO]FO@F 6<; 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.91 1 1.11 6 1.91
\EH IFJG@F 0; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
\CIC 617 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
XIFOLF 6<6 1 1.11 6 1.96 1 1.11 6 1.96 7 6.<7
]FJG@F 688 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.>8 6 1.>8
\C\FD FNW@KF 79>9 6 1.1< ; 1.66 ; 1.66 68 1.8< 77 1.51Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Fnr̀ kf Whi`co
Fiirfvfthl
Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Idcgfd
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
B`lofpp`oi
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih ><
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Qfih >8 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\hfrs B`lofpp`oi Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt Fdd Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
97<0 7 1.1; 60 1.7> 67 1.69 >0 1.08 617 6.<6
Kcuotr`hs ^\
hfrsB`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl
Fssfudt
Ctehr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Fdd Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
FDGFO@F 95 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
FWJHO@F 5< 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.;9 7 7.;9F]HWGF@MFO 617 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.05 6 1.05
GXDIFW@F 6<6 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 ; 7.6; ; 7.6;
KFJGCL@F 88 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.57 6 6.57
KE@OF 617 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
IHCWI@F* 68 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
MCWLFO 81 1 1.11 6 6.05 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.05
BF]FBE[\FO 67> 1 1.11 6 1.90 1 1.11 8 ;.09 > <.9>
BPWIP] WHQXGD@K 661 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.06 < ;.>< 8 <.8<
JFKHLCO@F 95 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 < 8.6; < 8.6;
JCDLC^F 671 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.>9 7 6.>9
JCOICD@F 66> 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.9; < ;.<> > 8.60
JCWCKKC 770 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.<< 7 1.59 ; 6.;6
QE@D@QQ@OH[ 677 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.57 6 1.57
WCJFO@F 679 1 1.11 6 1.90 1 1.11 6 1.90 7 6.89
\EF@DFOL 00 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 6.16 6 6.16
\XWBJHO@[\FO 96 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.56 7 7.56
XBWF@OH 79; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 1.9; 7 1.9;
\C\FD HJF 7611 1 1.11 ; 1.6< < 1.60 ;8 6.>9 <7 7.11
Ocths6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths frh phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths frh phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
(kcot'l)
Idcgfd
HJF Whi`co
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\ Phfrs
B`lofpp`oi Fiirfvfthl
FssfudtCtehr Qeys`kfd
Fssfudt Fdd Qey s`kfd
Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
97<0 7 1.1; 60 1.7> 67 1.69 >0 1.08 617 6.<6
Kcuotr`hs ^\
hfrsB`lofpp`oi
Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt
Ctehr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot WfthGHD@]H >8 1 1.11 6 6.8; 6 6.8; 6 6.8; ; <.>1
GCD@^@F** 6 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KC[\F W@KF 66< 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.55 1 1.11 6 1.55
LCJ@O@KFO WHQXGD@K 657 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.88 6 1.88 7 6.61
HF[\HWO KFW@GGHFO 0> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
HKXFLCW 6>7 1 1.11 6 1.>7 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.>7
HD [FD^FLCW 6;0 1 1.11 7 6.<< 1 1.11 6 1.97 ; 7.68
N@M@ >7 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
IXF\HJFDF 605 1 1.11 7 6.16 6 1.86 7 6.16 8 7.8;
IXPFOF >5 6 6.<5 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.0> ; <.<<ECOLXWF[ 65< 1 1.11 6 1.8< 1 1.11 6 1.8< 7 6.10
MFJF@KF 5> 1 1.11 6 6.6> 1 1.11 6 6.6> 7 7.;7
JHU@KC 86 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
J@KWCOH[@F 8< 1 1.11 7 ;.91 6 6.58 1 1.11 ; 8.88
O@KFWFIXF 656 1 1.11 6 1.88 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.88
QFOFJF 6>0 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.65 7 6.65
QFWFIXFP 60; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.1; 7 6.1;
QHWX 6>5 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 1.>1 6 1.>1
[FJCF <; 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 <.>9 7 <.>9
[XW@OFJH <7 1 1.11 7 <.90 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 <.90\COIF <0 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
^FOXF\X 9> 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 ; ;.08 ; ;.08
\C\FD @FQ 7;57 6 1.1< 6; 1.88 8 1.76 60 1.51 ;5 6.>1Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Idcgfd
@FQ Whi`co
Fdd Qey s`kfd Fssfudt
Qeys`kfd Fssfudt Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
Jfmcr Qeys`kfd Fssfudt
(kcot'l)
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih >>
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 68/78
Qfih >9 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\ Phfrs
Hvhot Wfth
97<0 <0 1.>5
Kcuotr`hs ^\ Phfrs
Hvhot Wfth
GHO@O 61; 1 1.11
GC\[YFOF 66; 1 1.11
GXWB@OF NF[C 66> 1 1.11
KFJHWCCO 6;5 1 1.11
KFQH ^HWLH 85 6 6.9;
H\E@CQ@F >5 6 6.<5IEFOF 68< 6 1.>8
IX@OHF*&**
9< 1 1.11
BHOPF >9 1 1.11
DH[C\EC 58 1 1.11
D@GHW@F 69 1 1.11
JFLFIF[KFW**
;7 1 1.11
JFDFY@ 6;> 1 1.11
JFD@ 6<> 1 1.11
JFXW@\FO@F** 95 6 6.70
JC]FJG@VXH 675 6 1.95OFJ@G@F 666 1 1.11
O@IHW 670 1 1.11
WYFOLF ;9 7 8.<;
[HOHIFD 680 6 1.>;
[CX\E FNW@KF 6;6 6 1.9>
[YF]@DFOL 89 6 6.9>
\FO]FO@F 6<; 6 1.91
\EH IFJG@F 0; 1 1.11
\CIC 617 7 6.0>
XIFOLF 6<6 1 1.11
]FJG@F 688 7 6.70
\C\FD FNW@KF 79>9 68 1.8<Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 ^\ yhfrs.
\erhft
\erhft
Idcgfd
Fnr`kf Whi`co
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\ Phfrs
Hvhot Wfth
97<0 <0 1.>5
Kcuotr`hs ^\
Phfrs\erhft
Hvhot Wfth
FDGFO@F 95 1 1.11
FWJHO@F 5< 1 1.11
F]HWGF@MFO 617 6 1.05
GXDIFW@F 6<6 7 6.<7
KFJGCL@F 88 1 1.11
KE@OF 617 1 1.11
IHCWI@F* 68 1 1.11
MCWLFO 81 6 6.05
BF]FBE[\FO 67> 1 1.11
BPWIP] WHQXGD@K 661 1 1.11
JFKHLCO@F 95 1 1.11
JCDLC^F 671 7 6.>9
JCOICD@F 66> 6 1.59
JCWCKKC 770 6 1.<<
QE@D@QQ@OH[ 677 6 1.57
WCJFO@F 679 1 1.11
\EF@DFOL 00 1 1.11
\XWBJHO@[\FO 96 1 1.11
XBWF@OH 79; 1 1.11
\C\FD HJF 7611 0 1.<;Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Idcgfd
HJF Whi`co
\erhft
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih >5
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Qfih >0 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\ Phfrs
Hvhot Wfth
97<0 <0 1.>5
Kcuotr`hs ^\
Phfrs
\erhft
Hvhot Wfth
GHD@]H >8 6 6.8;
GCD@^@F** 6 1 1.11
KC[\F W@KF 66< 1 1.11
LCJ@O@KFO WHQXGD@K 657 7 6.61
HF[\HWO KFW@GGHFO 0> 1 1.11
HKXFLCW 6>7 1 1.11
HD [FD^FLCW 6;0 1 1.11
N@M@ >7 1 1.11
IXF\HJFDF 605 6 1.86
IXPFOF >5 1 1.11
ECOLXWF[ 65< 8 7.97
MFJF@KF 5> 1 1.11
JHU@KC 86 1 1.11
J@KWCOH[@F 8< 1 1.11
O@KFWFIXF 656 1 1.11
QFOFJF 6>0 1 1.11
QFWFIXFP 60; 6 1.87
QHWX 6>5 1 1.11
[FJCF <; ; 9.11
[XW@OFJH <7 7 <.90\COIF <0 6 7.18
^FOXF\X 9> 0 66.5>
\C\FD @FQ 7;57 78 6.18Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fo l Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 61 1 ^\ yhfrs.
@FQ Whi`co
\erhft
\erhft Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh
Wfth (7110)
(kcot'l)
Idcgfd
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 71/78
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\
PhfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jh
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
97<0 691 7.;8 ;<6 <.91 96< 0.58 0 1.67 67;< 69.17
Kcuotr`hs ^\
PhfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jh
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
GHO@O 61; 8 <.59 7 6.08 8 <.59 1 1.11 67 66.>5
GC\[YFOF 66; 8 <.<6 9 >.65 9 >.65 1 1.11 60 6>.99
GXWB@OF NF[C 66> < ;.<8 61 5.>7 > 8.69 1 1.11 71 69.7<
KFJHWCCO 6;5 7 6.<8 9 8.10 8 ;.>< 6 1.9; 68 61.06
KFQH ^HWLH 85 7 ;.<8 7 ;.<8 6 6.9; 1 1.11 8 5.>;
H\E@CQ@F >5 7 7.08 6 6.<5 6< 71.>8 1 1.11 69 78.15
IEFOF 68< 6 1.>8 8 ;.7< 9 <.8; 1 1.11 6; 5.<7
IX@OHF*&**
9< 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 7.>0 1 1.11 7 7.>0
BHOPF >9 7 ;.11 8 9.86 69 78.87 1 1.11 7< ;>.1;
DH[C\EC 58 > 9.1< 6 6.69 1 1.11 1 1.11 9 5.77
D@GHW@F 69 1 1.11 7 66.00 ; 69.00 6 >.11 > ;8.09
JFLFIF[KFW**
;7 6 ;.69 7 >.;< 6 ;.69 1 1.11 < 67.>5
JFDFY@ 6;> ; 7.76 5 8.01 68 66.18 6 1.9< 79 60.01
JFD@ 6<> ; 7.1> 8 ;.<; 65 67.;8 6 1.>0 79 65.87
JFXW@\FO@F** 95 1 1.11 7 7.85 6 6.70 1 1.11 ; ;.59
JC]FJG@VXH 675 8 ;.07 7< 65.57 6; 61.60 1 1.11 <7 ;7.0;
OFJ@G@F 666 9 >.;; 61 0.1< 66 0.0< 1 1.11 75 78.;6O@IHW 670 6 1.99 0 >.0> > <.>< 1 1.11 6> 67.;5
WYFOLF ;9 1 1.11 7 8.<; 5 76.9< 1 1.11 61 79.69
[HOHIFD 680 < 7.86 9 <.<1 7> 6>.;; 1 1.11 ;9 7;.7<
[CX\E FNW@KF 6;6 9 8.;< 5 >.66 6< 61.>5 1 1.11 70 77.6;
[YF]@DFOL 89 1 1.11 ; 8.70 9 67.;8 1 1.11 61 69.><
\FO]FO@F 6<; ; 7.61 66 9.96 ; 7.61 1 1.11 69 66.06
\EH IFJG@F 0; 7 7.68 5 5.>7 6< 68.15 1 1.11 7< 78.58
\CIC 617 1 1.11 5 9.5; > 8.55 1 1.11 6< 6;.96
XIFOLF 6<6 ; 7.6; 6> 66.;5 71 6<.7; 1 1.11 ;0 79.9<
]FJG@F 688 6 1.>8 69 61.05 71 67.07 1 1.11 ;5 7<.8<
\C\FD FNW@KF 79>9 >0 7.<0 657 >.85 781 0.1; < 1.6< 818 65.78
Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Fnr̀ kf Whi`co
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 91
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Qfih 96 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\
hfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jh
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
97<0 691 7.;8 ;<6 <.91 96< 0.58 0 1.67 67;< 69.17
Kcuotr`hs ^\
hfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
FDGFO@F 95 1 1.11 8 >.;9 61 67.9< 1 1.11 68 60.66
FWJHO@F 5< 1 1.11 1 1.11 8 8.0; 1 1.11 8 8.0;
F]HWGF@MFO 617 1 1.11 1 1.11 9 >.59 1 1.11 9 >.59
GXDIFW@F 6<6 6 1.96 1 1.11 < 7.5; 6 1.96 > <.78
KFJGCL@F 88 1 1.11 6 6.57 8 0.61 1 1.11 > 61.07
KE@OF 617 7 6.0> 6 1.05 66 61.51 1 1.11 6< 6;.9<
IHCWI@F* 68 1 1.11 1 1.11 6 >.86 1 1.11 6 >.86
MCWLFO 81 1 1.11 7 ;.09 < 9.0< 1 1.11 > 66.01
BF]FBE[\FO 67> 7 6.80 7 6.80 6 1.90 1 1.11 8 ;.09
BPWIP]
WHQXGD@K 661 7 6.57 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 7 6.57JFKHLCO@F 95 1 1.11 1 1.11 9 5.09 1 1.11 9 5.09
JCDLC^F 671 6 1.5< 6 1.5< 67 61.1< 6 1.5< 68 67.88
JCOICD@F 66> 7 6.9; 6 1.59 6; 66.78 1 1.11 6> 6;.58
JCWCKKC 770 < 6.9< 6 1.<< 67 8.7; 1 1.11 69 9.<6
QE@D@QQ@OH[ 677 6 1.57 7 6.>; 8 <.10 1 1.11 5 >.8<
WCJFO@F 679 6 1.90 1 1.11 < ;.68 1 1.11 8 ;.0;
\EF@DFOL 00 1 1.11 7 7.17 6 6.16 1 1.11 ; ;.17
\XWBJHO@[\FO 96 6 6.<1 7 7.56 ; <.76 1 1.11 > 5.<7
XBWF@OH 79; < 6.<> < 6.<> 6< 8.67 1 1.11 77 5.18
\C\FD HJF 7611 76 6.11 7< 6.6< 660 8.>9 7 1.61 6>> 9.01
Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths frh phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths frh phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jh
Qrcphrty Kr`jh Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
(kcot'l)
Idcgfd
HJF Whi`co
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x H= Idcgfd, Whi`cofd, fol Qcst Kr`jh ^cdujh fol Wfths(7110)
Fdd Kcuotr`hs ^\
PhfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jhHvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth
97<0 691 7.;8 ;<6 <.91 96< 0.58 0 1.67 67;< 69.17
Kcuotr`hs ^\
PhfrsWcgghry Guridfry \ehnt ^folfd`sj
Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot Wfth Hvhot WfthGHD@]H >8 6 6.8; 7 ;.19 8 9.>9 1 1.11 5 67.75
GCD@^@F** 6 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11 1 1.11
KC[\F W@KF 66< 6 1.55 0 9.06 75 7<.>6 1 1.11 ;5 ;;.<1
LCJ@O@KFO WHQXGD@K 657 < 7.71 79 6<.58 ;0 76.<8 1 1.11 91 ;5.81
HF[\HWO KFW@GGHFO 0> 6 6.1< 67 67.<5 < <.6> 1 1.11 69 69.>5
HKXFLCW 6>7 0 8.89 8 ;.10 75 69.;; 1 1.11 <7 7>.11
HD [FD^FLCW 6;0 67 5.>7 > <.;6 5 8.9< 1 1.11 7> 65.>9
N@M@ >7 6 6.>6 8 5.1> 8 5.1> 1 1.11 66 69.9;
IXF\HJFDF 605 < 7.17 > ;.1; <; 76.9; 1 1.11 8; 7>.95
IXPFOF >5 7 7.0> 9 61.;8 > 5.59 1 1.11 68 77.65ECOLXWF[ 65< 6> 5.91 < 7.69 ;6 6>.58 1 1.11 86 79.97
MFJF@KF 5> 7 7.;7 6 6.6> 0 61.<8 1 1.11 67 6;.0;
JHU@KC 86 6 6.05 1 1.11 7 ;.0> 6 6.05 < 9.07
J@KWCOH[@F 8< 1 1.11 6 6.58 ; 8.88 1 1.11 < 9.<6
O@KFWFIXF 656 0 <.0> 6> 5.57 ;> 60.58 1 1.11 >6 ;;.><
QFOFJF 6>0 ; 6.95 8 7.0> 65 61.>> 1 1.11 7> 68.<1
QFWFIXFP 60; > ;.61 66 8.>0 ;; 69.1> 6 1.87 86 7>.;9
QHWX 6>5 9 <.69 7 6.60 77 6;.67 1 1.11 ;6 65.<5
[FJCF <; 1 1.11 8 66.>> 0 71.00 6 7.;; 68 ;<.00
[XW@OFJH <7 6 7.<1 8 66.05 8 66.05 1 1.11 66 7>.;8\COIF <0 1 1.11 ; >.6> < 5.76 1 1.11 9 6<.;9
^FOXF\X 9> 1 1.11 ; ;.08 9 0.77 1 1.11 61 6;.69
\C\FD @FQ 7;57 51 ;.;> 6;8 8.>9 ;<8 6<.<0 ; 1.6; 8>; 7;.><Ocths
6.* Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs cphohl cr rhcphohl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Ihcri`f, Iu`ohf
7.** Qhfkh Kcrps kcuotr`hs suspholhl `o kfdholfr yhfr 7110= Gcd`v`f, Iu`ohf, Jflfifskfr, Jfur`tfo`f
;. Ncr [hxufd Fssfudts, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 Nhjfdh ^\ yhfrs.
Ncr Qeys`kfd Fssfudts, \erhfts, fol Qrcphrty Kr`jhs, `ok`lhokh rfths fr h phr 611 ^\ yhfrs.
Idcgfd
Qrcphrty Kr`jh Hvhots fol @ok`lhokh Wfth (7110)
(kcot'l)
Fdd Qrcphrty
Kr`jh
@FQ Whi`co
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 97
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 74/78
Qfih 9; [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr Wfph, Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt, folWcgghry Hvhots (7110)
Kefrfkthr`st`k O % O % O %
Iholhr=Jfdh 6 9 61 8; >6 ;>
Nhjfdh 6; 59 0 <9 610 ><
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fih (yhfrs)=
471s 1 1 1 1 1 1
71s 67 51 69 50 6<6 5;
;1s 6 9 1 1 9 <
<1s 1 1 1 1 8 ;
81s 1 1 1 1 9 <
>1s 1 1 6 8 7 6
91s 1 1 1 1 1 1
51s 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 7 6; 6 8 5 8
Hteo`k`ty=
Fnr`kfo Fjhr`kfo 7 6; 6 8 8 ;
Fjhr`kfo @ol`fo 1 1 1 1 ; 7
Fs`fo Fjhr`kfo/Qfk`n`k @sdfolhr 1 1 6 8 0 8
E`spfo`k Fjhr`kfo 6 9 1 1 66 >
Ye`th 0 >1 68 90 678 9<
Jcrh \efo Coh cn teh Fgcvh 6 9 6 8 8 ;
Ctehr Hteo`k`ty 1 1 1 1 1 1
Qrhnhr Oc t tc Whspcol 1 1 1 1 ; 7
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 7 6; 6 8 0 8
Whdft`cose`p cn Fssf`dfot=
Nr`hol/Fkquf`otfokh > <1 ; 6> 1 1
[trfoihr < 79 66 85 6>1 0<
Kc‑Ycrbhr/Jfofihjhot 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ctehr ^cduothhr 6 9 1 1 1 1
Ctehr 6 9 7 66 7 6
Qhfkh Kcrps [tfnn 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ecst Kcuotry Nfj`dy Jhjghr 7 6; 7 66 1 1
Dckfd Dfw Honcrkhjhot 6 9 6 8 1 1
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 5 8
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
\yph cn Kr`jh
Wcgghry
(O : 691)
Wfph Fiirfv fthl F ssfudt
(O : 68)* (O : 60)
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 75/78
Fpphol`x N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr Wfph, Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt, folWcgghry Hvhots (7110)
Kefrfkthr`st`k O % O % O %
Jct`vh=Qhrscofd L`sfirhhjhot 1 1 < 76 6 6
[thfd Qrcphrty 1 1 7 66 6>9 05
[hxufd Fkt`v`ty 6< 0; 6 8 1 1
Ctehr 1 1 6 8 1 1
Efth Kr`jh 1 1 7 66 6 6
^`cdhokh 1 1 8 7> 6 6
Xobocwo 6 9 < 76 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dckft`co cn `ok`lhot=
Qugd`k Frhf < 79 0 <9 67< 9;
^cduothhr Whs`lhokh 8 ;; ; 6> 0 8
Oco‑^cduothhr Whs`lhokh 8 ;; 7 66 7 6
\rfospcrt 1 1 ; 6> ;1 65
Kcjjhrk`fd Hstfgd`sejhot 6 9 7 66 8 ;
Ycrbpdfkh 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ctehr 1 1 1 1 1 1
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Yhfpco Xsh=Phs 7 6; 6> 5< 0; 88
Oc 6; 59 ; 6> 99 <8
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
\yph cn Yhfpco
Oc Yhfpco 6; 59 ; 6> 99 <8
Bo`nh/[efrp Cgmhkt 7 6; 7 66 <9 75
Iuo 1 1 61 8; ;; 60
Gduot Cgmhkt 1 1 7 66 9 <
Ctehr 1 1 7 66 < 7
Lrui 1 1 1 1 1 1
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 7 6
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
\yph cn Kr`jh
Wfph Fiirfv fthl F ssfudt Wcgghry
(O : 68)* (O :60) (O : 691)
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 9<
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 76/78
Qfih 98 [FNH\P CN \EH ^CDXO\HHW 7110
Fpphol`x N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr Wfph, Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt, folWcgghry Hvhots (7110)
Kefrfkthr`st`k O % O % O %
^cduothhr Fkkcjpfo`hl=Phs ; 71 5 <7 89 ;<
Oc 67 51 66 85 66; >>
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Oc. cn Fssf`dfots=
6 6; 59 6> 5< >; ;9
7 7 6; 6 8 >9 ;0
;+ 1 1 7 66 <1 7<
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
\`jh cn Ckkurrhokh=
Jcro`oi (> f.j. tc 66=80 f.j.) 1 1 8 7> 79 6>
Fnthrocco (Occo tc 8=80 p.j.) 6 9 ; 6> 81 70
Hvho`oi (> p.j. tc 66=80 p.j.) < 79 9 ;9 >7 ;>
O`iet/Hfrdy Jcro`oi (J`lo`iet tc
8=80 f.j.) 61 >9 < 76 ;6
65
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lfy cn Yhhb=
Yhhbhol (Nr`. ‑ [uo.) 5 8; 67 >; 01 8;
Yhhblfy (Jco. ‑ \eurs.) 9 <9 9 ;9 51 <9
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 1 1
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Jcotes `o [hrv`kh=
1 tc > jcotes > <1 ; 6> <; 78
9 tc 67 jcotes < 79 ; 6> <6 7<
67 tc
65
jcotes ; 71 < 76 ;5 77
60 tc 7< jcotes 1 1 5 <7 ;7 60
78 tc ;1 jcotes 6 9 1 1 6; 5
;6 tc ;> jcotes 1 1 6 8 7 6
J`ss`oi Lftf 6 9 1 1 6 6
Wfph Fiirfv fthl F ssfudt Wcgghry
\yph cn Kr`jh
(O : 68)* (O : 60) (O : 691)
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-the-safety-of-the-volunteer-2009 77/78
Fpphol`x N= Lhjcirfpe`ks ncr Wfph, Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt, folWcgghry Hvhots (7110)
Kefrfkthr`st`k O % O % O %
Fdkcecd Xsh gy ^cduothhr=Phs 61 >9 ; 6> 6; 5
Oc < 79 6; >5 6;5 56
Xobocwo 6 9 ; 6> 60 66
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
@othot`co tc Qrcshkuth=
Phs 8 ;; 8 7> <> 79
Oc 0 >1 61 8; 90 <>
Xolhk`lhl 6 9 7 66 6< 5
Xobocwo 1 1 7 66 ;6 65
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ckkurrhl ft ^cduothhr [`th
Phs > 1 5 <7 81 70
Oc 0 1 66 85 660 91
Xobocwo 1 1 1 1 6 6
J`ss`oi Lftf 1 1 1 1 1 1
*Ocths 6. O : Oujghr cn `ok`lhots rhpcrthl.
7. [cjh phrkhotfihs lc oc t hqufd 611 phrkhot lu h tc rcuol`oi.
(O : 68)* (O : 60) (O : 691)
\yph cn Kr`jh
Wfph Fiirfvfthl Fssfudt Wcgghry
^C D XJ H 66 Qfih 9>
8/8/2019 Peace Corps The Safety of the volunteer 2009
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Fpphol`x I= Kcuotry cn @ok`lhot kcjpfrhl w`te Kcuotry cn[hrv`kh (7110)
^cduothhrs shrv`oi `o . . . Fdsc rhpcrthl . . .
Fdgfo`f \ehnt `o Krcft`f*
Guridfry ‑
Oc Fssfudt
`o
@tfdy*
Gho`o \ehnt `o Gurb`of Nfsc
Gctswfof \ehnt `o Jczfjg`quh
Kfjgcl`f \ehnt `o Jfdfys`f*
Iuyfof \ehnt `o Qfofjf
Ecolurfs Wcgghry `o Lcj`o`kfo Whpugd`k
\ehnt `o Iufthjfdf
Wcgghry `o Qhru
Dhsctec Wfph `o ]fjg`f
Jfkhlco`f \ehnt `o Gudifr`f
\ehnt `o Euoifry*
\ehnt `o [pf`o*
Jfd` Wcgghry `o \cic
Jcdlcvf \ehnt `o Irhhkh*
\ehnt `o @tfdy*
\ehnt `o Wcjfo`f
\ehnt `o Xbrf`oh
Qfrfiufy 7 \ehnts `o Frihot`of*
Wcgghry `o Frihot`of*
Wcgghry `o
Xruiufy*
[ur`ofjh \ehnt `o Nrfokh*
\ehnt `o Jhx`kc
[wfz`dfol Guridfry ‑ Oc Fssfudt `o [cute Fnr`kf
\eh Ifjg`f \ehnt `o Jfd`
\cic Guridfry ‑ Oc Fssfudt `o Gho`o
]fjg`f \ehnt `o Jfdfw`
*Oct f kurrhot Qhfkh Kcrps pcst.
Octh= @o 7110, 75 `ok`lhots ckkurrhl `o f kcuotry ctehr tefo teh ^cduothhr's kcuotry