CONTENTS PEACE STUDIES, PUBLIC POLICY AND GLOBAL SECURITY
Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 546 ISBN: 978-1-84826-344-4 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-794-7 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 478 ISBN: 978-1-84826-345-1 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-795-4 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 3 No. of Pages: 482 ISBN: 978-1-84826-346-8 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-796-1 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 4 No. of Pages: 494 ISBN: 978-1-84826-347-5 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-797-8 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 5 No. of Pages: 508 ISBN: 978-1-84826-348-2 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-798-5 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 6 No. of Pages: 482 ISBN: 978-1-84826-349-9 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-799-2 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 7 No. of Pages: 502 ISBN: 978-1-84826-350-5 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-800-5 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 8 No. of Pages: 496 ISBN: 978-1-84826-351-2 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-801-2 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 9 No. of Pages: 476 ISBN: 978-1-84826-352-9 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-802-9 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 10 No. of Pages: 510 ISBN: 978-1-84826-353-6 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-803-6 (Print Volume) Peace Studies, Public Policy And Global Security - Volume 11 No. of Pages: 504 ISBN: 978-1-84826-354-3 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-804-3 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected]
Processes of Peace and Security 1 Úrsula Oswald Spring, CRIM/UNAM/MRF Chair UNU-EHS, México 1. Some General Comments 2. Key Messages of this Volume 3. Some Conclusive Ideas International Security, Peace, Development, and Environment 21 Úrsula Oswald Spring, CRIM/UNAM/Coltlax, México 1. Introduction 2. Historical Roots of Peace Thinking
2.1. Indian Origins of Nonviolence: Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism 2.1.1. Hinduism 2.1.2. Jainism 2.1.3. Buddhism 2.1.4. Mohandas K. Gandhi’s thinking
2.2. Confucius and Lao Tse: Chinese Origins of Peaceful Co-habitation 2.3. Greek, Rome, Christianity, Kant and Marx
2.3.1. Greek and Christian Origins 2.3.2. Private Property and Patriarchy 2.3.3 State, Division of Power and Democracy 2.3.4. Social Contract and Social Struggles 2.3.5. Kant’s Eternal Peace and Cooperation among Countries, Social Classes and Within the Family 2.3.6. Globalization and New Threats to Peace
3. Latin America: Indigenous Roots, Conquest, Repression, Social Movements and the Environment 3.1. Indigenous Roots 3.2. Conquest and Industrialization 3.3. Revolution, Repression and Social Movements 3.4. Social Movements 3.5. Peace Research in Latin America Linked to Global Peace Efforts
4. HUGE: Human, Gender and Environmental Security 5. Some Conclusive Approaches Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnerability and Risks 102 Hans Günter Brauch, Otto-Suhr Institute for Political Science, Free University of Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction: Four Security Dangers: Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks 2. Impact of Global Contextual Change since 1990 and of Scientific Change on Reconceptualization of
Security 2.1. Global Contextual Change as a Cause for Reconceptualizing for Security 2.2. Scientific Innovation and Reconceptualization of Security 2.3. Widening and Deepening of Security: Environmental and Human Security Concept
3. Reconceptualizing Security Threats after the Cold War 3.1. Etymological Origins of the Term "Threat" 3.2. Security Threats as a Political and as a Scientific Concept during the Cold War 3.3. Security Threats as a Political and as a Scientific Concept after the Cold War 3.4. Environmental Security Threats in the New Millennium
4. Reconceptualizing Security Challenges after the Cold War 4.1. Etymological Origins of the Term "Challenge"
4.2. Security Challenges as a Political and as a Scientific Concept after the Cold War 4.3. Environmental Security Challenges in the New Millennium
5. Reconceptualizing Security Vulnerabilities after the Cold War 5.1. Etymological Origins of the Term "Vulnerability" 5.2. Vulnerability as a Political and as a Scientific Concept in the Academic Literature 5.3. Vulnerability as a Scientific Concept in the Global Change Community 5.4. Vulnerability as a Political and as a Scientific Concept in the Climate Community 5.5. Vulnerability as a Political and as a Scientific Concept in the Hazard Community
6. Reconceptualizing Security Risks after the Cold War 6.1. Etymological Origins of the Term "Risk" 6.2. Risk as a Political and as a Scientific Concept in Encyclopedias 6.3. Risk as a Political and as a Scientific Concept in Scientific Dictionaries 6.4. The Debate on "Risk" and "Risk Society" in the Social Sciences 6.5. The Debate on "Risk", "Risk Society" and "Risk Policy" in Political Science 6.6. Global and Regional Environmental Risk as a Scientific Concept 6.7. Risk as a Scientific Concept in the Hazard Community 6.8. Risk as a Practical Concept in the Hazard Community
7. Conclusions Four Phases of Research on Environment and Security 141 Hans Günter Brauch, Otto-Suhr Institute for Political Science, Free University of Berlin, Germany
1. Introduction 2. First Research Phase: Impacts of Wars and of the Military on the Environment 3. Second Research Phase: Environmental Scarcity and Conflict
3.1. Thomas Homer-Dixon and the Toronto Group 3.2. Günther Bächler and the Swiss ENCOP Group 3.3. Assessments of the Second Phase of Research
4. Third Research Phase on the Environment, Conflict and Conflict Resolution 4.1. Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) 4.2. ECOMAN, ECONILE and NCCR IP7 4.3. Syndrome Approach of the German Scientific Advisory Council on Global Change 4.4. Mitigating Syndromes for Global Change 4.5. US State Failure Task Force Project 4.6. Classifications and Analyses of the Causes of War 4.7. The Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database 4.8. A Preliminary Assessment of the Third Research Phase
5. Recent Critiques of the Environmental Security Debate and International Activities 5.1. Critique of Research on Environmental Security and Conflict 5.2. U.S. Challenges of USA Environmental Security Debate 5.3. From Environmental Conflict to Environmental Peacemaking 5.4. Critiques for and by the World Bank 5.5. From Research to Action: International Policy Activities since 1990 in the UN and EU
6. Towards a Fourth Phase of Human and Environmental Security and Peace (HESP) 6.1. Essentials for Research on Human and Environmental Security and Peace (HESP) 6.2. Pragmatic Grotian View on Security and Equity-oriented Standpoint on the Environment 6.3. Normative People-centered Human Security Perspective 6.4. Interdisciplinary Regional Focus of a Political Geoecology 6.5. Multilateral International Organizations as Key Actors 6.6. Policy Goal: Contributing to a "Culture of Prevention" 6.7. Creation of Knowledge that Contributes to Pro-Active Policy Initiatives 6.8. Institutionalization of Basic and Applied Research
6.8.1. GECHS: Global Environmental Change and Human Security 6.8.2. UNU-Institute on Environment and Human Security UNU-EHS 6.8.3. PRIO-Center for the Study of Civil Wars (Oslo) 6.8.4. Science Partnerships on Mitigating Syndromes of Global Change (Bern)
6.9. Networking among Scientists and Practitioners
6.10. Dissemination of Policy-Relevant Information 7. Conclusions
The Model: Global Environmental Change, Political Process and Extreme Outcomes 186 Hans Günter Brauch, Otto-Suhr Institute for Political Science, Free University of Berlin, Germany
1. Introduction 2. The Model 3. Natural Causes: Global Environmental Change 4. Global and Socio-economic Contexts 5. Impacts: Environmental Scarcity, Degradation and Stress 6. Extreme and Fatal Outcomes of Global Change and Environmental Stress 7. Societal Consequences of Extreme Outcomes 8. Political Process: Responding to Societal Consequences of Extreme Outcomes 9. Conclusions for Policy-relevant Research Needs Humankind and Consumption of Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources: Limits of Growth as a Challenge or Unlimited Growth as a Solution? 213 Frans C. Verhagen, Research and Education, Earth and Peace Education Associates International (EPE), USA 1. Introduction
1.1. Earth Summit 1992 1.2. Unjust distribution of resources 1.3. Questions being raised using the ATM methodology 1.4. Organization 1.5. Information and readiness for responsibility
2. Humankind and Resources: Analyzing 2.1. The historical view
2.1.1. The long view 2.1.2. The medium historical view 2.1.3. The short historical North American perspective
2.2. Anthropocentric and biocentric orientations 2.3. Conclusions from historical analysis
2.3.1. Constant change and evolution of attitudes 2.3.2. Evolution of notion of resources 2.3.3. Unjust distribution of resources
2.3.3.1. Poverty and food insecurity as examples of mal-distribution 2.3.4. Militarization of resources 2.3.5. Interconnectedness of resources in a globalizing world
2.4. Section conclusion 3. Humankind and Resources: Theory
3.1. Theory and values 3.1.1. Science, objectivity, bias, ideology, values 3.1.2. Earth Charter values as a guide to resources use
3.2. Unmasking growthism, resourcism and other ideologies 3.3. Building towards a theory of sustainability
3.3.1. The challenge of wedding the technical and normative dimensions 3.3.2. Ecological economics and a theory of sustainability 3.3.3. A sociology of sustainability and a theory of sustainability 3.3.4. The sustainable communities and smart growth movements
3.4. The contextual sustainability planning and accounting framework 3.4.1. Organizing value of ecological integrity 3.4.2. The four contextual values
3.4.2.1. Social justice 3.4.2.2. Active non-violence
3.4.3. The three foundational assumptions 3.4.3.1. Biocentrism 3.4.3.2. Bioregionalism 3.4.3.3. Cosmogenesis
3.4.4. Applying the CS framework 3.5. Answers to questions of humans, resources and growth strategies
3.5.1. Uncontrolled growth as a solution 3.5.2. Control of growth as a challenge
3.5.2.1. Use of renewable and non-renewable resources 3.5.3. Values and growth 3.5.4. The sustainability continuum and resources
3.6. Connections to peace and peace education 3.7. Connections to security 3.8. Section conclusion
4. Humankind and Resources: Mobilization 4.1. The need for boldness 4.2. The challenge of personal transformation, conversion, metanoia 4.3. Pathways to mobilizing societies
4.3.1. United Nations family of organizations 4.3.2. Formal educational institutions 4.3.3. NGOs and Green Movement 4.3.4. Religious traditions 4.3.5. Corporations 4.3.6. National governments
4.4. Section conclusion 5. Conclusion
5.1. Need for a holistic view and a value-based theory of sustainability. 5.2. Sophisticated use of resources 5.3. Channing’s symphony of life poem
Gender and Violence. Diversity and Difference 267 Irene Casique Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,Av,Universidad , Mexico 1. Introduction 2. Violence, Diversity and Differences.
2.1. Different types of violence 2.2. Diversity in the experience of violence
3. Gender and Violence. 3.1. Different types of violence against women 3.2. Causes of Gender Based Violence 3.3. Risk Factors of Violence against Women 3.4. Consequences of Gender Violence
4. Conclusions Citizenship and Peace Education 281 Medardo Tapia Uribe, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 1. Introduction 2. Education for citizenship in times of peace 3. Education for peace in an ethnic conflict or in time of war 4. Education for peace after war 5. Discussion and final comments
4. Four Phases of Gender Security Studies 4.1. First Phase: Analysis of Identity and Social Representation 4.2. Gender Security in Difficulties 4.3. Second Phase: Postmodern Feminism and Gift Economy 4.4. Third Phase: Environmental Degradation and Ecofeminism 4.5. Fourth phase: Social Movements
5. HUGE: Human, Gender and Environmental Security 6. Some Conclusive Ideas Engendering Security 344 Bernedette Muthien, Engender, South Africa
1. Introduction: Is Security Gendered? 2. Contesting Security
2.1. National Security 2.2. Human Security
3. Engendering Security 3.1. The Uncivil War Against Women: Gender as Society's Battle Line
3.1.1. Othering and oppressions 3.1.2. Partnership and ‘Matriarchy’ 3.1.3. The Origins of Gender Oppression
3.2. Gender-based violence 4. Rethinking Activisms 5. Conclusion Mediation: Empowering People for Better Understanding 364 Diana de la Rua Eugenio, Asociación Respuesta para la Paz (NGO), Buenos Aires, Argentina 1. From conflict to a Impartial Third Party 2. Mediation
2.1. What is it? Characteristics 2.2. Role and function of the mediator
3. Community Mediation 3.1. What is it about? 3.2. Community Mediation Centers 3.3. The community mediator
4. Mediation and Peace Building 5. Conclusions Peace Education and Teaching 383 Béjar Navarro Raúl, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Col. Chamilpa, México 1. Introduction
1.2. Teaching for Peace 2. Structural Violence 3. Conclusions What Does Professionalization Mean in Peace Research? 403 Johan Galtung, Transcend: A network for Peace and Development, Norway 1. On Professionalization in General
1.1. Range of skills 1.2. Professional code of conduct, 1.3. Pattern of accountability
2. Government Realism vs. Peace Movement Idealism: Tertium non datur? 3. There is a Demand Out There
3.1. Denmark vs. Islam, in Geneva. 3.2. Germany vs. the Herero people, in Windhoek. 3.3. Sri Lanka, in Wien. 3.4. Israel-Palestine, in Berlin. 3.5. Turkey-Armenia, in Istanbul. 3.6. The Kashmir issue, in New Delhi. 3.7. Myanmar, in Yangon. 3.8. Cambodia, in Phnom Penh. 3.9. Korea, in Seoul. 3.10. Japan-China/Korea, in Tokyo. 3.11. USA, in Washington. 3.12. Mexico, in Puebla.
4. The Code of Conduct and the Problem of Accountability 5. Time has Come, with Health Professionals as one Model 6. Conclusion Synchronizing Cultural and Structural changes towards Global Governance 417 Magnus Haavelsrud, Department of Education, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway 1. Introduction 2. Synchronism in Peace Education and Conflict Resolution 3. Variable Contextual Conditions
3.1. Four contextual conditions 3.2. Volume and composition of violence
4. Education as Praxis Index 429 About EOLSS 437
VOLUME II World Transition, Civil Courage, and Whistleblowing to Protect Social Peace 1 Antje Bultmann, Science Journalist, Member of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Deutsche Umweltstiftung Sauerlacherstraße 1, D-82515 Wolfratshausen, Germany 1. World Transition
1.1. Introduction 1.2. Expanding World Population and Limit of Resources
1.3. Western Civilization Causes Risks and Endangers Life 1.3.1. Consumerism as a Threat to the Planet 1.3.2. The Disastrous Role of Natural Science
1.4. Neo-liberalist Thinking and Acting 1.4.1. The Imposition of Dangers on People
2. Unloved Heroes of our Establishment – Examples 2.1. Guillermo Eguiazu demands Transparency in the Development of new Technologies 2.2. Wangari Maathai and her Non-violent Commitment to Democracy and the Environment 2.3. Mordechai Vanunu and the Secret which isn't 2.4. The Case of Nikitin - Environmentalist or Spy? 2.5. Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon-Papers 2.6. The "Little Soldier" Joseph M. Darby Serving for a Set Time 2.7. George Carlo - from Saulus to Paulus 2.8. Thamasaroj, the "Crazy Dog" - "If only they had listened" 2.9. Whistleblowing inside Enterprises and Authorities 2.10. Whistleblowing in the Case of State Secrets
3. Civil Courage 3.1. Civil Courage and Conscience 3.2. Learning Civil Courage from Role Models
4. Whistleblowing 4.1. Reaction out of Disappointment 4.2. Successful Whistleblowing 4.3. What you should know about Whistleblowing - the ABC of Whistleblowing 4.4. Protection Laws for Whistleblowers
4.4.1. Legality, Illegality, Legal Illegality 4.4.2. Protection of Whistleblowers 4.4.3. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 4.4.4. Military Whistleblower Protection Act, USA 4.4.5. The "Public Interest Disclosure Act", UK
5. Social Peace 5.1. The Sensitivity of Life Processes 5.2. Peter Ustinov in Davos 5.3. A new Security 5.4. Whistleblowing as an ‘Early Warning System’ for a Healthy Economy 5.5. Creating a Culture of Civil Courage 5.6. Awards and Rewards for whistleblowers
Peace Education through Peace Museums 30 Kazuyo Yamane,Department of Humanities, University of Kochi, Japan 1. Introduction 2. War Memory, War Museum and Peace Museum
2.1. Introduction 2.2. A Concept of War Memory 2.3. The Definition of a War Museum and a Peace Museum 2.4. A Comparison of Exhibits on War between a War Museum and a Peace Museum
2.4.1. Yushukan Museum in Yasukuni Shrine 2.4.2. Kyoto Museum for World Peace 2.4.3. The Memorial Hall of Chinas War of Resistance against Japan in China 2.4.4. The National Showa Memorial Museum
3. The Background of Peace Museums in Japan 3.1. Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution 3.2. Peace Movement 3.3. Conclusion
4. The Growth of Japanese Peace Museums from an International Perspective 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Categorization of Peace Museums
4.3. An Overview of Japanese Peace Museums in the World 4.4. Peace Museums in the World except Japan 4.5. Peace Museums in Japan 4.6. 100 Peace Museums in the World including Japan
5. Characteristics and Problems of Peace Museums in Japan 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The Purpose of Establishing a Peace Museum 5.3. The Way of Establishing Peace Museums 5.4. The Contents of Exhibitions 5.5. The Types of Activities 5.6. International Network and Japanese Citizens' Network of Peace Museums 5.7. Peace Museum Projects in Japan
6. Characteristics of Japanese Peace Museums 7. Conclusions Civil Resistance and Nonviolence. 100 Pietro Ameglio Patella, Humanities Department in the Christian Brothers University of Cuernavaca, Mexico 1. Introduction 2. Civil Resistance: What should we look towards? 3. Civil Resistance and Autonomy Natural Disasters And Early Warning In The Context Of Human Security 110 Juan Carlos Villagran de Leon, Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Fatalities, injuries, and human security 3. Natural disasters in the context of security 4. Early warning as a means to minimize loss of lives in case of natural disasters 5. People-centered early warning systems 6. Current limitations in early warning 7. Concluding remarks Sustainable Development With Peace Building And Human Security 126 Úrsula Oswald Spring , National Autonomous University of Mexico/CRIM, Av. Universidad s/n, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., México 1. Some Introductory Comments
1.1 Definitions 2. Pattern of Historical Development
2.1 Evolution of Political Ideas 2.2 The Pattern of Military Supremacy 2.3 Economic Development 2.4 Models of Poverty Stricken Societies 2.5 Environmental Damages Suffered 2.6 Cultural and Scientific Impacts on Development
3. Suggestion for Changes in the Prevailing Model: Culture of Peace with Diversity 3.1 Political Negotiation for Peace Building 3.2 Human Security to Prevail Over Militarizaton, Armed Terror, and Violence 3.3 Economic Development with a Human Purpose: Need-Driven Instead of Profit-Driven 3.4 Poverty Alleviation, Gender Equality, and Social Justice based on Human Needs 3.5 Environmental Security, Sustainability and Rational Management of Natural Resources 3.6 Cultural Diversity and Scientific Development in Favor of the Majorities
3.7 Human, Gender, and Environmental Security (HUGES) Peace Culture Required for Sustainable Global Development 206 Ada Aharoni, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Department of General Studies, Haifa, Israel, and Head of the Peace Culture and Communications Commission (PCC) of IPRA: The International Peace research Association Center, Japan 1. Introduction: The Necessity of a New Peace Culture 2. Research: Facing the Challenge of Cultural Globalization 3. Repairing the World Through Culture and Literature
3.1. Committed and Uncommitted Literature 3.2. The Importance of Translation
4. The Media: The Need and the Will to Change 5. Cultural Aspects of Conflicts: Conflict Resolution through Culture 6. Women—Allies of Peace
6.1. The Bridge: Jewish and Arab Women for Peace in the Middle East 6.1.1. Description 6.1.2. Goals 6.1.3. Main Activities 6.1.4. Achievements of the International Congress
7. International Forum for The Culture of Peace (IFLAC) 7.1. Main Goals 7.2. History 7.3. Basic Platform 7.4. Activities 7.5. World Branches 7.6. The Tent of Peace 7.7. Major Activities in 2000–2001 7.8. Publications 7.9. International Congress
8. Education: Telecommunications and the Arts 9. Future Directions 10. Conclusion: I Create Therefore I am Women in Pursuit of Peace 239 Ada Aharoni, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Founder-President of IFLAC PAVE PEACE: The International Forum for the Literature and Culture of Peace 1. Peace as a Woman and a Mother 2. Women and Peace Education 3. Women and the Innovative Peace Culture System (PCS)
3.1. Global Culture can be repaired with the Help of Women 4. Women’s World TV Satellite Peace Network (WSPN)
4.1. Principles and Goals 4.2. Programs 4.3. The Peace Culture University of the Air 4.4. Women Peace Leadership Development 4.5. Peace Media
5. The Importance of Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) 6. Women Organizations for Peace - Lena: The Bridge
6.1. Case Study 6.2. Description 6.3. Goals 6.4. Main Activities 6.5. Publications 6.6. Peace Correspondence
7. The UN Coalition of Five "Women for Peace" Organizations 7.1. Inequality and Violence against Women Is an Impediment to Peace
8. The Afghan Women's Organization – "Sada" 8.1. Goals and Objectives
9. Women’s "Peace Culture System" Revolution 10. Conclusion Universal Obstacles to Peace Education 264 Sara Zamir, Ben-Gurion University, Eilat, Israel 1. The spectrum of peace definitions: meanings and implications 2. Peace: education 3. The critics of peace education 4. Answering the critics 5. Obstacles of peace education
5.1. Mistrust towards the peace process 5.2. Expressions of stereotypes, demonization and de-humanization of the enemy 5.3. Peace education as a political education 5.4. War as a culture
6. Conclusion Peace Education: Definition, Approaches, and Future Directions 282 Ian M. Harris, Department of Educational policy and Community Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA 1. What is Peace Education? 2. Goals for Peace Education 3. History of Peace Education 4. Difference between Peace Education and Peace Studies 5. Peace Education as a Strategy to Achieve Peace 6. Peace Education for the Twenty-First Century 7. Conclusion Importance of a Literature and a Culture of Peace 302 Maria Cristina Azcona, IFLAC ARGENTINA, Argentina 1. Introduction 2. Global Society
2.1. The violent circumstances 2.2. Ethics 2.3. The rhythm of life 2.4. The chaos of information versus critical thought 2.5. Social Victims 2.6. Globalisation of Hate 2.7. Starvation 2.8. Post-modern Family 2.9. Child abuse 2.10. Children’s rights 2.11. A necessary Reflection
3. Concept of Peace 3.1. Inner Peace 3.2. Peace and Happiness in Family Life 3.3. Social Peace 3.4. Peace is the most important cultural value
4.1. Cultural values 4.1.1. Problems in reference to a good education at sub developed countries 4.1.2. Needs 4.1.3. Objectives
5. Non-Systematic Transmission of Culture 5.1. Culture and Peace 5.2. Art and Peace 5.3. Literature and Peace
5.3.1. Social Poetry 5.3.2. Peace Poetry
6. Importance of a Literature and a Culture of Peace 6.1. Ethical feelings and ethical emotions 6.2. Peace Poetry is able to move ethical feelings and ethical emotions
7. Conclusion Peace Through Literature and Culture--- An Oriental Perspective 327 Li Dingjun, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, 200297, PRC, Yang Hongsheng, Institute of Philosophy, Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PRC 1. A brief analysis of terrorism vs. peace 2. A brief review of occidental revelation on peace
2.1. Judaism and Christianity 2.2. Islam
3. An oriental perspective on peace 3.1. Confucianism 3.2. Taoism 3.3. Buddhism
4. The Integrated Power of Literature, Arts and Culture on Peace 4.1. Literature, esp. poetry on peace 4.2. Arts, Mainly Painting and Music on Peace 4.3. The Power of Culture of Peace
5. Conclusion Index 363 About EOLSS 369
VOLUME III Hungering for Peace 1 Rose Lord, 6534 Quaker Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA 1. Abundance and Scarcity: How Did Things Get This Way?
1.1. Jeremy’s Breakfast 1.2. Konika’s Story 1.3. What is Man’s Natural Diet?: A Brief History of Man’s Eating Habits
1.3.1. From Hunter-Gatherer to Agriculturalist 1.3.2. Food As A Status Symbol 1.3.3. The Manor System 1.3.4. The Age of Science 1.3.5. The Past 100 Years
2. Oases of Health and Peace 2.1. The Vilcabamba 2.2. The Hunza 2.3. The Caucasus Mountain People
2.4. In a World of Plenty, Why Hunger? 3. Real Threats to Our Health and Well-being
3.1. Lack of Information 3.2. Lack of Dietary Tradition 3.3. Separation From Nature 3.4. Over Consumption
4. What Can Be Done? 4.1. Sustainable Agriculture and Community Supported Agriculture 4.2. The Biodynamic System 4.3. Community Supported Agriculture 4.4. Programs that Bring Hope
5. Conclusion Creating Partnership Organizations 32 Cynthia E. King, Communication Catalysts, P.O. Box 8913, Goleta, CA 93118, USA 1. Unpacking the Patriarchy and Moving Into Partnership 2. The Partnership Alternative
2.1. The Shadow Side of Partnership 2.2. Fear of Change 2.3. Strategies for Organizational Change
3. Organizational Partnerships: The Living Proof 4. The Patterns and Paradox of Power 5. Leadership in a Partnership Context
5.1. Moving Beyond the Hero-Leader 5.2. Partnering Behaviors and Design Principles
6. Building the Partnership Community 7. Changing the Story
7.1. Transition Reframed as Initiation 7.2. Managing Successful Transitions 7.3. Summary and Conclusion
A Hero for the Twenty-First Century 61 Jacqueline Haessly, Peacemaking Associates, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 1. Exploring Perspectives about Heroes
1.1. Reviewing the Literature 1.2. Exploring Models of Hero 1.3. Identifying Examples of Heroes
2. Exploring the Hero in Ancient Cultures 2.1. Exploring Heroes of Ancient Egypt 2.2. Exploring Heroes of Ancient India 2.3. Exploring Heroes in Ancient Peru
3. Exploring Heroes during the Time of the African Slave Trade 3.1. Developing a Slave Trade among African, European, and Colonial Americans 3.2. Resisting Slavery
3.2.1. Highlighting the African Resistance 3.2.2. Highlighting the Slave Resistance 3.2.3. Highlighting the Abolitionist Resistance
3.3. Generating Cultural Change 3.3.1. Acknowledging Governmental Support 3.3.2. Transforming a Culture
4. Exploring Heroes in a Time of Global Turbulence 4.1. Becoming Aware and Involved
4.1.1. Engaging in Quiet Acts of Resistance 4.1.2. Engaging in Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
4.1.3. Living the Vision 4.2. Connecting across a Century 4.3. Reflecting on Connections
5. Drawing Conclusions Regenerating, Renewing, Reviving The Heart of Human Society 86 Hilarie Roseman, , 30 Metung Road, Metung, 3904 Victoria, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Genesis Relived
2.1. Definition of the Problem 2.2. Human memory holding the history 2.3. The reconciliation of opposites, mind and memory at work
3. The wounded heart 3.1. Knowledge of the heart 3.2. Men and woman today, separateness and oneness 3.3. Giving and Receiving
4. Terminating life 4.1. The Cup of Forgiveness 4.2. Rites of passage
5. Conclusion – A regenerated heart interacts with the world\ Peace Education Through Literature 107 Maria Cristina Azcona, IFLAC ARGENTINA, Argentina 1. Introduction 2. Peace, Education and Literature
2.1. Peace 2.1.1. Peace has a positive and a negative definition 2.1.2. Violence 2.1.3. War 2.1.4. Peace needs a state of righteousness 2.1.5. Republic of Cro-Magnon (an Argentinean case) 2.1.6. Drugs and Violence 2.1.7. Poverty and Violence
2.1.7.1. The Problem 2.1.7.2. The Risks 2.1.7.3. The Solutions 2.1.7.4. A Reflection
2.1.8. Ignorance and Violence 2.2. Education for Peace
2.2.1. Education 2.2.2. Peace Education
2.3. Peace Literature 2.3.1. Literature
2.3.1.1. Globalization and Literature 2.3.1.2. Literary Criticism 2.3.1.3. Novel and Poetry
2.3.2. Peace Literature 3. Education of Morality and Peace
3.1. The Evolution of Morality 3.1.1. The Child 3.1.2. The adolescent 3.1.3. The adult
3.2. Moral Feelings and Moral Emotions 3.3. Moral Habits in Peace Education
3.3.1. Self-control 3.3.2. Self-acknowledgment 3.3.3. Anticipation 3.3.4. Moral Values 3.3.5. Human Rights 3.3.6. Peace Models 3.3.7. Systematic Education for Peace
4. Peace Education through Literature 4.1. Education of love through literature
4.1.1. Love today 4.1.2. Education of Love through Literature
4.2. Education of morality through literature 4.3. Education of peace through literature
4.3.1. Education of Peace through Poetry 4.3.2. Prose
5. Conclusion Promoting a Culture of Peace 134 Jacqueline Haessly, 2437 N, Grant Blvd. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 1. Introduction
1.1. Seeking Peace 1.1.1. Recognizing the Urgency 1.1.2. Responding to the Urgency
1.2. Highlighting Historical Perspectives about Peace 1.3. Conceptualizing Peace
2. Defining Peace as Absence 2.1. Examining Concepts of Negative and Positive Peace
2.2. Identifying Areas of Confusion and Controversy 2.2.1. Confusing Terms 2.2.2. Centering Conflict
2.3. Identifying Impediments to a Richer Understanding of Peace 2.3.1. Overcoming Boredom 2.3.2. Generating Excitement 2.3.3. Choosing Engaging Alternatives
2.4. Challenging the Imagination 3. Proclaiming Peace as Presence
3.1. Exploring Expressions of Peace as Presence 3.1.1. Considering Cultural Expressions of Peace as Presence 3.1.2. Considering Religious Expressions of Peace as Presence 3.1.3. Considering Contemporary Expressions of Peace as Presence
3.2. Visioning Peace as Presence 3.2.1. Articulating a Vision of a Peaceful World 3.2.2. Delighting in Children's Expressions of Peace as Presence
4. Exploring Thematic Expressions of Peace as the Presence of Justice 4.1. Creating Just Relationships between and among People
4.1.1. Attending to Just Relationships 4.1.2. Honoring Human Rights
4.2. Promoting Global Justice 4.2.1. Caring for the Common Good 4.2.2. Assuring Global Security
4.3. Embracing Nonviolence as a Means to Achieve Peace with Justice 4.3.1. Engaging in Just Actions 4.3.2. Committing to Nonviolence
5.1. Expanding Paradigms for Peace 5.1.1. Proclaiming Peace as Integral 5.1.2. Proclaiming Peace as Actualized 5.1.3. Measuring Integral and Actualized Peace
5.2. Acknowledging the Significance of Just and Peaceful Communities 5.2.1. Embracing Community 5.2.2. Distinguishing Characteristics of Just and Peaceful Communities 5.2.3. Acknowledging and Embracing Challenges within and between Communities
6. Conclusion Peace Humor 170 Christopher A. Leeds, University of Nancy 2, Nancy, France 1. Introduction 2. Therapeutic and Stress Reduction Humor 3. War Environment and the Cold War Era During a Period of Peace 4. Why Humor, Laughter and Jokes 5. Peace Humor 6. War, Black, Aggressive and Sick Humor 7. Eccentric, Surreal, Nonsense, Ludicrous and Alternative Humor 8. Approaches to Peace Studies and Peace Education 9. Ideas on how Peace Themes can overcome Pessimism 10. The Peace Process in an Increasingly Disorderly World 11. Peace Humor and Future Prospects Dignity: Cornerstone of the Culture of Peace 217 Carolyne Handschin-Moser, Belmont-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Governance toward a Culture of Peace: A Vision?
2.1. Ambassadors for Peace: Profession and Lifestyle 3. What can the Family Contribute to the Culture of Peace? 4. The United Nations and the Culture of Peace Mandate?
4.1. Dignity in Development 4.2. The Strength of Global Consensus 4.3. Development, Ethics and Dignity
5. The Case for a Dignity in Peace 5.1. The ‘Outer’ of World Peace 5.2. The ‘Inner’ of Culture of Peace
6. Women, N.G.O.’s and a Culture of Peace 7. Coming back to Family and Dignity 8. Empowering Women for a Culture of Peace
8.1. The Role of Empowered Women 9. Becoming Residents of Culture of Peace: The Will 10. From Vision to Reality 11. Revolution of Heart: A Society Living for the Sake of Each Other Hungering for Peace Part II: The Ongoing War Against Hunger 231 Rose Lord, Quaker Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 1. What is Hunger? 2. Hunger and Malnutrition 3. Hunger Demographics 4. Causes of Hunger 5. Consequences of Hunger
6. Searching for Solutions 6.1. What Happened in China? 6.2. Beautiful Horizon 6.3. Cuba’s Organic Revolution 6.4. Women’s Self –Reliance Program 6.5. Biodynamics, Community Supported Agriculture and Intensive Gardening 6.6. The Theology of the Sickle
7. What Can Each and Every One of Us Do? Conflict Care: Preventive-Curative-Recuperative Dimensions 247 S.P. Udayakumar, South Asian Community Center for Education and Research (SACCER), 42/27 Esankai Mani Veethy, Parakkai Road Junction, Nagercoil 629 002, Tamil Nadu, India 1. Introduction 2. Conflict as GOD 3. Peace – Health Isomorphism 4. Conflict – Attack/Accident/Ailment Isomorphism 5. Preventive Aspects 6. Curative Aspects 7. Recuperative Aspects 8. Summary and Conclusions NonKilling Global Society 266 Glenn D. Paige, Center for Global Nonviolence, 3653 Tantalus Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-5033, USA 1. Toward Nonkilling Global Society
1.1. World Report on Violence and Health 1.2. Nonkilling Global Political Science
2. Is a Nonkilling Society Possible? 3. Capabilities for a Nonkilling Society 4. Implications for Political Science 5. Problem-Solving Implications
5.1. Nonkilling and Dictatorships 5.2. Nonkilling and Revolutions 5.3. Nonkilling and Security 5.4. Nonkilling and Global Problems
6. Institutional Implications 6.1. Existing Components for Nonkilling Societies 6.2. Nonkilling Education 6.3. Nonkilling Universities 6.4. Nonkilling Leadership Training Corps (Shanti Sena) 6.5. Nonkilling Political Parties 6.6. Nonkilling Departments of Public Administration 6.7. Nonkilling Common Security Institutions 6.8. Nonkilling Civil Society Institutions
7. Nonkilling Global Transformation 7.1. Nonkilling Liberation From the Pathology of Lethality 7.2. Challenge of the Generals 7.3. Universal Declaration of Independence From Killing 7.4. The Global Imperative
Using Peaceful Language: From Principles to Practices 284 Francisco Gomes de Matos, Brazil America Association, Recife, Brazil 1. Introduction
2. Two concepts and their integration 2.1. Integrating Language and Peace
3. Four principles for Peaceful Language Users 4. Practices for Peaceful Language Users 5. Am I a user of Peaceful Language? a Checklist . Valuing Peace 292 Jacqueline Haessly, Peacemaking Associates, 2437 N, Grant Blvd. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. 1. Introduction
1.1. Understanding Culture 1.2. Identifying Cultural Paradigms 1.3. Acknowledging Current Cultural Paradigms
1.3.1. Perpetuating a Culture of War 1.3.2. Articulating a New Paradigm
2. Grounding a Culture for Peace with Justice 2.1. Affirming a Spiritual Core Value System
2.1.1. Embracing a Personal Spirituality 2.1.2. Embracing a Communal Spirituality 2.1.3. Embracing a Global Spirituality
2.2. Expressing a Personal, Communal, and Global Spirituality 2.3. Fostering a Culture of Peace
2.3.1. Examining a World Order Core Value System 2.3.2. Embracing Feminist Core Value Systems
3. Absorbing Personal Values Important for a Culture of Peace with Justice 3.1. Understanding the Importance of Personal Values 3.2. Naming Personal Values 3.3. Reflecting on Connections
4. Adopting Public Values Important to a Culture of Peace with Justice 4.1. Understanding the Importance of Public Values 4.2. Naming Public Values 4.3. Making Connections
4.3.1. Celebrating for a Culture of Peace with Justice 5. Integrating Spirituality, Personal and Public Values, and Paradigms for Peace
5.1. Connecting Personal and Public Values 5.2. Living with Values in Tensions 5.3. Conceptualizing Paradigms for a Culture of Peace with Justice
6. Conclusion Equality - Development - Peace: Women 60 Years with the United Nations 330 Hilkka Pietilä, Independent researcher and author; Associated with Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland 1. Prologue – Women in the League of Nations
1.1. Women Were Ready to Act 1.2. The Process Continuing – Experiences Transferring
2. The Founding Mothers of the United Nations 3. New Dimensions in the UN – Economic, Social and Human Rights Issues
3.1. Women’s Site in the UN - Commission on the Status of Women 3.2. Women’s Voice at the Global Arena - the UN World Conferences on Women
4. Human Rights are Women’s Rights 4.1. Traffic in Persons –Women 4.2. A New Human Right - Right to Family Planning 4.3. Convention on the Rights of Women
5. Women Going Global – Beijing Conference in 1995 5.1. All issues are women’s issues
5.2. Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995 5.3. Empowerment of Women and Gender Mainstreaming 5.4. From the Battle Field to the Peace Table
6. Celebrating Beijing+10 and Mexico City+30 6.1. Five-year Reviews and Appraisals emerged from Mexico City 6.2. The Global Census Taken for Beijing+10 6.3. Beijing+10 and Millennium Development Goals 6.4. The Political Declaration on Beijing+10 Confirms the Continuation
7. Epilogue – Will the World Change? 7.1. Governments’ Accountability to Women
Index 365 About EOLSS 373
VOLUME IV
Resolution of Family Conflicts Through Literature 1 Maria Cristina Azcona, IFLAC ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1. Introduction 2. Family 3. Family Conflicts
3.1. Concept 3.2. Causes of a family conflict
3.2.1. Violence 3.2.2. Causes of Marital Conflict 3.2.3. Causes of Parental Conflict 3.2.4. Psychopathological causes 3.2.5. Sexual causes 3.2.6. Sociopathological causes for example
3.3. Classification of family conflicts 3.3.1. In reference to the intervenient parts 3.3.2. In reference to the level of importance 3.3.3. In reference to the psychological mechanisms that can be seen 3.3.4. In reference to the predominant emotion 3.3.5. In reference to the quality of the link
3.4. Marital Conflicts in the consultation: Diagnosis 3.4.1. Psychological aspects to be taken in consideration for diagnosis 3.4.2. Mental Health 3.4.3. Social adaptability 3.4.4. Marital vocation 3.4.5. Compatibility of characters 3.4.6. Profoundness of the feelings 3.4.7. Corporal exclusiveness 3.4.8. Sanity of the relationship 3.4.9. Moral compatibility
3.5. Generational Conflicts 3.6. Resolution of Family Conflicts
3.6.1. Definition 3.6.2. Perspectives
4. Communication in family life 4.1. Non-verbal communication 4.2. Verbal communication
4.2.1. Oral language 4.2.2. Verbal Communication and Conflict
4.2.3. Communication in a family group through literature 5. A new method to resolve family conflicts through Literature
5.1. The resolution of the severe marital conflict through the literary technique 5.1.1. Using a book 5.1.2. Using Readings 5.1.3. Using Letters 5.1.4. Using literature in the written agreements
6. Conclusion Understanding Nonviolence in Theory and Practice 30 Ralph Summy, The Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Difference between Peace and Nonviolence 3. Different Roads to Peace 4. Obstacles to Nonviolent Option 5. Typology of Nonviolence (4 ‘P’s) 6. Quadrant A – Principled/Personal
6.1. Christianity 6.1.1. Anabaptists 6.1.2. Other sects 6.1.3. Leo Tolstoy
7. Quadrant B – Pragmatic/Personal 8. Quadrant C – Principled/Public
8.1. Gandhi 8.2. Martin Luther King 8.3. Archbishop Desmond Tutu 8.4. Dalai Lama XIV 8.5. Aung San Suu Kyi 8.6. Daisaku Ikeda 8.7. Native Hawai’ian Society 8.8. Society of Friends
9. Quadrant D – Pragmatic/Public 9.1. Dependency Theory of Power
9.1.1. Ruler’s Sources of Power 9.1.2. Why People Obey 9.1.3. Matrix of Dependency
9.2. Independence (10 ’S’s) 9.3. Blueprint of a Critique
10. Conclusion Towards a Definition of Intercultural Dialogue 70 Aviva Doron, Medieval Literature, professor at the University of Haifa, Israel. Chair holder, UNESCO Chair in Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue, Israel 1. Towards a Definition of Intercultural Dialogue.
1.1. Towards a Definition of Dialogue 1.2. Approaches to Dialogue: Types of Dialogue 1.3. Aims of Intercultural Dialogue
2. Frameworks for Cooperation Between Cultural Communities 2.1. Conditions for the Construction of a Conceptual Model for Intercultural Dialogue 2.2. Theoretical Frameworks Formulated for Understanding Intercultural Communication
3. Intercultural Dialogue for the Promotion of Social Attitudes Conducive to the Understanding, Appreciation, and Respect of Other Cultures. 3.1. Cognitive and Affective Understanding 3.2. Acceptance of the Other 3.3. Tolerance 3.4. Contributions towards Two-way Communication and Understanding between Cultures and
Religions 3.5. A Historical Paradigm for Intercultural Dialogue
4. Development of Intercultural Dialogue in Education 4.1. The Role of Intercultural Studies 4.2. Personal Experience. Simulation Role-Play: Delicate Balance, based on the 13th Century
Toledo Paradigm 4.3. Intercultural Encounters between Professors, Lecturers and Instructors based on the Spanish
Paradigm 5. Promoting Intercultural Dialogue - The Role of Literature; The Media as an Instrument 6. Summary and Conclusions Education and Peace Culture Through Television 92 Ada Aharoni, The International Forum for the Literature and Culture of Peace 1. Introduction: The Need of a New "Peace Education and Culture System" (PECS) 2. Foundation of a Powerful SALAAM SHALOM Television by Satellite 3. Funding and Support of the SST 4. War and Peace in Peace Education and the Culture of Peace 5. Peace Education Researchers 6. The Function of the SST and SSR 7. The Daily "Hour for Peace Culture" 8. The Unison of Peace Forces and Guidelines 9. Conclusion Countering with Nonviolence the Pervasive Structural Violence of Everyday Life- The Case of a Small Italian Townships 100 Piero P. Giorgi, Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Centre for European Studies, Gargnano, Brescia, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Background of the Project 3. General Rationale of this Chapter 4. Methodology 5. Theoretical Assumptions
5.1. Human Nature 5.2. The Origins of Human Behavior 5.3. Problems with Democracy 5.4. The Assessment of Structural Violence 5.5. Implications for Peace Studies
6. Specific Aspects of the Project 6.1. Construction of Citizenship 6.2. Family 6.3. Education 6.4. Passive Entertainment and Mass Media 6.5. Body 6.6. Environment
6.7. Commercial Advertising 6.8. Politics 6.9. Antisocial Behavior 6.10. Direct Violence and Self-defense 6.11. Money 6.12. Spirituality
7. Operational Strategies 7.1. Family-school Axis 7.2. Citizens-administration Axis 7.3. Administration-administration Axis 7.4. The Outside World 7.5. Opponents 7.6. Notes for Practical Strategies 7.7. Historical Precedents
8. Neotopia 9. The Future 10. Conclusion Nonviolent Struggle in West Papua: "We Have a Hope" 134 Jason McLeod, Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Historical Background 3. Root Causes of the Conflict in West Papua 4. The Sources of the Indonesian Government’s Power in West Papua 5. Armed Resistance to Indonesian Rule in West Papua 6. Contemporary Nonviolent Struggle in West Papua 7. Ways Forward 8. Conclusion Media Myopia and the power of Nonviolent Social Change 161 Timothy A. McElwee, Peace Studies, Manchester College, USA 1. Introduction 2. Myths about Violence 3. Tendencies to Disregard Nonviolent Social Change 4. Poland’s Nonviolent Revolution
4.1. The Role of the Church: 4.2. The Gorbachev Factor: 4.3. Media Misperceptions:
5. Journalism and the Formation of Public Opinion 6. Peace Journalism 7. A Proposal for a Parallel Media 8. Building Dynamism into Peace Journalism 9. Public Opinion and Policy Change 10. Conclusion Singing a New Song: The Role of Music in Indigenous Strategies of Nonviolent Social Change 190 Polly O. Walker, Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 1. Introduction 2. American Indian and First Nation Song and Principled Nonviolence
2.2. Song and the Founding of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy 3. American Indian Song and Pragmatic Nonviolence
3.1. The Miwok Healing Song 3.2. Song and Leonard Peltier 3.3. The Ward Valley Campaign
4. Role of Aboriginal Australian, First Nations and American Indian Song in Nonviolent Social Change 4.1. Educating Others about Nonviolent Social Change 4.2. Raising Awareness of Specific Injustices
4.2.1. Raising Awareness of Injustices Suffered by the Stolen Generations 4.2.2. Raising Awareness of Stolen Lands
4.3. Maintaining Spirits 4.4. Reinforcing Indigenous Identities 4.5. Reducing Epistemic Violence toward Indigenous Peoples 4.6. Building Collaborative Efforts between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Activists
5. Conclusion Paths to social change: conventional politics, violence and Non violence 216 Brian Martin, School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication, University of Wollongong, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Three Approaches to Social Change
3. Track Records 3.1. The Track Record of Conventional Politics 3.2. The Track Record of Violence 3.3. The Track Record of Nonviolence
4. Participation in Social Change 4.1. Participation in Conventional Politics 4.2. Participation in Violence 4.3. Participation in Nonviolent Action
5. Means and Ends 5.1. Means and Ends in Conventional Politics 5.2. Means and Ends in Violence 5.3. Means and Ends in Nonviolence
6. Suffering 6.1. Suffering and Conventional Politics 6.2. Suffering and Violence 6.3. Suffering and Nonviolence
7. Conclusion Defending and Reclaiming the Commons Through Nonviolent Struggle 243 Kurt Schock, Rutgers University, Newark, U.S.A. 1. Introduction 2. Enclosure of the Commons 3. Historical Responses to Enclosures 4. Contemporary Struggles 5. Struggles in India, Thailand, and Brazil
Nonviolent Methods and Effects of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement 262 Lawrence S. Wittner, Department of History, State University of New York/Albany, USA 1. The Movement and Its Impact, 1913-1945 2. The Rise and Fall of a Mass Movement, 1945-1953 3. The Movement’s Impact, 1945-1953 4. The Movement Resurrected, 1954-1970 5. Impact of the Movement, 1954-1970 6. The Movement Begins to Revive Again, 1971-1980 7. Impact of the Movement, 1971-1980 8. The Movement at Flood Tide, 1981-1989 9. Retreat from Armageddon, 1981-1996 10. Declining Movement, Reviving Arms Race, 1993-Present 11. Conclusion Humiliation and Global Terrorism: How to Overcome it Nonviolently 287 Evelin Gerda Lindner, Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies, USA 1. Introduction 2. What Is Humiliation? 3. Past: Honor Humiliation 4. Present: Dignity Humiliation 5. Policy Challenges 6. International Action 7. Conclusions Ethics and Nonviolence 309 Gail Tulloch, School of Humanities, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia. 1. Introduction 2. What is Ethics?
2.1. What Ethics Is Not 2.2. Making an Ethical Judgement
5.1. Nonviolence 5.2. Taxonomy of Affective Objectives
6. Levels of Skill 7. Attaining a Philosophy of Life 8. Extract from the Victorian Education Department’s ‘Education Gazette’ 28 February 1979 9. The Affective Taxonomy and Nonviolence Education 10. Conclusion Institutional Issues Involving Ethics and Justice 320 Robert Charles Elliot, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Approaches to Ethics: Justification and Adjudication 3. Approaches to Ethics: Content 4. Ethics and the Idea of Community 5. Levels of Ethics: Personal, Professional, Institutional, Global 6. Justice and Its Elements 7. Sustainability and Development
Ethics Fundamentals and Approaches to Ethics 348 Chen Te, Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong 1. Introduction 2. Ethical Egoism 3. The Contract Theory of Hobbes 4. Utilitarianism 5. Pragmatism 6. The Theory of Aristotle 7. The Theory of Kant 8. Confucianism 9. Existentialism Index 371 About EOLSS 379
VOLUME V Survival, Society, and Ethics in Human Evolution 1 George Silberbauer, Melbourne, Australia 1. Humans Evolving
1.1. The Hypothetical Biological Human 1.2. Real Humans and Their Evolutionary Strategy 1.3. Society and Culture—The Life-Support System 1.4. The Learning Trap 1.5. Language
2. Society, Culture, and Reality 2.1. A Multiplicity of Realities 2.2. Construing Others’ Construction of Reality 2.3. The Constraints of the Social Construction of Reality
3. Rules 3.1. The Authority for Rules
Society, Ethics, and the Anthropologist 20 George Silberbauer, Melbourne, Australia 1. The Unity of Humankind
1.1. The Sanctity of Society 1.2. Reciprocity 1.3. The Circle of Preservation 1.4. Proto-Ethics 1.5. Extensions of Identity 1.6. Ethical Style in Small-Scale Societies
2. Ethics and the Anthropologist 2.1. Learning and Finding 2.2. Privacy and Intrusion 2.3. Ethical Discomfort and Conflicts 2.4. Codes of Practice
Cultural Relativism 39 David B. Wong, Department of Philosophy, Duke University, USA 1. Introduction
2. Descriptive Cultural Relativism 2.1. Autonomy-Oriented versus Community-Oriented Cultures 2.2. Attunement versus Prediction and Control 2.3. Charity in Interpreting Cultural Difference
3. Epistemological Cultural Relativism 3.1. General versus Domain-Specific Epistemological Relativism 3.2. Cognitive versus Non-Cognitive Versions of Ethics Specific Relativism 3.3. Objections to Epistemological Relativism Based on Ethical Similarities 3.4. Objections Based on the Possibility of Criticism of Ethical Codes
4. Normative Cultural Relativism 4.1. Differences in the Way Normative Relativism Is Conceived and Derived 4.2. Balancing Non-Intervention with Other Values
5. Cultural Relativism and Human Rights Consequentialism 55 Dale Jamieson, ENTS and Philosophy, Carleton College, USA 1. Introduction 2. The Character of Consequentialism 3. The Structure of Consequentialism 4. Some Consequentialist Theories 5. Objections to Consequentialism 6. Prospects for Future Development Rights 67 Brenda Almond, Social Values Research Centre, University of Hull, UK 1. Introduction 2. Who or What Can Possess a Right? 3. What Can Be the Content of a Right? What Sort of Things Are There Rights To? 4. Rights and Justice 5. The Roots of Rights—Social Constructs or an Essential Moral Concept? 6. Critics of Rights 7. Conflicts of Rights 8. Environmental Rights and Duties 9. Justifying Rights Virtues 79 Rosalind Hursthouse, Philosophy Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand 1. Philosophical Background 2. Basic Normative Virtue Ethics 3. Familiar Virtues and Vices 4. New Virtues? 5. The Future Communitarian Values 93 Peter Schaber, University of Zurich, Switzerland Norbert Anwander, University of Zurich, Switzerland 1. Community and the Common Good
2.1. A Defective View of the Person 2.2. Liberal Universalism 2.3. The Neglected Value of Community
3. Consequences for Politics 3.1. State Neutrality 3.2. Individual Rights 3.3. Policies
4. Conclusion Perpectives on Ethics 109 Dietmar von der Pfordten, Department of Philosophy, University of Erfurt, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Human Actions as Subject to Ethical Obligation 3. The Source and Construction of Ethical Obligations 4. What Other Entities Deserve Our Ethical Recognition? 5. Questions of the Good-Life and Questions of Genuine Ethics 6. Three Zones of Political Justice
6.1. The Individual Zone 6.2. The Political Zone 6.3. The Relative Zone
7. Sustainable Development 8. Sustainable Development and Different Sorts of Ethics Personal Ethics 131 Witold Jacorzynski, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social del Sureste (CIESAS), México 1. Introduction 2. Personal Ethics as Moral Commitment 3. Personal Ethics as a Challenge to the Universalization Principle 4. Personal Ethics as Exercising Virtues 5. Virtues and Community: A Modern Reformulation of Ethics of Virtue The Philosophy of Professional Ethics 150 Timo Airaksinen, University of Helsinki, Finland 1. Three Types of Professional Ethics 2. Sociological Foundations 3. Goals of Professional Work and Their Problems 4. Normative and Evaluative Elements in Professional Work
4.1. Duty and Obligation 4.2. Professional Rights 4.3. Virtues in Professional Life
5. Engineering Ethics 5.1. The Service Ideal of Engineering 5.2. The Principle of Double Loyalties
6. Progress and Rationality in Engineering Ethics 6.1. The Technological System and Its Main Characteristics 6.2. The Future of Engineering Ethics
Institutional Ethics 165 Per Ariansen, Filosofisk Institut, University of Oslo, Norway 1. The Institution as a Moral Agent 2. Indications That Institutions Should Be Considered Moral Agents 3. Institutional Agent Properties
3.1. Intent and Decision Making within Institutions 3.2. Institutions May Dissolve and Evade Responsibility
4. The Moral Importance of Institutions—Impact 5. Individuals Fulfilling Moral Obligations Through Institutions 6. Moral Records and the Grounds for Blaming 7. Institutionalizing Institutional Responsibility 8. Ethical Misconduct and Institutional Loyalty—Whistle Blowing 9. Institutional Ethics and Ethical Platforms 10. Institutional Behavior, Moral, and Non-Moral Motives—Prudence 11. Impact on a Collective and on an Individual Level 12. Impact and Future Generations 13. Knowledge and Responsibility—Sagesse Oblige 14. Knowledge and Application of Knowledge 15. Institutions—Relevant and Irrelevant Types
15.1. Governments, Nations 15.2. Nongovernmental Organizations 15.3. The Business Community
Global Ethics 182 Nigel Dower, University of Aberdeen, Scotland 1. Introduction 2. The Role of Global Ethics 3. The Implications of a Particular Global Ethic
3.1. Whose Needs? The Relevance of Non-Humans 3.2. What Needs? 3.3. Dimensions of Global Security 3.4. A Sketch of a Global Ethic
4. The Idea of a Global Ethic 4.1. Moral and Institutional Cosmopolitanism 4.2. Cosmopolitanism in International Relations Theory
5. Arguments against a Cosmopolitan Ethic for Individuals 5.1. Relativism 5.2. Communitarianism
6. Three Types of Normative International Relations Theory 6.1. Skeptical Realism 6.2. Internationalism
7. Objections to Non-Cosmopolitan Theories 8. Comparison with the Encyclopedia’s Goals 9. Varieties of Cosmopolitanism/Global Ethics 10. Kantianism 11. Human Rights Theories 12. Other Theories and the Challenge of Non-Anthropocentric Values Justice Essentials 203 Gerald F. Gaus, Philosophy and Murphy Institute of Political Economy, Tulane University, USA 1. What is Justice?
1.1. The Elements of Justice 1.2. The Elements of Rights: Hohfeld’s Classic Analysis
2. The Elements of Justice and Theories of Justice 2.1. Doubts About Essentialist Definitions 2.2. Theories of Justice
3. Justice as Rational Agreements for Mutual Benefit 3.1. Hobbes’ Theory 3.2. Neo-Hobbesian Theory: Justice as Rational Mutual Advantage
3.2.1. The Prisoner’s Dilemma 3.2.2. Justice as Mutual Gain
3.3. Lockean Justice 4. Desert, Merit and Distributive Justice
4.1. Justice and Contributions to the Common Good 4.2. Civil Justice and Facilitatory Social Justice
5. Justice as Fairness 6. Egalitarian Justice
6.1. Fundamental Equality 6.2. Equal Welfare 6.3. Equal Satisfaction of Needs 6.4. Equal Resources 6.5. Basic Capability Equality and Needs
7. Conclusion Economic Justice 231 Hon-Lam Li, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 1. Introduction 2. Robert Nozick 3. John Rawls 4. Michael Walzer 5. Analytical Marxism 6. Sustainability Cultural Justice 249 Marion Maddox, Religious Studies, Victoria University, New Zealand 1. Justice as Cultural 2. Justice between Cultures
2.1. Rights for Groups, or Only for Individuals? 2.1.1. Group Rights and Affirmative Action 2.1.2. Group Rights and Cultural Difference
3. Cultural Justice and Colonial Societies 3.1. Cultural Justice and Citizenship 3.2. What Rights Do Cultural Groups Need? Critiques of Differential Cultural Rights 3.3. Cultural Justice and Non-Ethnic Cultural Minorities
4. Culture, Justice, and Globalization 5. Conclusions Intergenerational Justice 264 Emmanuel Agius, University of Malta, Malta 1. Introduction 2. Moral Sensibility for Unborn Generations 3. Future Generations Are Disadvantaged 4. Degradation in the Quality of Environmental and Cultural Life 5. Conserving the Common Heritage for Future Generations 6. A "Guardian" for Future Generations
7. Rawls’ "Just Saving Principle" and Future Generations 8. The Relational Theory of Intergenerational Justice 9. Conclusion Environmental Justice 280 Val Plumwood, Australian National University, Australia 1. Varieties of Justice 2. Distributive Environmental Justice for Humans 3. Justice for Future Generations 4. Interspecies Justice
4.1. Prejudice and Injustice 5. Minimalist Methodologies of Closure 6. Regan, Rights, and Vegetarian Justice 7. Anthropocentrism, Justice, and the Othering of Nature
8. Othering as an Impediment to Justice 9. Counter-Hegemonic Virtues Rectificatory Justice: Righting Past Wrongs 303 David A. Crocker, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, USA 1. Introduction 2. Means and Ends 3. Cross-Cultural Goals
3.1. Truth 3.2. Public Platform for Victims 3.3. Accountability and Punishment 3.4. Rule of Law 3.5. Compensation to Victims 3.6. Institutional Reform and Long-Term Development 3.7. Reconciliation 3.8. Public Deliberation
4. Placing Goals and Tools in Context 5. Conclusion Ethics and Justice Needs for Sustainable Development 319 Priya A. Kurian, The University of Waikato, New Zealand Robert V. Bartlett, Purdue University, USA 1. Sustainable Development, Environmentalisms, and Justice 2. The Meaning of Development 3. Ethics, Justice, and Human Rights 4. Ecological Rationality, Justice, and the Development Project 5. Women and the Challenges of Sustainable Development
5.1. Women in Development 5.2. Women and Development 5.3. Gender and Development 5.4. Women, Environment, and Development 5.5. Women, Culture, and Development
5.6. Summary 6. International Development Agencies and Sustainable Development 7. Conclusion International Cooperation and Sustainable Development 342 Angela Liberatore, Directorate General for Research, European Commission, Belgium 1. International Relations and Sustainable Development 2. Global and Local Dimensions, and the Management of Interdependence 3. Distributive and Equity Issues
3.1. Responsibility 3.2. Rights 3.3. Inter- and Intra-Generational Justice 3.4. Gender Issues 3.5. Managing Uncertainty 3.6. Equity, Efficiency, and Effectiveness
4. Perspectives Combating Poverty 354 Cristovam Buarque, Universidade de Brasillia, Brazil 1. Mitigating Poverty With Solidarity: Charity for the Poor 2. Fighting Poverty through the Economy: The Generation of Wealth 3. The Struggle through Sharing: The Role of the State
3.1. The Struggle against Poverty in the Wealthy Countries 3.2. The Fight against Poverty in the Poor Countries
4. The Struggle through Ideology: The Promise of Equality 5. The Struggle through Integration: The Global Market 6. The Struggle through Ethics: Direct Confrontation 7. Social Policies Women and Development 364 Hurriyet Babacan, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Critique of the Discourse of Development 3. Development and Women 4. Integrating Women into Development 5. Women in Development: Issues and Problems 6. Women, Globalization, and Development 7. Visions for Change: Ways Forward Index 383
About EOLSS 393
VOLUME VI
Indigenous People and Their Communities 1 David Howard Bennett, Australian High Commission, Pretoria, South Africa 1. Introduction 2. Land Tenure and Self-Determination
5.1. Sharing Natural Resources 5.2. The Right to Manage Resources Responsibly 5.3. The Right to a Chosen Lifestyle 5.4. A Clean and Healthy Environment
6. Conclusion Changing Patterns of Consumption 12 Luis A. Camacho, University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica 1. Old Ideas and New Problems 2. Overconsumption and Overpopulation 3. Two Perspectives 4. General Patterns of Change 5. Particular Patterns of Change 6. Proposals for Future Changes 7. Ethical Considerations Population and Demographic Change 28 Krishna Ravi Srinivas, Law School, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA 1. Trends and Projections
1.1. Trends 1.2. Projections 1.3. Implications
2. Population, Natural Resources, and Environment 2.1. State of Natural Resources 2.2. Carrying Capacity and Ecological Footprints 2.3. Population and Environment
3. Population, Food, and Technologies 3.1. Global Food Production and Population Growth 3.2. Technologies: Green Revolution and Biotechnology
4. Population and Development 4.1. Malthus and Beyond 4.2. Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Rights 4.3. Population, Sustainable Development, and Future Generations
Human Resource Development: Ethics and Justice Needs for Sustainable Development 44 Narayan Gopalkrishnan, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia Hurriyet Babacan, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. The Economic Question 3. Globalization 4. The Crisis of Development 5. Ethical Questions 6. Ways Forward—Alternatives
8. Conclusion Appropriate Technology Transfer 65 Felix Moses Edoho, Department of Business and Economics,College of Business and Professional Studies, Lincoln University, USA 1. Overview 2. Prelude to the Appropriate Technology Transfer Debate 3. Clarifying the Debate on Appropriate Technology Transfer 4. Technological Dualism and Appropriate Technology 5. The Universe of Appropriate Technology and Its Transferability 6. Channels and Mechanisms for Appropriate Technology Transfer 7. Appropriate Technology Transfer and Socio-Technical Infrastructure 8. Appropriate Technology Transfer or Endogenous Technological Development? 9. Policy Options for Endogenous Technological Capabilities Environment Well-Being and Human Well-Being 80 Anne H. Neller, Faculty of Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia Ronald J. Neller, Faculty of Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Historical Aspects
2.1. Early Days 2.2. The Sanitation Era 2.3. The Regulatory Era 2.4. A Holistic Ecosystem Approach
3. Foundations of Science 4. The Paradox of Technology 5. Policy 6. Trends in Education, Workforce, and Professional Practice 7. Conclusion
Youth, Development, and Sustainability 99 Robert Doyle, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Naresuan University, Thailand; and Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction
1.1. Life-Support Systems for Youth 1.2. Development and Sustainability
1.2.1. Development 1.2.2. Sustainability and Sustainable Development 1.2.3. Sustainable Development and Youth
2. A Profile of Youth 2.1. Demographic and Cultural Profile 2.2. Life Chances For Youth
3. Policies for Youth 4. Social Institutional Systems and Services for Youth
4.1. Youth Agencies and Youth Workers 4.2. Youth Services and Programs
5. Issues of Development and Sustainability 5.1. Increase in Serious Problems 5.2. Unemployment, Poverty, Homelessness 5.3. Involving Youth and Involved Youth
6. Is Sustainable Development Possible? 6.1. Reviewing the Landscape
6.2. Some Principles for Developing Life-Support Systems for Youth Institutional Global Ethics: Applications 120 Jonathan Chan, Centre for Applied Ethics, Baptist University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 1. Introduction: The Morality-Laden Nature of the Concept of Sustainability 2. Kantian Ethics and Duty-Based Sustainability 3. Utilitarianism and Utility-Based Sustainability 4. Other Ethical Approaches: Perfectionism, Community-Based Ethics, and Biocentric Ethics The Importance of Ethical Principles in Industrial Environmental Protection 143 Arpad Baranyi, Department of Environmental Economics and Technology, Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, Hungary 1. Introduction 2. Traditional Environmental Protection Motivations: Regulations and Profit 3. The Ethical Aspects of Corporate Environmental Decisions
3.1. Shareholder Versus Stakeholder Theory 3.2. Value Rationality Versus Goal Rationality 3.3. Deontological Versus Consequentialist Ethics 3.4. The Joint Application of Value Rationality and Goal Rationality
4. Obstacles to Ethical Decision Making 5. Solution 6. Conclusion The Globalization of Ethics in Science 157 Kathinka Evers, Research Director, Uppsala University, Sweden 1. Introduction 2. The Public Image of Science 3. Oaths, Pledges, Codes, and Guidelines 4. The Globalization of Ethics 5. Three Problems for Ethical Globalization 6. Conclusion Institutional Arrangements for Ethics and Justice 169 Ulli Zeitler, Faculty of Social Science, Aalborg University, Denmark 1. Sustainability and the Quest for Global Institutions for Ethics and Justice 2. Problems for Global Justice and Ethics Institutions
2.1. Introduction 2.2. Inter-Cultural Problems: The Case of Japan and New Zealand
2.2.1. Japan 2.2.2. New Zealand and the Resource Management Act
3. Models for Institutionalizing Ethics and Justice 3.1. Pragmatic Theories 3.2. Interaction Theories 3.3. Material Claims
4. What Kind of Institutions Do We Need? 4.1. Social Institutions
4.1.1. Political Consumer Networks 4.1.2. Citizen Participation 4.1.3. Business and Work Ethics
5. Conclusion Building Ethics into Institutions 188 Charles Sampford, Key Centre for Ethics,Law,Justice and Governance, Griffith University, Australia 1. Introduction 2. From Individual Ethics to Institutional Ethics
2.1. A Society of Institutions 2.2. "Insufficient Saints" 2.3. Ethics and Institutions 2.4. Institutional Ethics 2.5. Justification—Linking Law, Ethics, and Institutional Reform 2.6. The Centrality of Institutional Ethics
3. What Does It Mean To Institutionalize Ethics? 4. Organization Theory and Institutional Ethics
4.1. The Classical School—Weber, Taylor, and Fayol 4.2. Focusing on People—Chester Barnard 4.3. Political Approaches 4.4. Systems Theory 4.5. Coase, Williamson, and the Economics of Organizations 4.6. A Surfeit of Theory
5. Organizational Culture 5.1. How a Culture Begins 5.2. How Employees Learn Culture
6. Conclusion Economic Security and the Environment 209 Joan Martinez-Alier, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain 1. Livelihood 2. Ecological and Economic Distribution 3. Cost Shifting and Compensation 4. Basic Incomes 5. Is Consumption Becoming "Dematerialized"? 6. Risk, Uncertainty, and Environmental Liability 7. Some International Aspects 8. The Environmentalism of Livelihood 9. Women, Economic Security, and the Environment Health Security Issues 222 Heather Wipfli, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, USA Douglas Bettcher, World Health Organization, Switzerland Roshan Ouseph, Harvard Law School, USA Maristela Monteiro, World Health Organization, Brazil Alex Butchart, UNISA Institute for Social and Health Sciences, South Africa Ottorino Cosivi, World Health Organization, Switzerland Guenael Rodier, World Health Organization, Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Health and Security 3. Interpersonal Violence
3.1. Interpersonal Violence as a Global Health Problem 3.2. Transnational and Societal Causes of Interpersonal Violence 3.3. Impact of Interpersonal Violence on States and the International System 3.4. Prevention of Interpersonal Violence
4. Illicit Drug Use 4.1. Factors Leading to the Use of Illicit Drugs 4.2. Effects of Illicit Drug Use on Individuals, States, and the International System 4.3. New Responses and the Role of Health Professionals
5. Communicable Diseases 5.1. Factors Leading to the Spread of Communicable Diseases 5.2. Impact of Communicable Diseases on States and the International System 5.3. A Coordinated Response to Communicable Disease
6. Conclusion Environmental Security 245 Elizabeth Eddy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Securing the Nation
2.1. Geopolitical Security and the Nation 2.2. Geopolitical Security and the Environment 2.3. Challenges to Geopolitical Environmental Security
3. Securing the Global Commons 3.1. The Threat to the Global Ecosystem 3.2. Comprehensive Security 3.3. The Reassertion of the Local Focus
4. Securing Human Welfare 4.1. Social Justice and Environmental Security 4.2. Global Inequality and Environmental Change 4.3. Securing Human Welfare
5. Conclusion Food Security Issues 266 Cristina M. Liamzon, Liaison Officer, Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and Fellow, People-Centered Development Forum, Italy 1. The World Food Situation Today 2. What Is Food Security? 3. Who Are the Food Insecure? 4. Where Are the Food Insecure Found? 5. How Do People Become Food Insecure? 6. Women’s Role in Ensuring Food Security 7. Ethical Issues in Food Security
7.1. Food as a Basic Human Right 7.2. Social Justice and Equity 7.3. Biotechnology and Biogenetic Engineering 7.4. Food Aid and Food Dumping
Local Knowledge and Community Security 282 Maj-Lis Foller, The Institute of Ibero American Studies, University of Göteborg, Sweden 1. Introduction 2. Natural and Social Prerequisites for a Sustainable Future 3. Security and Sustainable Development 4. Local Knowledge
6.1. The Cholera Epidemic among the Shipibo-Conibo 6.2. Ecological Awareness among the Kayapó
7. The Future of Local Knowledge for Survival on a Community Level 8. Conclusions Population Growth Issues: Cultural Contexts of Abortion in Japan 295 Hisatake Kato, Tottori University of Environmental Studies, Japan 1. Two Different Types of Mizuko-kuyo 2. The Tokugawa Shogunate Banned Mabiki 3. Japanese Demography 1721–1846 4. Personal Documents from Parish Registers 5. After Modernization 6. Important Source of Earnings for Buddhist Temples International Migration Issues 303 Alexander Somek, Faculty of Law, University of Vienna, Austria 1. Two Limiting Cases 2. The Basic Constellation 3. Why Distributive Justice? 4. The Allure and the Ills of a System of Nation-States 5. Defending Restrictions: From Institutional Principles to Reasons for Action 6. Special Obligations: Two Ways of Accounting 7. The Value of Special Relationships: Why Identity Matters 8. Special Concern Stemming from Equal Respect? 9. Taking Care of Strangers Organisations Involved in Ethics, Justice and Human Rights Issues 319 Mariachiara Tallacchini, Law FacultyCatholic University of Piacenza, Italy Michele Greco, Law Faculty, Catholic University of Milano, Italy 1. Human Rights Organizations
1.1. From Declaration to Implementation. Human Rights in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia 1.2. Human Rights, Environment, and Development: Agenda 21 and Ksentini Report
1.2.1. Environmental Victims 1.3. Courts for the Protection of Human Rights 1.4. Human Rights, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the Rights of Rights Defenders
2. Organizations involved in Ethical and Bioethical Questions 3. Rights for the Future and the Future of Rights Ethics and Justice Information for Decision Making 334 Teresa Kwiatkowska, Department of Philosophy, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México 1. Sustainable Development 2. Values and Choices 3. Environmental Ethics
Ethics and Science 347 Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO,France 1. Ethics and Science
1.1. From Harmony to Progress 1.2. The Twentieth Century Jolt 1.3. Science at the Moral Crossroads 1.4. The Threat to our Planet 1.5. Tinkering with the Alphabet-Blocks of Life 1.6. The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor
2. UNESCO as the World’s Forum for Ethics 2.1. The International Bioethics Committee 2.2. The Human Genome and Human Rights 2.3. A World Commission for Ethics: COMEST 2.4. Water for All: The Source of Life 2.5. Sources of Energy for Today and Tomorrow 2.6. Principle to Practice: An Education in Ethics 2.7. For an Age of Wisdom
Index 359 About EOLSS 367
VOLUME VII
Culture of Peace 1 Federico Mayor, Former Director General(1987-1999), UNESCO, France 1. Introduction. Culture of Peace: A Task for Our Time 2. A Brief History of the Culture of Peace Concept 3. Basic Aspects of the Culture of Peace 4. Culture of Peace in Everyday Life
4.1. Text of the Manifesto 2000 for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence 5. Actions Undertaken by UNESCO to Promote a Culture of Peace (1992-98) 6. Declarations for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence
Ethics and Values 14 Robert Charles Elliot, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 1. Introduction 2. Meta-Ethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics 3. Reason and Objectivity in Judgments about Ethics and Values 4. Ethics, Values, and Sustainability
4.1. Self Interest 4.2. Ethical Considerability and Ethical Significance 4.3. Good and Better, Bad and Worse
5. Varieties of Ethics 5.1. Human-Centered Ethics 5.2. Psychocentric Ethics 5.3. Biocentric Ethics 5.4. The Everything Ethic 5.5. Ecological Holism 5.6. Choosing Between Ethics and Values 5.7. Deciding What Has Intrinsic Value
Peace Operations as an Integrated Part of the UN Strategy for a More Secure Twenty-First Century 34 Vladimir Petrovsky, United Nations Office at Geneva, Switzerland 1. The Evolving Context of the Strategy for the Promotion of Peace, Stability, and Well-being 2. Peace Operations
3. Good Governance as a Prerequisite for Successful Peace Operations 3.1. Good Governance within the United Nations 3.2. Interaction between the UN and Other Types of Peace Operations 3.3. Tripartite Cooperation between the UN, the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation
in Europe), and the Council of Europe Environmental Problems, Morals, and Incentives in Modern Societies 47 Gerd-Jan Krol, Department of Economics, Institute of Economic Education, University of Munster, Germany 1. Introduction 2. New Dimensions of Environmental Problems
2.1. Knowledge and Risk 2.2. Morals, Incentives, and the Role of Institutions in Modern Societies
3. “Costs” of Moral Behavior and Strategies of "Cost Reduction" 4. Conclusion and Outlook The Earth Charter:Global Ethics for the Twenty-First Century 64 Ruud P.M. Lubbers,Globus Institute, Tilburg University, The Netherlands, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), Switzerland M.C. Patricia Morales, Globus Institute, Tilburg University, The Netherlands 1. Introduction 2. The Global Situation and the Need for a Global Ethics (Preamble of The Earth Charter) 3. Respect and Care for the Community of Life (Part I of The Earth Charter) 4. Specific Commitments of The Earth Charter (Principles 5–16) 5. The Way Forward (Epilogue of The Earth Charter) Finance and Human Development 159 J.D. Von Pischke,Frontier Finance International, Inc., Washington, D.C., USA 1. Introduction 2. How Finance Works: Value, Risk and Confidence
2.1. Confidence and Financial Markets 2.2. The Social Basis of Finance 2.3. Attitudes: the Power of Credit or the Scourge of Debt?
3. Finance and Economic Growth 3.1. Evolving Views of Finance 3.2. Functions of Finance 3.3. Finance among the Working Poor 3.4. Contract as a Social Good
4. Structural Adjustment, Financial Reform and Human Development 4.1. "What Finance is Supposed to do"
4.2. Expanding the Frontier of Finance through Innovation 4.3. The Context for Innovation in Finance 4.4. Income Poverty, Capability Poverty and Finance
5. Vulnerability in Financial Systems 5.1. The Case of Government Debt 5.2. Instrumentalist Use of Finance
6. Concluding Remarks Consequences of Market Change for Human Development and Global Life Support Systems 183 Wayne Nelles,Senior Associate, Sustainable Development Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual Issues and Challenges 3. Global Markets, Rise of the West, Imperialism and Industrialization 4. International Organizations, Market Change, Cold War and Decolonization 5. Globalization, Market Triumphs and Life Support System Perils 6. Consequences of Economic Globalization for Ecology and Human Development 7. Taming the Market? Sustainable Human Development Alternatives 8. Conclusion Human Security:Perspectives for Human Resources and Policy Management 205 Jorge Nef,International Development and Rural Extension, University of Guelph, Canada; School of Government, Public Administration and Political Science, University of Chile, Chile 1. Introduction
1.1. The Changing Foundations of the World Order 1.1.1. Long Range Technological Changes 1.1.2. Changes in the Ideological Matrix 1.1.3. Changes in the Economic Basis
1.2. Security in the New Era 2. A Framework for Analysis\
2.1. A Global Perspective 2.1.1. Core, Centers, and Peripheries 2.1.2. Regimes 2.1.3. Power and Governance 2.1.4. Power and Metapower
2.2. The Elements of the System 2.3. The World System: a Complex Conglomerate
2.3.1. The End of an Era 2.4. The Concept of Human Security
2.4.1. Dimensions of Human Security 2.4.2. Democracy and Security 2.4.3. Threats to Human Security
3.1.1. The Death of Forests 3.1.2. The Thinning of the Ozone Layer 3.1.3. Air Pollution and Acid Rain 3.1.4. Freshwater Contamination and Depletion 3.1.5. Land Degradation 3.1.6. Food Insecurity 3.1.7. Damage to the Oceans 3.1.8. Epidemics 3.1.9. Threats to the Genetic Pool
3.1.10. The Dangers of the "Green Revolution" 3.1.11. Hazardous Waste
3.2. The Global Environmental Regime 3.2.1. Context 3.2.2. Culture 3.2.3. Structure 3.2.4. Processes 3.2.5. Effects
Social Development Trends 238 Peter J. M. Nas, Leiden University, the Netherlands Jan J. J. M. Wuisman,Leiden University, the Netherlands 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualizing Social Development 3. Current Trends of Social Development 4. The Emergent World Community 5. The Global Expansion of Economy 6. The Creation of a World Culture 7. The Internationalization of Governance 8. The UN system 9. The Nation-state 10. Local Participation and Empowerment 11. Conclusion Equity 258 Catherine Hodge McCoid,Department of History and Anthropology, Central Missouri State University, USA
5. Equity and Human Rights: Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil and Political Rights. 6. Equity, Inequity, and global ecological pressure.
6.1. Inequity, Globalization and the Capitalist World Market 6.2. Inequity and Global Ecological Pressure: Social and Ecological Costs of Overconsumption and
Underconsumption 6.3. Gender, Inequity, and the Global System.
7. Equity and Sustainable Development: Providing for Environmental Balance and Basic Human Needs. Social and Cultural Development Indicators 280 Kimio Uno,Keio University, Japan
1. Economic versus Social–Cultural Dimensions
1.1. Global Community, or Is It? 1.2. Two Hundred Years of Development 1.3. Development Scheme 1.4. Paradigm Shift 1.5. Frame of Reference
2. The Methodology of Social Measurement 3. The Cases of Social Measurement
3.1. The Development of Social Indicators 3.1.1. Economic Objectives 3.1.2. Functional Classification 3.1.3. Basic Human Needs
3.2. The Framework of Social Indicators 3.2.1. Social, Political, and Economic Characteristics of Development by Adelman and Morris 3.2.2. The OECD List of Social Indicators 3.2.3. World Development Indicators by the World Bank 3.2.4. Agenda 21 3.2.5. Baseline Scenarios by the IPCC
3.3. Indicators on Specific Spheres 3.3.1. Demographic Trends 3.3.2. Urbanization 3.3.3. Environmental Indicators 3.3.4. Services 3.3.5. Unpaid Work and Time Use
4. Policy Relevance of Indicators 4.1. The Foundation of Policy 4.2. Policy Formulation 4.3. Proper Issue Setting
Gender Dimensions to Life Sustainable Systems 340 Thais Corral, Executive Director, Rede de Desenvolvimiento Humano, REDEH, Brazil and Vice President, Women Environment and Development Organization, WEDO, USA 1. Introduction: "Gender Dimension" 2. Women and Environment—from Rio 1992 to Beijing 1995
2.1. Women at Rio 92—Planeta Fêmea 2.2. Women’s Action Agenda 21 2.3. From Rio to Beijing 2.4. Perspectives of Women on Trade and Global Economy 2.5. Perspectives of Women on Peace and Militarism 2.6. Women, Health, and the Environment: Action for Cancer Prevention
3. Women and Human Rights 3.1. Radio as a Source of Mobilization, Organization and Empowerment for Human Rights
4. Women and Government 5. Women’s Health
5.1. Case Study: Women in Texas Address Military Contamination of Community Water 6. Women and Production
6.1. Women’s Initiatives on Income-Generation and Credit 6.2. The Country Women Association of Nigeria (COWAN) 6.3. The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) has set up the Shri Mahila 6.4. COOPA-ROCA (Sewing & Handicrafts Cooperative) 6.5. Meryem Aslan
Socioeconomic Developmental Social Work 362 Jan Marie Fritz,Professor of Planning and Health Policy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 1. Introduction 2. Notes on the history of socioeconomic development 3. Intervention and interventionists: Principles and tools 4. Aspects of socioeconomic developmental intervention 5. Levels of intervention 6. Conclusion
VOLUME VIII Financial Resources Policy and Management:World Economic Order 1 Ramón Tamames, Full Professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain; Jean Monnet Chairholder, European Union, Spain. 1. Globalization: Cycles and Inequalities
1.1. Fewer and Lower Barriers 1.2. A Non-synchronized Cycle 1.3. Global Elite, Middle Classes, and Publicity
2. New Economy: Myth or Real Success? 2.1. The Longest Prosperity Period 2.2. Factor X
3. The Different Behaviors of Nations 3.1. Advanced Countries 3.2. Russia 3.3. Latin America 3.4. The Third World
4. Reform Programs 4.1. New Arrangements 4.2. New Allocations and Conditionalities 4.3. Globalizing Institutions
5. Natural World Resources and Bionomics 5.1. Finite Resources 5.2. The Role of Multinationals 5.3. A New Deal from Bionomics
6. The Biosphere as a Global Ecosystem 6.1. Atomic Danger: From Nuclear Winter to Détente 6.2. Major Threats and Changing Patterns
6.2.1. Some Specific Problems 6.2.2. Environmental Unawareness and Unsatisfactory Education 6.2.3. Consumption Habits
7. To End Man’s War Against Nature 7.1. Main Features and Tensions 7.2. Milestones to a Worldwide Philosophy
8. The Earth Summit: Bionomics at Large 8.1. Preparing the Summit 8.2. UNCED’s Decisions
9. Emissions and Wastes that Pollute the Earth 10. The Two Malthus Laws
10.1. Malthus’ First Law and Homo tecnologicus 10.2. Malthus’ Second Law and Homo ecologicus
11. The Ecological Answer: The Unified Field of Economics and Ecology and the Eco-Eco Model 11.1. The Eco-Eco Model and Sustainable Development 11.2. Environment and Sustainable Development in Cooperation Polices
11.2.1. Poverty, WTO, and PNUD 11.2.2. Sustainability Policies
11.3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the Environment 11.3.1. Positive Influence and Risks 11.3.2. Competitiveness, FDI, and Nature 11.3.3. Developing Countries’ Attitudes
12. The Biosphere Government 12.1. UNCES as a New Executive Body
12.2. Previous Attempts 12.3. UNCES Inside the United Nations 12.4. Looking at Poor Countries: An Agenda for Action
12.4.1. To Ensure Minimum Consumption 12.4.2. To Apply Environmentally Sustainable Technologies 12.4.3. To Remove Perverse Subsidies 12.4.4. To Strengthen Public Action for Consumer Education and Information 12.4.5. To Reinforce International Mechanisms to Manage Consumption’s Global Impacts 12.4.6. To Build Stronger Alliances Among NGOs 12.4.7. To Think Globally, To Act Locally
Manufacturing and Networked Information Systems for Life Support 35 T. Govindaraj, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Background
2.1. Self-sustained communities in relative isolation 2.2. Increased mobility and the evolution of manufacturing
3. Evolution of information systems 3.1. The context 3.2. Relationship between information and manufacturing 3.3. Networks, technology, and people
4. Information for sustainable production Science and Technology Policy 53 Rigas Arvanitis, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), France 1. Introduction 2. Questions of definitions
2.1. Science and technology, R&D, and other statistical categories 2.2. The multiple dimensions of the research endeavor 2.3. The real scope of science and technology policies
3. The new social and institutional framework 3.1. Science and technology as closer endeavors 3.2. The increasing role of private companies and private R&D 3.3. The changing context of S&T policy making
3.3.1. The environment 3.3.2. Users demand more participation 3.3.3. Information technologies contribute to a new economy 3.3.4. Changing North–South relations and the emergence of the transition economies 3.3.5. Collaborations, associations, and networks as new actors
3.4. Globalization as a challenge to national policy making 3.5. S&T policy in the learning economy
4. The historical evolution of S&T policies 5. The domains of science and technology policies
5.1. Support for higher and technical education 5.2. Direct support for research institutions 5.3. Indirect public support 5.4. Support for innovation-oriented research activities 5.5. Promotion of science and technology to the public 5.6. Management, analysis, and policy bodies for science and technology
6. Actors in the performance of R&D 6.1. Universities and the academic sector 6.2. Public research institutes 6.3. Public agencies 6.4. NGOs and non-profit foundations
6.5. Research units of the private sector 6.6. A complex web of institutions
7. Policy making bodies 8. Policy making processes
8.1. The main moments of a policy making process 8.1.1. Definition of the general objectives and what is at stake (strategic analysis) 8.1.2. Definition of modes of action (policy analysis) 8.1.3. Programming and budgeting (allocation of resources) 8.1.4. Execution (management, operational phase, and follow-up or monitoring) 8.1.5. Evaluation
8.2. The pivotal role of evaluation 8.3. The use of quantitative indicators
9. The innovation system and innovation policy 9.1. Main characteristics of innovation policies 9.2. The debate on the need for innovation policies
10. The international dimensions of S&T policies 10.1. The elements of a new international scientific world 10.2. The adoption of a regional perspective 10.3. Toward an international system of research?
11. Conclusions: science and technology policy needs 11.1. The need for ambitious frameworks 11.2. The need for public debate 11.3. The need for social sciences 11.4. Toward a professionalization of science policy making 11.5. Science and technology policy making for sustainable development
The National Imperative: The State, Science and Technology, and Policy Evolution Circa 1400-2000 116 Ian Inkster, Nottingham Trent University, UK 1. Introduction: Before the Beginning 2. Statism—The Eighteenth Century 3. Industrialization and Industrialism 4. Public Science and Science Policy 5. The Development Paradigm—The Short Twentieth Century 6. The World Turned Upside-down—The New Climacteric 7. Conclusions: Notions of Policy and the Private Sector Science and Society:Africa's Perspective 134 Shem Oyoo Wandiga, Kenya National Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya Eric Onyango Odada, Kenya National Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya 1. Introduction 2. Missed Opportunities 3. Population and Science 4. Combating Poverty 5. Improved Human Health 6. Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development 7. Promoting Human Sustainable Development 8. Atmosphere is Becoming Polluted 9. Protecting Water Resources 10. Desertification and Land Degradation 11. Energy for Sustainable Development 12. Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes Management 13. Solid and Liquid Wastes Management 14. Management of Radioactive Wastes
15. Biotechnology and the Future 16. Mobilizing Resources for Africa’s Development Political Parties: Principal Arenas of Policymaking Conflict 155 Ralph M. Goldman, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, San Francisco State University, USA Former President, Center for Party Development, Catholic University of America, USA 1. Introduction 2. A Brief Institutional History of Parties 3. Types of Party System and their Policymaking Consequences 4. Party Functions and External Relationships
4.1. Parties and Elections 4.2. Parties in the Legislature 4.3. Parties and the Chief Executive 4.4. Partisanship in the Judiciary 4.5. Parties and Organized Interest Groups 4.6. Parties and the Media
5. Factionalism and the Nominating Process 5.1. Coalition Formation and Moderation 5.2. First Elections 5.3. Popular Participation in Nominations
6. Political Parties as Planning Agencies and Policy Advocates 7. Cases of Political Parties’ Impact on Life-Support Policies
7.1. Personal Safety in Colombia 7.2. Water in India 7.3. Death and Life in Russia
8. Future Development of Political Parties 9. Rights and Responsibilities of Political Parties International Environmental Policy as a Life Support System Response 178 Renu Khator, University of South Florida, USA 1. Environmental Policy Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
1.1. Global Capitalism versus Individual Economies 1.2. Northern Consumption versus Southern Population 1.3. Environmental Security versus Diplomatic Security 1.4. Political Sovereignty versus Global Public Sphere 1.5. Individual Accountability versus Global Responsibilities 1.6. Anthropocentric Values versus Environmental Ethics
2. Environmental Policy as a Response System 2.1. Environmental Ethics as the Foundation 2.2. Global Responsibility as the Principle 2.3. Local Decision-making as the System of Governance 2.4. Quality of Life as the Goal
3. Concluding Remarks International Relations and Contemporary World Issues 193 Fulvio Attina, Department of Political Studies, University of Catania, Italy 1. Globalization and International Politics 2. State and Non-State Actors in Global Politics 3. Sustainable Development and the Agenda of the Global System 4. International Relations Theory and the Problem of Sustainable Development
4.1. Pluralist Theories 4.2. Theories of International Democracy
The Evolution of Global Governance: Theory and Practice 215 Kevin V. Ozgercin, The State University of New York College at Old Westbury, USA Thomas G. Weiss, The City University of New York, USA
1. What Is Global Governance? 2. Global Governance Before World War I 3. Global Governance After World War II 4. Globalization, Democracy and Global Governance 5. Future Research on Global Governance International Issues and IGO Goals in the Post-World War II Period 234 Chadwick F. Alger, Mershon Center and Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 1. Introduction 2. Historical Context 3. Achievement of Universality 4. Increasing Number of Tools Available for Peace Building 5. Multilateral Definition of Values 6. Multilateral Decision-Making is now Commonplace 7. A Growing System of Organizations 8. Financing the UN System 9. Diminishing the Barriers between the People and the UN System 10. Conclusion Democratic Global Governance: Issues, Resources, Opportunities 260 Irene Lyons Murphy, Environmental Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA 1. An Introduction to the Theme
1.1. Considering the structure of IGOs 1.2. The gravity of issues
2. The Development of Global Governance 2.1. IGOs 2.2. INGOs
3. IGOs: Structure, Programs, Major Issues 3.1. An introduction to the UN and its remarkable evolution
3.1.1. The quest for peace and security 3.1.2. Decision processes 3.1.3. Conclusions and an introduction
3.2. Sustaining world development 3.2.1. Environmental protection and sustainable development 3.2.2. Preserving nature and natural resources
3.3. Coordinating health issues: the WHO 3.4. Human rights and international justice 3.5. Gender issues 3.6. UN reform: problems and proposals
4. INGOs: The Quest for Democratic Global Governance 4.1. Peace and disarmament groups 4.2. Economic globalization: a new target 4.3. Population programs 4.4. Optimal development for NGOs 4.5. Human rights and the UN 4.6. NGOs and the WHO 4.7. Gender and development issues
5. Conclusions: A Future for Democratic Global Governance? 5.1. Issues: ephemeral in appearance only
5.2. Public participation at key decision points 5.3. The threat of globalization 5.4. Contributing to IGO resources 5.5. Making global governance work at the national level
INGOs: Gaining a Role in Global Governance 289 Irene Lyons Murphy, Environmental Consultant, Washington, DC, USA 1. Introduction: Evaluating the Global Civil Society 2. The Global Civic Society: its Rationale and Potential 3. Major Issues at Stalemate?
3.1. Peace and Disarmament Movements 3.1.1. Peacekeeping Strategies 3.1.2. Disarmament
3.2. Human Rights 3.2.1. Background 3.2.2. Publicizing Problems, Few Solutions 3.2.3. Authoritarian Intolerance for a Civil Society 3.2.4. The Middle East and Africa: Religious and Cultural Factors
3.3. Population Management: Global Conservatism Shows its Strength 3.4. Source of Stalemate
4. Adaptable Coalitions: the Key Factor? 4.1. The Globalization Issue 4.2. Women and Development
5. Conclusions: A Future for the Global Civil Society Combating Infectious Disease as a Global Security Goal: Emerging Trends and "Strange Bedfellows" 306 Dorothy Braddock Preslar, Program Director, Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC, USA 1. United Nation Groups Combating Infectious Diseases 2. WHO Initiatives
2.1. WHO Accomplishments 2.2. Other Activities and Considerations 2.3. Factors in Future Success
3. Infectious Disease and Global Security 3.1. Background 3.2. NGO Initiative: ProMED by the Federation of American Scientists 3.3. First Accomplishments: ProMED-mail 3.4. Animal Health/Emerging Animal Disease Project 3.5. A Design for Surveillance 3.6. Advocacy and Results 3.7. Factors in a WHO/BTWC Partnership 3.8. Successors in Interest
4. Developing New Alliances: Lessons Learned and Future Trends Introduction to Sustainable Development 320 David V. J. Bell, Professor Emeritus and Former Dean, Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Canada Yuk-kuen Annie Cheung, York Centre for Applied Sustainability, York University, Canada;University of Toronto - York University Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (JCAPS), Canada 1. What is Sustainable Development? 2. When did it Emerge? 3. What are its Implications for Governments?
4. What are its Implications for Business and Industry? 5. What are its Implications for Farming and Agriculture? 6. What are its Implications for Civil Society, NGOS, and Individuals: Education and Awareness? 7. What Progress has been made?
Index 375 About EOLSS 381
VOLUME IX
Moving Towards Sustainable Development: the Chinese Conundrum 1 Yuk-kuen Annie Cheung, York Centre for Applied Sustainability, York University, Canada;University of Toronto - York University Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (JCAPS), Canada 1. Introduction 2. Symptoms of Systemic Malfunction 3. Towards a Greater Understanding of the Key Forces at Work -- Who is Responsible? 4. Sustainable Development - Integrating Social Equity, the Economy and the Environment
4.1. Sustainable Development as a Goal 4.2. Sustainable Development as an Objective: The Chinese Conundrum
4.2.1. Population growth under natural constraints 4.2.2. Infrastructure development to meet economic needs 4.2.3. Environment as a living resource for economic growth
4.3. Sustainable Development as a Process
Intragenerational Equity, Human Rights, and Ethics in Sustainable Development 21 Joan Martinez-Alier, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Economic History, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain Martin O'Connor, Professor in Economic Science, Centre d’Economie et d’Ethique pour l’Environnement et le Développement (C3ED), Université de Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France 1. Introduction 2. The Economic Analysis of (Unequal) Ecological Distribution 3. International Trade and Environmental Load Displacement 4. From Property Rights to Symbolic Reciprocity 5. Conclusion
Water-Based Life Support System Development Information and Knowledge 41 Martin Paul O'Connor, Centre d’Economie et d’Ethique pour l’Environnement et le Développement (C3ED), Université de Versailles, France 1. Introduction 2. Sustainability and Water’s Transformation Cycles
2.1. From Atoms to Ecosystems: Water’s Emergent Complexity 2.2. Water Thermodynamics: Perspectives of Quality and Degradation
3. Water’s Value—a Problem of (Unequal) Distribution 3.1. Scarcity and Unequal Ecological Distribution 3.2. Some Middle East Examples of Ecological Distribution Conflicts over Water 3.3. The World Commission on Dams 3.4. From World Scenarios to Local Ecosystem and Development Conflicts
4. European "Integrative" Water Resources Governance Experiments 4.1. The EU Water Framework Directive 4.2. The EFIEA Water Policy Workshop
4.3. New Governance Challenges for Sediment Management 5. Conclusions—Water and Sustainability
Information Technology and Communication System Development: Information and Knowledge 62 Martin Paul O'Connor, Centre d’Economie et d’Ethique pour l’Environnement et le Développement (C3ED), Université de Versailles, France Michael Thompson, The Musgrave Institute, London, UK 1. Introduction 2. Information and Communication 3. The Internet and the Varied Forms of Public Good
3.1. Post-modernity’s Great Freebee: the Internet 3.2. A Fourfold Typology from Cultural Theory 3.3. The Social Construction of Information and Communications Technology 3.4. Some Examples of Negotiating Electronic Media Values
4. Information and Communications Technology in the Service of "Our Common Problems" 4.1. Design Concepts for Interactive ICT 4.2. A Fourfold Organization of Information 4.3. Water Resources Governance with ICT
5. Web Linkages, Governance and Knowledge Quality Assessment 5.1. The Passage from Information to Concertation 5.2. Knowledge Quality Assessment with ICT 5.3. Checks and Balances in the Future Information Society
Implementing Sustainable Development in a Changing World 86 Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme, Kenya 1. Introduction 2. Socioeconomic Linkages 3. Environmental Policies 4. Cooperative Action 5. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 6. Conclusion
Continuing Education for Decision-Makers including Politicians, Senior Government Officials and Chief Executives in Industry 96 Bhaskar Nath, European Centre for Pollution Research, London, UK 1. Introduction 2. Human Knowledge and Some of its Salient Characteristics
2.1. Evolution of human knowledge 2.2. The "world view" of Aristotle and its enduring environmental legacy 2.3. Perceptive nature of knowledge and human limitations
3. Continuing Education 3.1. What is Continuing Education? 3.2. Methods of delivery of continuing education
3.2.1. Short courses 3.2.2. Part-time courses
4. Suggestions for the Curricular Content for the Continuing Education of Leaders of Society 4.1. Wider responsibility of Leaders of Society to the environment 4.2. Public participation, accountability and transparency 4.3. Need for achieving global sustainable development 4.4. Global Warming and its likely consequences 4.5. The "North-South Divide" and its global environmental impacts
4.6. Exclusive reliance on science and technology to deliver global sustainable development 5. Some Other Issues that Leaders of Society ought to be aware of with a view to addressing them
5.1. Global sustainable development in the context of pluralistic democratic governance 5.2. Corporate profit versus environmental integrity
6. Need and an Innovative Mechanism for Certification 6.1. Need for certification 6.2. An innovative mechanism for certification
7. Conclusion
The World Input-Output Model (WIOM) 125 Wassily Leontief, Institute of Economic Analysis, New York University, New York, USA Akira Onishi, Centre for Global Modeling, Japan 1. Historical Background of WIOM 2. Scope and Methodology
2.1. Breakdown of Sectors 2.2. The Model
3. World Economic Development and its Implications 4. Policy Implications for Sustainable Development
Global Recall and Networld Game: Global Access to Global Models 133 Medard Gabel, World Game Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 1. Introduction/Overview 2. Global Recall: A Tool for Global Problem Solving 3. Global Recall: The Model 4. NetWorld Game: The Internet as Tool for Global Problem Solving 5. NetWorld Game Operations Center 6. NetWorld Game Model: The Budget Page 7. NetWorld Game’s Econometric Model 8. Future Developments
Promotion and Protection of Human Health in the Context of Sustainable Development 148 Fran E. Scott,Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Defining Health 3. Measuring Health 4. What Causes Health? 5. Strategies to Achieve Health
5.1. Health Care Services 5.2. Public Health Programs and Services 5.3. Preventive services 5.4. Primary Health Care 5.5. Health Promotion 5.6. Health Protection 5.7. Who can make a difference in health? 5.8. Health for Whom?
6. Sustainable Development 7. Conclusion Biodiversity and Sustainable Development 171 Ann Dale,Royal Roads University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 1. Introduction: What is Biological Diversity?
2. Why is Biodiversity Conservation Important? 3. Magnitude of Biodiversity Loss 4. Anthropocentric Forces 5. The Problematique 6. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 7. Characteristics of the problematique 8. Reconciliation 9. Transdisciplinary Decision-making Forums
9.1. Interdisciplinarity 9.2. Multistakeholder 9.3. Key Features
10. Conclusion
Children, Youth and Sustainable Development 197 David Gruenewald, Washington State University and University of New Mexico, USA Kathryn Herr,Washington State University and University of New Mexico, USA 1. Linking Sustainability and Social Justice 2. The Educational Experience of Youth
2.1. The Dominant Educational Paradigm in the United States 2.2. An Ecological Critique of the Dominant Educational Paradigm
3. The Social Construction of Children and Youth 3.1. Theoretical Framing of Children and Youth 3.2. A Counter Discourse of Youth Development 3.3. Who is "at risk?"
4. Monitoring the Wellbeing of Youth 4.1. Co-Constructing Society
5. Sustainability and the Work of Education 6. Conclusion
Collaboration for Sustainable Innovation 222 Richard Smith,Center for Policy Research on Science and Technology, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Sustainable Development and Sustainable Innovation 3. Examples of Collaboration for Sustainable Innovation 4. Future Challenges
Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean:Perspectives and Future 232 Arnoldo J. Gabaldón,Senior Advisor, Ecology and Environment, Inc., Caracas, Venezuela
1. Introduction 2. Approach to a Conceptual Framework for Analysis
2.1. Ecological Sustainability 2.2. Social Sustainability 2.3. Economic Sustainability 2.4. Political Sustainability 2.5. Recapitulation
3. Barriers to Sustainable Development 3.1. Poverty 3.2. Unsustainable Management of Natural Resources 3.3. Negative Institutional Environment 3.4. High Population Growth 3.5. Lack of Social Consensus on the Meaning of Sustainable Development
The Human Security Agenda in World Politics 258 Pauline Ewan, International Studies, University of Wales, UK
1. Introduction 2. The UNDP’s Development-Centered Conception of Human Security
2.1 The Universalism of Human Life 2.2 Interdependence and Solidarity 2.3 Early Prevention 2.4 A People-Centered Approach
3. The Emergence of the Security/Development Nexus 3.1 Orthodox Approaches to Development 3.2 Sustainable Human Development 3.3 Internal Conflict 3.4 Security and Development after 9/11
4. Human Security and the War on Terror 5. The Ambiguity of Human Security
5.1 The Problem of Endless Broadening 5.2 Liberal Universalism and the Production of Insecurity
6. Conclusion Water and Development: Some Select Aspects 282 Catherine M. Marquette, Christian Michelsen Institute, Norway Silje Pettersen, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA 1. Introduction 2. Issues Raised by Contributions in Under This Theme
2.1. Human-Water Interactions Linked to Food, Agriculture and Energy Demands 2.2. Human-Water Interactions in Developing Countries 2.3. Conflict Over Water, Human Health and Gender
3. Insights from Contributions and Additional Issues 3.1. Addressing Water Supply Constraints and the Future Role of Dams 3.2. Water Management and the Challenge of Putting a Value on Water 3.3. The Challenge of Arid Environments and Innovative Ways of Increasing Supply 3.4. Water Resources and Conflict 3.5. Global Climate Change and Impacts on Water Resources
Future Challenges of Providing High-Quality Water 294 Jo-Ansie K van Wyk, Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa, P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa Richard Meissner, African Water Issues Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa Hannatjie Jacobs, Independent Research Consultant, P O Box 6228, Uniedal, Stellenbosch, 7612, South Africa 1. Introduction 2. Global and Regional Freshwater Resources 3. Emerging Global Patterns in the Provision of High Quality Water 4. Global Awareness of the Challenges of Providing High Quality Water 5. The Role of Global Governance Agencies in the Provision of High Quality Water 6. Increased Private Sector Involvement in the Provision of High Quality Water 7. The Role of Selected Global Social Movements 8. The Development and Expansion of International Law 9. Global Water Values 10. Water and International Security 11. The Use of Internet and Technology 12. Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources
12.1. Flooding and Drought 12.2. El Niño and Freshwater Resources 12.3. Global Warming and Sea-Level Rise 12.4. Climate Change and Water Management 12.5. Climate Change and Ethics
13. Demographics, Water Availability and Demand 14. Conclusion
Nuclear Energy Impacts on Health 333 Michael H. McGovern, Senior Analyst, Center for Verification Research, USA Jaya Tiwari, PhD Candidate, Old Dominion University, USA 1. Nuclear Energy and Health: Categories of Risk 2. Why Does This Issue Matter: Important Trends and Issues 3. Sources of Health Impacts: Normal Operations and Accidents 4. Controlling Health Effects: International and National Regimes 5. Conclusion
Index 355 About EOLSS 361
VOLUME X
Sustainable Food and Water Security 1 M. S. Swaminathan, UNESCO Chair in Ecotechnology ,M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, India 1. Introduction 2. Food Security
2.1 Integrated Farming Systems 2.1.1 Soil Health Care 2.1.2 Water Harvesting and Management 2.1.3 Crop and Pest Management 2.1.4 Energy Management 2.1.5 Post-harvest Management 2.1.6 Choice of the Crop and Animal Components of Farming Systems 2.1.7 Information, Skill, Organization, Management, and Marketing Empowerment
2.2 Meeting the Challenge 2.3 The Gene Revolution 2.4 The Information Technology Revolution 2.5 The Ecotechnology Revolution 2.6 Precision Agriculture
3. Water Security 3.1 Physical Access 3.2 Economic Access 3.3 Environmental Access 3.4 Social Access 3.5 Competing Demands for Water 3.6 Managing Competing Demands 3.7 The Next Steps
3.7.1 Biotechnology and Water Security: Opportunities 3.7.2 Drought and Salinity Stress 3.7.3 Basic Biochemical and Molecular Studies 3.7.4 Identification and Isolation of Novel Genes Including Identification of New Source Material
3.7.5 Molecular Breeding and Development of Transgenics for Crop Productivity and Biological Remediations
3.8 Water Security: Bridge to a Millennium of Hope 4. Impact of Climate Change
4.1 Climate Management and Sustainable Food Security 4.2 International Network for Anticipatory Research to Meet the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Food Security
5. Safeguarding the Ecological Foundations of Sustainable Agriculture: Agrobiodiversity 5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity and Farmers’ Rights 5.2 TRIPS and Farmers’ Rights 5.3 Converting Farmers’ Rights from Rhetoric to Reality
6. Towards a Century of Hope 6.1 Designer Crops
Economics and Policy of Food Production 34 M.F. Rola-Rubzen, Muresk Institute of Agriculture, Curtin University of Technology, Australia J.B. Hardaker, Graduate School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of New England, Australia
1. State of Hunger and Food Insecurity 2. Causes of Hunger and Food Insecurity 3. Policies for Food Supply and Food Security
3.1. Conventional Policies to Improve Food Supply and Food Security 3.1.1. Policies that Directly Affect Producers 3.1.2. Policies that Directly Affect Consumers
4. Toward a Long-Term Strategy for Improving Food Production and Access to Food 5. Policies to Achieve Broad-Based Agricultural and Rural Development and to Improve Food Availability and Access to Food
5.1. Policies that Improve the Domestic Terms of Trade of Agriculture 5.1.1. Macroeconomic Policies 5.1.2. Infrastructure Policies
5.2. Policies that Improve Agricultural Productivity 5.2.1. Investments in Irrigation Development 5.2.2. Development of High-Yield Varieties and Biotechnology
5.3. Policies that Promote Institutional Change 5.3.1. Land Tenure Policies 5.3.2. Credit and Finance Policies
5.4. Policies that Improve the Capacities of People 5.4.1. Health and Nutrition Policies 5.4.2. Education Policies 5.4.3. Public Employment Programs 5.4.4. Empowering Women
6. Public-Private Partnerships 7. Prospects for Change
The Impact of Urbanization on Rural Land Use 66 Christopher Bryant, Department of Geography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
1. Introduction 2. Urbanization as Process
2.1. Sustainable Development Challenges under Urbanization Processes 2.2. Urbanization and Migration 2.3. Links with Industrialization, Technological Change, and Globalization 2.4. The Role of Values in Migration
3. Rural Land Use 3.1. Components of Rural Land Use with Particular Reference to Agriculture
3.2. The Importance of the Rural Decisionmaker: Farmer, Farm Family, Community 4. Impacts of Urbanization
4.1. Urbanization as a Set of Demands or Stresses vis-à-vis Rural (Agricultural) Areas 4.2. Different Interactions Between Urbanization and Rural Land Use 4.3. The Mosaic of Situations at All Scales of Analysis
5. Impacts on Agriculture: Issues 5.1. Agricultural Land Resource Impacts: Food Issues 5.2. Urban Fringe Agriculture in Western Countries 5.3. Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries
6. Impacts on the Rural Community: Issues 7. Policy and Action
7.1. A Framework for Public Policy and Action 7.2. Policies and Actions
Economic Development, Food, and Nutrition 92 H. Delgado, P. Palma, M. Palmieri, and F. Tartanac, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala
1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Food and Nutrition Security: A Conceptual Framework
4. Promotion of Food and Nutrition Security: To A Virtuous Circle 5. A Technical Cooperation Model for the Implementation of the Food and Nutrition Initiative in Central America 6. Strategies to Reach Food and Nutrition Security 7. Food and Nutrition Security at the Local Level: Experiences in Frontier Regions of Central America 8. Conclusion
Political Geography 111 Vladimir Kolossov, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 1. Introduction 2. First and Second Stages of Development 3. Third Stage 4. Fourth Stage 5. The World Systems Theory 6. Concepts of the State in Political Geography 7. Postmodernism and the Construction of Space 8. Territoriality, Ethnic, and Political Identity 9. The Problem of Scale, the Concept of Place, and the Contextual Approach Geographical Education 130 Rod Gerber, Faculty of Education, Health and Professional Studies, University of New England, Australia 1. What is Geographical Education?
1.1. Geography and Geographical Education 1.2. The Aims of Geographical Education 1.3. The Place of Geography in the Formal Education Curriculum 1.4. The Place of Geography in Non-Formal Education 1.5. The Components of Geographical Education
2. How is Geographical Education Relevant to Society and Environment? 2.1. The Development of Life Roles through Rediscovering Geographical Education 2.2. Knowledge, Thinking Processes, Practical Skills, and Values Developed through Geographical
Education 2.3. Social and Environmental Action 2.4. Contribution to Current Community Concerns
3. Past Trends in Geographical Education 3.1. “Capes-and-Bays” Geography 3.2. Teaching Regional Geography 3.3. Teaching Systematic Geography 3.4. An Inquiry Approach to Geographical Education
4. Current Trends in Geographical Education 4.1. International Survey of Geographical Education 4.2. Problem-Based Learning through Geographical Education 4.3. Socially Critical Approaches to Geographical Education 4.4. Developing International Understanding 4.5. Developing Intercultural Understanding 4.6. Promoting Environmental Education 4.7. Promoting Equity of Opportunity through Geographical Education 4.8. Developing Geographically Informed People
5. Current Practices in Geographical Education 5.1. Learning and Teaching Geography 5.2. Developing Geography Curricula 5.3. Teaching and Learning Strategies 5.4. Teaching Resources 5.5. Information Technology in Geographical Education 5.6. Standards and Assessment 5.7. Fieldwork in Geographical Education
6. Challenges for Geographical Education 6.1. Policy Developments in Different Countries on Geographical Education 6.2. Technology and Information Expansion 6.3. Contributing to the Development of Active, Informed Citizens Around the World 6.4. Geography Teacher Preparation and Professional Development 6.5. Bias in Resources Used to Teach Geography 6.6. A Presence in the Formal Education Curriculum 6.7. Community Relevance
Branches of Psychology 157 Pierre L.-J. Ritchie, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada Jean Grenier, Hospital Montfort and School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Historic Evolution 3. Classification 4. A Quick Overview of the Branches of Psychology
4.1. Foundations and Methods of Psychology 4.2. Information Processing and Human Behavior 4.3. Social Processes and Behavioral Development 4.4. Applied Psychological Science 4.5. Psychology in Transdisciplinary Contexts
5. Methodology 6. Ethical Issues Across the Branches of Psychology
6.1. Expectations of Ethical Behavior 6.2. Generic Frameworks for Understanding Ethical Principles
6.3. Ethical Decision Making 6.4. Contextual Aspects of Ethics in Psychology 6.5. Codes of Ethics for Psychologists
7. Branches of Psychology Pertinent to Sustainable Development 7.1. Cognitive Psychology (see, Cognitive Psychology and Attention, Perception, and Memory) 7.2. Developmental Psychology (see, Developmental Psychology: Main Problems and Modern
Tendencies) 7.3. Clinical Psychology 7.4. Counseling Psychology 7.5. Health Psychology 7.6. Educational and School Psychology 7.7. Applied Social Psychology 7.8. Organizational and Work Psychology
8. Relationship of Psychology to Other Disciplines 8.1. Philosophy 8.2. From Roots in Physiology to the Neurosciences 8.3. Medicine 8.4. Education 8.5. Social Sciences
9. Public Policy Considerations and Future Contributions 9.1. Applying Psychological Expertise to Public Policy: An International Perspective
9.1.1. Perception and Assessment of Global Environmental Change 9.1.2. Dealing with Poverty and Social Integration 9.1.3. Knowledge Transfer in Health Psychology 9.1.4. Cognitive Psychology in a Multidisciplinary Environment 9.1.5. Meeting Multiple Expectations: The Psychology–Public Policy Relationship
9.2. A Future Snapshot: The Value of the Branches of Psychology to Sustainable Development
The Concept of a Peace Dividend 196 Michael D. Intriligator,Professor of Economics, University of California at Los Angeles, USA 1. Introduction: Reduced Defense Budgets and the Arms Race 2. The Problem of Defense Conversion 3. Reduced Defense Spending as an Investment Process 4. Arms Exports 5. Conclusion: Policy Implications of the Investment Interpretation Political Aspects of Government 204 Nobuo Okawara, Kyushu University, Japan 1. Introduction 2. Majoritarian Democracies 3. Consensus Democracies 4. Interest Groups in Democracies 5. Power and Exercise of Power Social Problem Diagnosis: A Sociopathology Identification Model 229 Paris J. Arnopoulos, Professor Emeritus, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada 1. Introduction 2. CONTEXT: Anatomy of Sociophysics
2.1. Basic Syntax 2.1.1. SET Frames 2.1.2. MEF Aspects 2.1.3. ESE Spheres
5. Conclusion General Systems Theory 265 Anatol Rapoport, University of Toronto, Canada 1. Contributions of General System Theory to the Philosophy of Science
1.1. A Mathematical Model of Equifinality 1.2. A More General Model of Equifinality 1.3. The Search for a Unified Language of Science 1.4. The Evolutionary Approach to the Problem of Unifying the Language of Science 1.5. The Rigorously Justified Analogy - the Scientific Metaphor
2. Reductionism versus Holism 3. The Second Industrial Revolution
3.1. Automatization of War 3.2. Enterprises perceived as Systems
4. The Planet as a System 4.1. System Evolution as an Experimental Science 4.2. The Institution as an "Organism" 4.3. Causes of Wars
Sustainable Human Development in the Twenty-First Century: An Evolutionary Perspective 290 Ismail Sirageldin, Johns Hopkins University, USA 1. Introduction to the Issues
2. Toward a Philosophy for Human Development for the Twenty-First Century 2.1. From Biological Evolution to Cultural Adaptation 2.2. Cultural Evolution, Symbolism, and Globalization
2.2.1. The Inherited Burden of the Twentieth Century 2.3. From Cultural Evolution to Technophysio Evolution
3. Human Progress and Prospects at the End of the Twentieth Century 3.1. Culture: Evolution and Diversity 3.2. Global Demographic Transition: Socio-Economic Consequences and Potential
3.2.1. Demographic Change: Alarm About Depopulation and Stagnation? 3.2.2. Demographic Change: A Window of Development Opportunities? 3.2.3. Migration and Human Development
3.3. Education, Learning Innovations, and Motivation 3.3.1. Education Quantity and Quality 3.3.2. Learning Innovations 3.3.3. Motivation and Morals
3.4. Globalization and Human Development 3.5. The Income and Capability Gap: Unequal Opportunities and Poverty 3.6. Gender 3.7. Environment
4. Concluding Remarks: Opportunities and Challenges Anthropology and Human Development 336 Joan P. Mencher, Lehman College, CUNY, USA 1. The Ways in which Anthropology Considers Issues of Development
1.1. Introduction 1.2. What is Development? 1.3. Development and Social Policy 1.4. Implications of Development for People's Lives 1.5. Development and Ideology 1.6. Techniques of Persuasion: Manipulating Minds 1.7. Comparability of Countries
2. Human Development and Agriculture: An Anthropological Analysis 2.1. Introduction 2.2. What is Agriculture? Corporate/State Farms versus Family Farms 2.3. Myths of Cheap Food and Efficiency 2.4. Environmental Hazards 2.5. The Focus of Agronomic Research and its Support 2.6. When is High-tech Needed? 2.7. Land Reform and Local Autonomy 2.8. Who Will Feed the World in the Twenty-first Century?
3. The Hope for the Future: Counter-corporatization with a Human Face 3.1. Introduction
4. Conclusion The ECOCOSM Paradox 362 Willard R. Fey, Ecocosm Dynamics Ltd., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ann C. W. Lam, Ecocosm Dynamics Ltd., Atlanta, Georgia, USA 1. Introduction 2. The Power of Compound Hyper-exponential Time Functions 3. Data Time Histories for Important World Variables 4. The Instability of the Human System on Earth 5. Feedback Structures That Cause the Exponential Time Patterns
5.1. Population Feedback Structure 5.2. Technology's Feedback Structure
5.3. Economic and Government Loops that Reinforce Consumption Growth 6. The Nature of Sustainability 7. Proposals for Achieving Perpetual Sustainability
7.1. Technological Solutions 7.2. Economic Solutions 7.3. Stabilization of Consumption through Price Adjustments 7.4. Government Policy and Treaty Solutions
8. Conclusions Index 385 About EOLSS 395 VOLUME XI System Dynamics for Discerning Developmental Problems 1 Khalid Saeed, Social Science and Policy Studies Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA 1. Introduction 2. Development Planning Based on Recognition of Existing Conditions 3. Reference Mode Construction as a Learning Process for Defining Developmental Problems 4. An Experiential Learning Framework for Constructing a Reference Mode
4.1. First Learning Cycle: Delineation of a System Boundary 4.2. Second Learning Cycle: Recognition of a Fabric of Past Trends Within the Defined System
Boundary 4.3. Third Learning Cycle: Constructing a System of Past Trends for Policy Variables Missing from
Historical Data 4.4. Fourth Learning Cycle: Projecting Past Trends into Future to Create a Reference Mode
5. An Illustration of Reference Mode Construction for the Food Shortage Problem 5.1. Determining System Boundary 5.2. Growth of the Consumption Base 5.3. Condition of Renewable Agricultural Resources 5.4. Recognizing Past Trends within the Defined System Boundary 5.5. Constructing Past Trends for the Policy Related Variables
6. Constructing the Reference Mode 6.1. Reference Modes for Poverty and Internal Security Problems
7. Current Developmental Issues 8. Conclusion Differing Conceptions of Development and the Content of International Development Law 27 Daniel D. Bradlow, International Legal Studies Program American University Washington College of Law, Washington DC, USA 1. Introduction 2. A Brief History of IDL 3. Competing Views of Development
3.1. The Traditional View of Development 3.2. The Traditional View of Development and IDL
3.2.1. The Substantive Content of IDL 3.2.2. Sovereignty and IDL 3.2.3. The Relationship Between National and International Law 3.2.4. The Role of International Human Rights Law in IDL
3.3. The Modern View of Development 3.4. The Modern View of Development and IDL
3.4.1. The Substantive Content of IDL 3.4.2. Sovereignty and IDL 3.4.3. The Relationship between National and International Law 3.4.4. The Role of International Human Rights Law in IDL
4. Some Thoughts on the Future Evolution of IDL
What is That Thing Called Philosophy of Technology? 72 R. J. Gómez , Department of Philosophy. California State University (LA). USA 1. Introduction 2. Locating technology with respect to science
2.1. Structure and Content 2.2. Method 2.3. Aim 2.4. Pattern of Change
3. Locating philosophy of technology 4. Early philosophies of technology
4.1. Aristotelianism 4.2. Technological Pessimism 4.3. Technological Optimism 4.4. Heidegger’s Existentialism and the Essence of Technology 4.5. Mumford’s Megamachinism 4.6. Neomarxism
5. Recent philosophies of technology 5.1. L. Winner 5.2. A. Feenberg 5.3. Ecosophy
6. Technology and values 6.1. Shrader-Frechette Claims 6.2. H Jonas
7. Conclusions Democratization: The World-Wide Spread Of Democracy in The Modern Age 107 Daniel M. Green,Department. of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, USA
1. Introduction 2. Early European Republicanism, to 1517 3. Early Modern Democracy, 1517-1814
3.1. The Dutch, the English, and Liberal Advantage, 1562-1609 3.2. English Events, 1642-1689: Civil War and Glorious Revolution 3.3. The Enlightenment, 1715-1776 3.4. The Age of Revolution, 1776-1814
4. Liberalism in Europe, 1814-1848 4.1. The Revolutions of 1830 4.2. The Revolutions of 1848 4.3. Britain as Liberal Power? 4.4. Scientific Racism and the Standard of Civilization: Europe and the World, 1856-1914
5. Democracy Unbound: Three Liberal Moments, 1919, 1945, 1989 5.1. WWI and Its Moment 5.2. WWII and Its Moment 5.3. The Post-Cold War Moment, 1989-2001? 5.4. Today’s Democratic Challenges
6. Conclusions Demography of Aging 128 M. Nizamuddin, HEC Foreign Professor, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Javed Sajjad Ahmad, HEC Visiting Professor, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Fauzia Maqsood, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Research Consultant, University of Gujrat, Pakistan 1. Introduction and Background 2. Global Ageing: An Overview of Major Trends in Developed and Developing World 3. Rapid Populations Ageing in Developing World
3.1. Regional Dimensions in Population Aging 3.2. Population Aging in East-Asia, South-East Asia, South and West Asia and the Pacific
4. Demographics of Ageing: Major Determinants 4.1. Success in Family Planning, Declining Trends in Fertility and Mortality 4.2. Sex Ratio of Aging Population
5. Major Challenges of Rapid Aging for Public Policy 5.1. Economic Challenges 5.2. Is the Developing World ready to deal with rapid aging?
6. Changing Family Structure, Status of Women and Feminization of Aging 6.1. Dwindling Family Support System 6.2. Changing Status of Women 6.3. Gender Differences in Mortality and Life Expectancy 6.4. Changing Role of Young and Elderly Women
7. Problems and Needs of Aging Population 7.1. Health and Morbidity 7. 2. Changing Morbidity, Chronic Diseases and Functional Disability 7.3. Increasing Risks of Disability 7.4. Changing Educational Needs 7.5. Aging and Nutrition 7.6. Active and Healthy Aging 7.7. Health Care Services for the Elderly 7.8. Health and Long Term Care 7.9. Patterns and Levels of Support 7.10. Growing Need for Institutional Support and Geriatric Care 7.11. Community Care Institutions
8. Financial and Fiscal Policies for Older Persons 8.1. Economic Security and Retirement Patterns 8.2. Need for Old-age Security 8.3. Need for Universal Pension System 8.4. Emerging Trends in Pension and Social Assistance: Selected Best Practices
9. Foreign Assistance and the Role of Civil Society 10. Growing Concerns for Public Policy in Developing Countries 11. Recommendations for Action
11.1. A Way Forward Combating Poverty in Africa 171 Emmanuel Kwesi Boon, Human Ecology Department, Vrije University of Brussels(VUB), Belgium 1. Introduction 2. What is Poverty?
2.1. The World bank View 2.2. UNDP’s View on Poverty 2.3. OECD’s View on Poverty 2.4. IFAD’s Definition of Poverty
3.1. Poverty Trends in Africa 3.2. Poverty Characteristics and Trends in Africa 3.3. Causes of Poverty in Africa
3.3.1. Geographical and Historical Factors 3.3.2. Inappropriate Government Policies 3.3.3. Unfair International Trade and Globalisation 3.3.4. Bad Governance 3.3.5. HIV/AIDS Pandemic 3.3.6. Other Causes of Poverty
4. A Case Study of Poverty in Ghana 5. The Link between Environment and Poverty
5.1. Population Growth and Environmental Degradation 5.2. Pro-poor and Pro- environment Policies
6. Key Poverty Reduction Challenges and Strategies in Africa 6.1. A Clear Vision on Poverty Reduction 6.2. Stability, Peace and Good Governance
6.2.1. Decentralise Governance to the Lowest Appropriate Level 6.2.2. Gender and Poverty
6.3. Employing the Poor 6.4. Promote Community-based Action 6.5. Eliminate Subsidies for the Non-poor 6.6. Co-managing Resources with the Poor 6.7. Compensating the Poor 6.8. Improve Access to Technology 6.9. Build Effective Poverty Reduction Partnerships
7. Conclusion History and Civilizations:Impacts on Sustainable Development in Africa 193 Emmanuel Kwesi Boon, Vrije University of Brussels(VUB), Belgium Charles Takoyoh Eyong, TESA Free University of Brussels(VUB), Belgium 1. Introduction
1.1. Empires and Civilizations in Africa 2. Sustainable Development in Africa: The Slave Trade and Colonial Trajectory
2.1. Slavery and Slave Trade 2.2. Colonialism: The Successor to the Slave Trade
2.2.1. Colonialism and the Slave Trade 2.2.2. Colonialism and the Industrial Revolution 2.2.3. Unsustainable Development in Colonial and Post Colonial Africa
2.2.3.1. Political and Social Changes 2.2.3.2. Cultural Impacts 2.2.3.3. Economic Impacts 2.2.3.4. Ecological Impacts
3. Sustainable Development Challenges in Contemporary Africa 3.1. Consumerism, Economic Hardships and Poverty
3.1.1. Market Failure and Unfavourable Terms of Trade 3.1.2. Heavy Debt Burden
3.1.2.1. Ecological Debts 3.1.3. Capital Flight
3.1.3.1. Flight of Financial Capital 3.1.3.2. Flight of Human Capital
3.1.4. High Dependence on External Aid Inflows 3.1.5. The New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)
3.2. Demographic and Social Challenges 3.2.1. Rapid Population Growth Rate 3.2.2. Rapid Urbanization 3.2.3. Bad Governance
3.2.4. Civil Wars and Ethnic Strife 3.3. Environmental Degradation
4. Fundamental Causes of Unsustainability in Contemporary Africa 4.1. Too Much Talking, Very Little Concrete Action 4.2. Continuous Reliance on Colonial Masters 4.3. International Political Economy
4.3.1. Inappropriate Development Policies and Models 4.3.2. The Free Trade Illusion
4.4. Western Prejudices about Africa 4.5. Internal Contradictions and Distrust among African Ruling Elite
5. Recommendations 5.1. Matching Words with Concrete Actions 5.2. Making Free Trade work for Africa
5.2.1. Managing Market Failures 5.3. Cautious Reliance on Colonial Masters
5.3.1. Strengthening Good Governance 5.3.2. Prudent External Lending
5.4. Adopting Appropriate Development Policies and Models 5.5. Overcoming Internal Contradictions and Western Prejudices
5.5.1. Using Effective Dialogue, Communication and Negotiations 5.5.2. Building and Marketing Africa’s Image
6. Conclusion Canada and the United States of America: Overview of the Physical and Human Dimensions of Life Support Systems 228 Lawrence C Nkemdirim, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Dianne Draper,Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 1. Introduction 2. The physical resources
2.1. Basis for abundance and abuse 2.1.1. Climate, agriculture, and forest resources 2.1.2. Water resources 2.1.3. Atmospheric resources 2.1.4. Land resources 2.1.5. Ocean resources
3. Human resources 3.1. Population characteristics 3.2. Literacy and education 3.3. Employment and income 3.4. Health care and life expectancy
4. Pressure points 4.1. Pressure points on physical elements
4.1.1. The atmospheric environment: fouled and compromised 4.1.2. Freshwater: wasted and polluted 4.1.3. The degrading land 4.1.4. A forest under siege 4.1.5. The oceans: where are the fish?
4.2. Pressure points on people issues (human dimensions) 4.2.1. Indigenous people are pushing back 4.2.2. A matter of equality and equity 4.2.3. Population dynamics: getting older and moving west
5. Easing the pressure 5.1. International treaties’ impact on domestic policy 5.2. Measures of progress: a mixed report card
5.2.1. The atmosphere and energy 5.2.1.1. Air quality is improving
5.2.1.2. Greenhouse gases: Poor marks and getting poorer 5.3. The forest is edging towards recovery 5.4. The land is approaching capacity 5.5. The water: a matter of trust 5.6. Human development
5.6.1. Indigenous relationships on the mend 5.6.2. Youths, equality and equity: greater sensitivity all around 5.6.3. Health: toward a wellness agenda
6. Integrated models 7. The future Sustainable Development in Canada and the USA: The Implications, Actors and Responses 267 Tony Weis, Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Canada Anita Krajnc, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Objective: Addressing Consumption and Sustainability in a Global Perspective 3. Pressure: Obstacles to Sustainable Development in North America
3.1. Corporations and the "Emerald City" 3.1.1. The World’s Most Powerful Resource Managers 3.1.2. Encouraging Consumerism 3.1.3. Conditioning the Public Debate 3.1.4. Exporting an Unsustainable Dream
3.2. Corporations in the Classroom 3.2.1. Skewing University Priorities 3.2.2. Consumerism in the Curriculum
3.3. Regulating Corporate Governance: International Trade Agreements (ITAs) 3.3.1. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 3.3.2. The World Trade Organization (WTO) 3.3.3. Eroding Environmental Regulation
3.4. Sprawling Urban Systems and the Automobile 3.4.1. The Ecological Burden of Cities 3.4.2. Automobile Dependence 3.4.3. The Cost of Urban Sprawl
3.5. Unsustainable Food Systems 3.5.1. The Environmental Costs of Animal Agriculture 3.5.2. The North–South Dimensions of Food 3.5.3. The Demise of the Family Farm 3.5.4. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
3.6. The Subsidization of Unsustainability: Misplaced Government Spending Priorities 3.6.1. Militarism 3.6.2. Declining Development Assistance
4. State: An Unsustainable Course 4.1. Deteriorating Quality of Life Support Systems
4.1.1. Some Hopeful Signs 4.1.2. Persistent Environmental Health Concerns 4.1.3. Shrinking Wild Lands 4.1.4. The Disturbance of Aquatic Ecosystems
4.2. The Social and Political Context 4.2.1. Changing Perceptions of the State 4.2.2. Deregulation and Voluntarism
4.3. Rising Consumption 4.3.1. The Atmospheric Burden 4.3.2. Rising Automobile Dependence 4.3.3. Other Environmental Costs of Consumption
4.4. The Unevenness of Consumption 4.4.1. Growing Polarity in Wealth
4.4.2. The Ethnic-Class Burden of Environmental Degradation 5. Detection: Key Actors in Identifying the Problems
5.1. Global Change Research Programs (GCRP) 5.2. State of the Environment (SOE) Reports 5.3. Sustainability Indicators
5.3.1. Efforts of the US Government 5.3.2. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (Canada) 5.3.3. Corporate Sustainability Reporting (CSR) 5.3.4. Community Sustainability Indicators
5.4. Environment and Economy Roundtables (Canada) 5.5. Commission for Environmental Co-operation (CEC) 5.6. Citizen Empowerment: Access to Environmental Information and Public Participation 5.7. Ecological Footprinting 5.8. Environmental Health and Epidemiology 5.9. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) 5.10. Environmental Justice Movement 5.11. Agroecologists and the Challenge to Industrial Agriculture
6. Response: Key Actors in Corrective Change 6.1. The Role of Government 6.2. The Role of Urban Governance and Planners 6.3. Business and Industry
6.4. Alternative Technologists 6.5. Labor and Social Unions 6.6. Supporting Farmers
6.6.1. De-industrializing and Localizing Agricultural Systems 6.6.2. Community Shared Agriculture (CSA) and Fair Trade
6.7. First Peoples 6.7.1. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Co-management 6.7.2. The Obstacles and Optimism of Co-Management
6.8. Civil Society and the Importance of Public Education and Citizen Engagement 6.9. Environmental NGOs
6.9.1. The "Big Ten" 6.9.2. Local Activist Groups 6.9.3. The Environmental Justice Movement
6.10. Formal Environmental Education (EE) 6.10.1. Education and Sustainable Development 6.10.2. The Importance of Children
6.11. The Emergence of New Disciplines. 6.11.1. Conservation Biology 6.11.2. Ecological Economics 6.11.3. Environmental Ethics
6.12. Popular Environmental Education (EE) 6.12.1. NGOs and Public Education 6.12.2. Environmental Research Institutes 6.12.3. Scientists as Popular Educators
6.13. Agents of Cultural Change 6.13.1. Protest Music 6.13.2. Environmental Literature 6.13.3. Environmental Art 6.13.4. Environmental Film
6.14. The Power of One: Individual Citizen Change 6.15. Coalition Building Amongst Diverse Groups 6.16. The Struggle and the Hope: The Case of Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia
Women´s Perspectives on Sustainable Development in Brazil 333 Thais Corral, Director General Rede de Desenvolvimento Humano, REDEH,Brazil 1. Overview of Main Issues affecting Women and Environment in Brazil
1.1. Brazilian Women’s Representation in Numbers 1.1.1. Education and Employment 1.1.2. Reproductive Health 1.1.3 Politics
1.2 Women and the Environment: Specific Environmental Issues 1.3 State Reforms: Change in Governmental Practices in Key Sectors
2. The Emergence of a Women's Global Movement on Sustainable Development and its Consequences for Brazil
2.1. Women’s Action Agenda 21: The Policies 2.1.1 Women’s Action Agenda for a Peaceful and Healthy Planet 2015: Rio +10
2.2. Gender Policies for Sustainable Development in Brazil 2.2.1 Brazilian Gender Policies and Practices in the 1990s
2.3 Women's Action Agenda 21: the local initiatives 2.3.1 Women’s Leadership and Local Governance 2.3.2 Capacity Building Model for Women’s Leadership on Sustainable Development 2.3.3 Radio as a Source of Mobilization, Organization and Empowerment
2.4 Challenges that remain to be addressed 3. Current Strategies for Mobilizing Brazilian Women’s Participation and Involvement
3.1. A Twofold Strategy to Generate Gender Sensitive Data 3.1.1 Gender Sensitive Indicators as Tools
3.2 Other instruments for Ensuring Women's Participation 4. Concluding Remarks: Perspectives for the Brazilian Women’s Participation in Sustainable Development Biodiversity and Social Wellbeing: The Case of South America 358 Ricardo Rozzi, Universidad de Magallanes and Omara NGO, Chile;Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, University of North Texas, USA 1. Current Ecological and Social Problems in South America
1.1. Antagonism between Conservation and Development 1.2. The Blindness of Macroeconomic Parameters
2. Diversity and Homogenization in Southern South America since European Colonization 2.1. Three Waves of Eco-Cultural Homogenization: The Case of Southern Chile
2.1.1. European Conquerors (1500–1800) 2.1.2. Independence and Modernization (1800–1950) 2.1.3. Globalization, Monetarization, and Ultra-Colonialism (1950–2000)
3. Propositions to Attenuate Eco-Cultural Homogenization and Conflicts in South America 3.1. Inaugurating and Rediscovering Environmental Ethics in South America 3.2. Listening to Local Biotas and Human Populations 3.3. Improving the Dialectic Relations between Global Models and Local People and Biota
