Peaceful Usage of Nuclear Energy

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Peaceful usage of nuclear energy

Konstantin German

II Letnia Szkoa Energetyki i Chemii Jdrowej


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Discoveryofradioactivityand

estimationofitsimportanceBecquerel

In1896foundoutthat Uraniumore

isemittingsome

newkindofrays.

CurieandSklodowska

Pierre Curie (a famous French physicist) andhis young Pole assistant (radio)chemist MariaSklodowska in 1898 were the first to separate anew element, Ra. They found out that Radiumsamples are more hot compared to the

environments as long as for many months. They concluded that radioactivity is new and

very important source of energy and proposedits usage for medical, pharmaceutical, , ,purposes. Some other applications drugs and

creams were considered important.

VernadskyinRussiain1920predictedthatRaandalliedmattercouldbeaveryimportant

keyfornewenergeticintheWorldscale.MARIESKODOWSKACURIEBYGRZEGORZZAJC


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In1945,twoexplosionsinJapanhave

demonstrated thepowerofatomwithabsoluteevidence

HBOMBTEST


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IAEA startup - 8 December 1953

US President Dwight Eisenhower

was not a scientist but an importantgovernor. At the United Nations

Meeting in New York in his Atoms

For Peace speech he called for theinstitution of a UN agency to

maximize the contribution of

nuclear technology to the world

while verifying its peaceful use.


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Peacefulusesofatomicenergy

Nuclearpowerplants(electricity

production,thermalsource,

waterdistillationstations)

Nuclearreactorpropulsion

(icebreakers,specialplants)

Radioisotopesources(closed

RITEGsetc.,open)

Nuclearmedicine(radiationuse,

radioisotopeuse

radiodiagnosticsand

radiotherapy)

Nuclearexplosionspeaceful

uses(historicalandprospective)

Supervised by IAEA : that

seeks to promote the

peaceful use of nuclear

energy, and to inhibit its

use for any military

purpose, including nuclearweapons

Missions

3.1 Peacefuluses

3.2 Safeguards

3.3 Nuclearsafety

3.4 Criticism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency


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Nuclearreactorisadevicetoinitiate

andcontrolasustainednuclearchain

reaction.Nuclearreactorsareusedat:

Nuclearpowerplants(NPP) forgenerationelectricity

In propulsionofships.

Heatfromnuclearfissionispassedtoaworkingfluid(wateror

gas),whichrunsthroughturbines.Theseeitherdrivea

ship'spropellersorturnelectricalgenerators.Nuclear

generatedsteaminprinciplecanbeusedforindustrialprocess

heat,fordistrictheatingorforwaterdistillation.

Somereactorsareusedtoproduceisotopesformedicaland

industrial use,orforproductionof plutonium forweapons.

Somearerunonlyforresearch.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission


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NPPs aredifferentinthenatureof

NuclearReactorType:Thermalneutronsreactors

Waterwater(WWER) Boilingwater(BWR)

Heavywater

Gascooled(MAGNOX,AGR)

Graphitewater

Hightemperaturegascooled

Heavywatergascooled

Heavywatercooled

Boilingheavywater

Fastneutronsreactors

Sodiumcooled(BN300,600,BN800)

PborPbBicooled(BN

1200)

OTHERREACTORTYPESEXIST

Moltensalt Homogeneous

Researchreactors
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12/72

USA+UK 80

RUSSIA 35

France 4


13/72


14/72

CivilNPPReactorstartupsand

shutdownsintheworld(1954 2011)units


15/72


16/72


17/72

TheAFCIistheTechnologyDevelopmentComponentof

theU.S.NuclearEnergyProgram

TransmutationFuels FastReactors

AdvancedSeparations

WasteForms

Safeguards

SystemsAnalysis GridappropriateReactors

AFCIResearchCampaigns:

*GordonJarvinen VIIIInternationalWorkshopFundamentalPlutonium

Properties. September812,2008


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NPPsinRussia

2012 RussianNPPsproduced 170*109kWt*hour

Thefractionofnuclearpowerintotalelectricpower=16%inRussia,oftotalpower=11%


19/72

Waterwaterreactors

WWER1000(31reactorsinoperation)

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5

,6 ,7 ,8

,9 ,10 ,11

,12 ,13

,14 ,15 ,16

,17 ,18

,19 ,20


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Boilingwaterreactor


21/72

PressurizedWaterReactor


22/72


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24/72

FastreactorsinRussiaandChina

Beloyarsk NPP CEFRChina Thesinglereactornowin

operationisaBN600fast

breederreactor,generating600

MWe.(1980 2014)

LiquidSodiumisacoolant.

Fuel:369assemblies,each

consistingof127fuelrodswith

anenrichmentof1726%U235.

ItisthelargestFastreactorin

serviceintheworld.Three

turbinesareconnectedtothe

reactor.Reactorcore1.03mtall,Diameter= 2.05m.

China'sexperimental

fastneutronreactorCEFRhasbeen

connectedtothe

electricitygridin2011


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Fast BN800 with mixed UO2PuO2 fuel andsodiumsodium coolant will start by 2014 in

Russia.

FastBN1200reactorwithbreedingratioof1.2

to1.31.35formixeduraniumplutonium

oxidefueland1.45fornitridefuel,Meanburnup120MWtXdXkg.BN1200 isduefor

constructionby2020

http://www.worldnuclearnews.org
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/


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UREX+1a Process Outline

TALSPEAK

UREX

FPEX

TRUEX

DissolvedFuel

LanthanideFPs

U,Tc

Cs,Sr

NonLnFPs

Np,Pu,Am,Cm

Chopfuelanddissolvein

HNO3;UandTcextractedinUREXstepwithTBPin

hydrocarbon(HC)solvent

Cs/Srextractedwith

calixcrownandcrownetherinFPEXprocess

Transuranicsandlanthanide

fissionproductsextractedin

TRUEXstepwithCMPOand

backextractedfromCMPO

withDTPAlacticacidsolution

Lanthanidefissionproducts

extractedintodi2ethylhexyl

phosphoricacidinHCsolventleavingTRUelementsin

aqueousphaseinTALSPEAK

process




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Technetium is a Long-term Threat to the Biosphere

Technetium is a key dose contributor in Yucca Mountain repositorymodeling if TRU elements are greatly reduced by UREX+recycling. The long half-life of Tc (t1/2 = 2.14 x 10

5 years) and itshigh mobility and solubility as pertechnetate create a long-termthreat to the biosphere.

UREX process produces a separated stream of pure uranium andtechnetium recovering >95% of the Tc in the dissolved LWR spentfuel. Most remaining Tc is found in noble metal inclusions of Mo-Tc-Ru-Rh-Pd found in the undissolved solids (UDS) from the

dissolution of the spent fuel in nitric acid. Los Alamos workers have developed an anion exchange processto remove the Tc from the U, recover the Tc by elution withammonium hydroxide, and convert the pertechnetate to metal orTcO2.

Alloys of Tc with UDS metal inclusions, Zircaloy hulls or othermetals (e.g., INL Metal Waste Form: Tc, 15% Zr, 85% stainlesssteel) and also oxide phases with the lanthanide and transitionmetal fission products are being studied as potential disposalforms.



Eff f h d i d


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Effectofthepowerproductionmode

onthehealthofEuropeanpopulation

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Browncoal

2. Blackcoal3. Gas

4. Nuclearpower

5. Sunlightpower6. Windpower

Lost

Years

ofLife,

Manyear

perGWt*H

produced


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SmallModularReactors(SMRs)

SmallModularReactors(SMRs)arenuclearpower

plantsthatsmallerinsize(300MWeorless)thancurrentgenerationbaseloadplants(1,000MWe

orhigher). Thesesmaller,compact

designsarefactory

fabricatedreactorsthatcanbetransportedbytruckorrailtoanuclearpowersite.


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NPPs&WaterlocationproblemFukushimaDaiichinuclear

Disaster BWRRPV Othercases

Corps of Engineers photo of the Fort

Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station

on June 16, 2011 during the 2011

Missouri River Floods. Vital buildings

were protected usingAquaDams, a type of waterfilled

perimeter flood barriers


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36

7

6

13

3

65ReactorsforNPPsUnder

Construction byregion:AsiaFarEast

AsiaMiddleEast

andSouth

EU27

OtherEurope

America

Sources:IAEAPRIS,MSC2011


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Nuclearpowered

propulsion

Nuclearpoweredicebreakersand

complexusage

ships

Typhoon3RF VMFsubmarine NimitzUSNavyaircraftcarrier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker


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NuclearpoweredicebreakersIcebreaker Lenin in 1959 was both the world'sfirst nuclearpowered surface ship and the first

nuclearpowered civilian vessel.

ThesecondwasNSArktika.Inservicesince1975,

shewasthefirstsurfaceshiptoreachtheNorthPole,onAugust17,1977.

NS YamalandTaimyr

Installedpower:

Two OK-900 nuclear reactors(2 171 MW),90%enriched,zirconiumclad,Uraniumfuel.

Propulsion: Nuclear-turbo-electricThree shafts, 52 MW (comb.)

Speed: 20.6 knots (38.2 km/h)

Ice to break :

2.25 m 3.5 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_icebreaker_Leninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_icebreaker_Leninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_(icebreaker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK-900_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK-900_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_(icebreaker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_icebreaker_Leninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker


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Northernsearoute

Mapof NorthernSeaRoute

Consumeupto200 grammsoffueladaywhenbreakingice.

500 kg of Uranium in each reactor,allowing for up to four

years between changing reactor cores

OTHER APPLICATIONS


38/72

OTHERAPPLICATIONS

Science&Technology

Waterresourcemanagement:Isotopehydrology

Pestcontrol:Sterileinsecttechnique

Foodsafety:Irradiation Environmentalmanagement:Pollutioncontrol

Cancertreatment:Radiotherapy

NuclearMedicine:Diagnostics

T h i l C ti ith IAEA


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TechnicalCooperationwithIAEA:Addressescriticalproblemsindevelopingnations

Contaminateddrinkingwater

Infectiousdiseases:TB,AIDS

MalariaandSleepingSickness

Malnutritionandfoodscarcity

Pollution

Shortageofknowledgeandskills


40/72

Radioisotopebattery Nuclearbatteryorradioisotopebatteryisadevicewhichusestheradioactive

decaytogenerateelectricity.Thesesystemsuseradioisotopes thatproducelow

energybetaparticlesoralphaparticlesofvaryingenergies.

Lowenergybetaparticles preventionof highenergyBremsstrahlung

radiation thatwouldrequireheavyshielding.

Radioisotopessuchas tritium,Ni63,Pm147,Tc99 havebeentested.

Pu238,Cm242,Cm244,Sr90havebeenused.

Twomaincategoriesofatomicbatteries: thermalandnonthermal.

Thenonthermalatomicbatteriesexploitcharged and particles.These

designsincludethedirectcharginggenerators,betavoltaics,

theoptoelectric nuclearbattery,andtheradioisotopepiezoelectric

generator.

Thethermalatomicbatteriesontheotherhand,converttheheatfromthe

radioactivedecaytoelectricity.Thesedesignsincludethermionic

converter,thermophotovoltaic cells,alkalimetalthermaltoelectricconverter,andthemostcommondesign,theradioisotopethermoelectric

generator.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_piezoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_battery


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42/72

Attemptsof99Tcapplication

inIPCERAS(19751987)

Prof. V. Peretroukhin checks the electricbattery based on -emission of technetium-99

Electric battery based on b-emission of Tc(1978-1983, O.Balakhovsky) - Sources for eyeball medical treatment

and defectoscopy (1983 1993, K. Bukov)

Corrosion protection (1960-1975, Kuzina) Antifouling protection (1975 1987,

S.Bagaev, S.Kryutchkov, K.German)

Tc catalysts at ceramic supports (1975

2000, G. Pirogova)


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44/72

RTGuse

Implantedheartpacemakers

The USSRconstructedmanyunmannedlighthousesandnavigationbeaconspowered

byRTGs. Poweredby strontium90

(90Sr),theywereveryreliable

andprovidedasteadysourceofpower.

Thermal regimeat outerplanet instruments (cars)

Now

Lighthousesandnavigationbeacons

Inthepast,small

"plutoniumcells"(very

small 238PupoweredRTGs)

wereusedinimplanted heart

pacemakers toensurea

verylong"batterylife".[9]

Asof2004,about90

patientswerealiveandthe

batterieswerestillinuse.

l f
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90


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DislocationofsomeRITEGs

lighthousesinRussiaandAntarcticaNorthernSeaRoute Antarctica

Nowadayswhensatellitesystemareusedfornavigationcontrol RITEGsatNSR areconsidered normoreusefulandspecialprogramofdecommissioningwasrun


46/72


47/72

Decomission fondings ofRITEG

asassistedbythepartners

byDec.2012 (inunits)

2001

RITEG BETTA M FADDEY CITE

RITEG BETTA M FADDEY CITE


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RITEGBETTA_MatFADDEYCITE

damagedwithfrozenice

RITEGBETTA_MatFADDEYCITE

damagedwithfrozenice

MOSTOFRITEGSWERESHIPPED TORUSSIAN

REPROCESSINGFACILITIES


49/72


50/72

SPACEPOWERSYSTEMS(RPS)

RPSssafelyenableddeepspaceexplorationand

nationalsecuritymissions.

RPSsconverttheheatfromthedecayofthe

radioactiveisotopePu238intoelectricity.

RPSsarecapableofproducingheatandelectricity

undertheharshconditionsencounteredindeep

spacefordecades.

Safe,reliable,andmaintenancefreeinmissionstostudythemoonandalloftheplanetsinthesolar

systemexceptMercury.

TheMarsScienceLaboratoryrover,Curiosity,

launched 2011,landedsuccessfullyatMarsonAugust5,2012.

1st missiontousetheMultiMissionRadioisotope

ThermoelectricGenerator(MMRTG).

TheRPSpoweredNewHorizonsspacecraftisthreequartersofthewaytoaplannedPlutoencounterin

2015

AtMoon

COOPERATIONFORSPACE EXPLORATION:Np237forproductionofPu238was

providedtoUSDOEbyRussianRT1.

Np237isaproductofPOMAYAKRT1

plantthatreprocessRBMK 1000spentnuclearfuel

Cassini'sphotoof theEarth

R di i t th l t i


51/72

Radioisotopethermoelectric

generators Aglowingredhotpelletof

plutonium238dioxidemadeby

USDOEattheDepartment'sof

LosAlamosNationalLaboratory

tobeusedinaRTGfortheCassinimissiontoSaturn

Eachpelletproduces62wattsof

heatandwhenthermallyisolated,canglowbrilliant

orange

10Lcontainerfilledin

withmetal technetium99couldproduceabout

1wattofheatenergy

during the timeupto212000 years


52/72

RadioisotopeHeater Units(RHUs)

RHUsusetheheatgeneratedbyPu238to

keepaspacecraftsinstrumentswithintheirdesignedoperatingtemperatures.

Plutoniumisproducedbynuclearreaction:

Np237(n,)Pu238

U235 U236 U237

Radioisotope Heater Units (RHUs)


53/72

RadioisotopeHeater Units(RHUs)

RadioisotopeHeaterUnits(RHUs)RHUsusetheheatgeneratedbyPu238tokeepaspacecraftsinstrumentswithintheirdesignedoperatingtemperatures.

InJuneandJuly2003,NASAlaunchedtheMarsexplorationrovers,SpiritandOpportunity,toexploreevidenceofwateronMars.EachroverhaseightRHUstokeeptheroverinstrumentswarmduringthecoldMartiannights.

TheroverslandedatseparatesitesonMarsinJanuary2004onaplanned90daymission.SpiritrovedthesurfaceofMarsforover6yearsuntilitbecamestuckinasandtrap.OpportunityisstillexploringtheMartiansurfaceand

transmittingdataafter7yearsofoperation.NASAhasalsoidentifiedseveralnewmissionspotentiallyrequiringRHUs.


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PLANNED PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS
http://energy.gov/ne/articles/new-horizons-mission-powered-space-radioisotope-power-systemshttp://energy.gov/ne/articles/powering-curiosity-multi-mission-radioisotope-thermoelectric


55/72

PLANNEDPROGRAMACCOMPLISHMENTS

AT USDOEFY2013

MaintainoperabilityofSpaceandDefensePowerSystemsrelatedfacilitiestoachieveDOEandWorkforOthersmilestones.

ContinuedevelopmentoftheASRGinsupportofapotentialNASAmission.

CompletefabricationofPu238fuelatLANLforapotentialNASAmission.

MaintaincurrentRPSsafetyanalysiscapabilityandmethodsasnewinformationbecomesavailable.

CompletetheupgradeofanenvironmentalcontrolsystemforpowersystemassemblygloveboxatINL.

ContinuetosupportdevelopmentoftheNuclearCyrogenicPropulsionStage(NuclearThermalRocket)withNASAsMarshallSpaceFlightCenter.


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Detectoscopyanddefectoscopy

oflight materials

WatersignsatexUSSRbanknotes

True,

alterationofheavyandlight

Forged,

onlyheavy

Tensometric detector

Paintedataglance

Samein

Tc rays

(1992 2003)


59/72

Russian Tc - Transmutation program (1992-2003)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99Tc n,)100Tc )100Ru

0,00%

25,00%

50,00%

75,00%

1 2 3 4 5

Irradiation time, days

Technetium-9

9Burnup,

%

Hanford (USA)

1989

Wootan WJordheim DP

Matsumoto WY

Petten (NL)

1994-1998

Konings RJM

Franken WMP

Conrad RP

et al.

Dimitrovgrad

(Russia)

IPC RAS - NIIAR

1999 - 2000Kozar AA

Peretroukhine VF

Tarasov VA et al.

6%

18%

34%

65%

10.5 days 193 days 579 days 72 days 260 days

0,67 %= Pessimistic


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Preparation of artificial stable Ruthenium by


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PreparationofartificialstableRutheniumby

transmutationofTechnetium

Rotmanov K.etall.Radiochemistry, 50

(2008)408:NewRutheniumisalmost

monoisotopic Ru100,ithasdifferent

spectralproperties Itisavailableonlytoseveral countriesthat

developnuclearindustry

Tctargetmaterial:

Tcmetalpowder/Kozar

(2008)

Tc CcompositeTccarbide/German(2005)


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Nuclearmedicine

Radiodiagnostics

Radiotherapy

Radiationusefor

metastasestreatment,

sterilizationofmedical

instruments,drugsand

clothes

Advantages:

Nuclearmedicinetests

differfrommostother

imagingmodalitiesin

thatdiagnostictests

primarilyshowthe

physiologicalfunction

ofthesystembeinginvestigatedas

opposedtotraditional

anatomicalimagingsuchasCTorMRI.


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Nuclearmedicine

Mo99 Tc99Generator

ProblemofMo99 Tc99generator inaccessibility

UseofLEUforMo99

generatorsproduction Alternativemethodsfor

Mo99

Tcsymposiums

ItalianTERACHEM(Prof.Mazzi)1985 2010

IST/ISTR(Joshihara,Sekine

)1993 2014(Japan,Russia,S.Africa,France)

RadiopharmaceuticalSoc.

Symp.


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Radionuclides inNuclearMedicine

Nucleardiagnostics

PET positronemissioncomputertomography(beta+,T1/2=sechours)Fluor18

SPECT singlephotonemissioncomputertomographygamma

emitters 100200keV,T1/2=hoursdays(Tc99m

etc)

Nucleartherapy

Radiation Bettaemittes 2002000

keV,

Alphaemitters ECorIECradionuclides

(electroncaptureofinternalelectronconversion)


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Radionuclides forPET


67/72

Nuclearmedicine

PET

Morerecentdevelopmentsinnuclear

medicineincludetheinventionofthefirstpositronemissiontomographyscanner(PET).

Theconceptofemissionandtransmissiontomography,laterdevelopedintosinglephotonemissioncomputedtomography(SPECT),wasintroducedbyDavidE.KuhlandRoyEdwardsinthelate1950s

Theirworkledtothedesignandconstructionofseveraltomographic

instrumentsattheUniversityofPennsylvania.

Tomographic imagingtechniqueswerefurtherdevelopedattheWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.

PET/CT TheseinnovationsledtofusionimagingwithSPECTand

CTbyBruceHasegawafromUniversityofCaliforniaSan

Francisco(UCSF),andthefirstPET/CTprototypebyD.

W.TownsendfromUniversityofPittsburghin1998.

PETandPET/CTimagingexperiencedslowergrowthin

itsearlyyearsowingtothecostofthemodalityandthe

requirementforanonsiteornearbycyclotron.

However,anadministrativedecisiontoapprovemedicalreimbursementoflimitedPETandPET/CTapplications

inoncologyhasledtophenomenalgrowthand

widespreadacceptanceoverthelastfewyears,which

alsowasfacilitatedbyestablishing18Flabelledtracers

forstandardprocedures,allowingworkatnoncyclotronequippedsites.

PET/CTimagingisnowanintegralpartofoncologyfor

diagnosis,stagingandtreatmentmonitoring.Afully

integratedMRI/PETscannerisonthemarketfromearly

2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kuhlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography


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SPECT

F18,Ga68

Shortlived!!!cyclotron

PET

PET/CT Better Choice Than Bone Marrow Biopsy


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PET/CTBetterChoiceThanBoneMarrowBiopsy

forDiagnosis,PrognosisofLymphomaPatientsByMedimaging Internationalstaffwriters 13Aug2013

Diffusebonemarrowuptakepatternin18F

FDGPET/CT.(AandB)Uptakelower

than(A)

or

similar

to

(B)

that

in

liver

wasconsiderednegativeforBMI.

(C)Uptakehigherthanthatinliverwas

always

linked

to

anemia

or

inflammatory processesandalso

considerednegativeforBMI(PhotocourtesyoftheSocietyofNuclearMedicineandMolecularImaging).

Amoreaccuratetechniquefordetermining

bonemarrowinvolvementinpatients

withdiffuselargeBcelllymphoma

(DLBCL)hasbeenidentifiedbyFrench

researchers.

PET/CTBetterChoiceThanBoneMarrowBiopsyfor

Di i P i f L h P i


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Diagnosis,PrognosisofLymphomaPatients

ByMedimaging International

staff

writers

13

Aug

201318Ffluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)positronemissiontomography/computed

tomography(PET/CT)imagingwhencomparedtobonemarrowbiopsy,was

foundtobemoresensitive,demonstratedahighernegativepredictivevalue,

andwasmoreaccuratefordiagnosingthesepatients changingtreatmentfor42%ofpatientswithbonemarrowinvolvement.

DLBCListhemostfrequentsubtypeofhighgradenonHodgkinlymphoma,

accountingfornearly30%ofallnewlydiagnosedcasesintheUnitedStates.In

recentdecades,therehasbeena150%increaseinincidenceofDLBCL.Inour

study,weshowedthatindiffuselargeBcelllymphoma, 18FFDGPET/CThas

betterdiagnosticperformancethanbonemarrowbiopsytodetectbone

marrowinvolvementandprovidesabetterprognosticstratification.

Whilebonemarrowbiopsyisconsideredthegoldstandardtoevaluatebone

marrowinvolvementbyhighgradelymphomas,18FFDGPET/CTisinfactthe

bestmethodtoevaluateextensionofthedisease,aswellasavoidinvasive

procedures,saidLouisBerthet,MD,fromtheCentreGeorgesFrancoisLeclerc(Dijon,France),andleadauthorofthestudy,whichwaspublishedintheAugust

2013issueoftheJournalofNuclearMedicine.


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fortheattention!

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