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UTMUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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TOPIC 1 : HOW DO WE LEARN?

NURAZILA BT MOHD ARIFIN (LP 111077 )Faculty of Education

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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Psychologists - believe the process of rememberinginvolves information passing from our short-termmemory into our long-term memory.

Information may be stored in the short-term memoryfor as little as a few seconds.

The long-term memory can store information for alifetime,but nearly all of what passes through our brainis promptly forgotten

LEARNING AND MEMORY

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INFORMATION PROCESSINGMODEL

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Suggests / advicefor teachers (STM/LTM)

J. B. Watson, the father of the behaviourist school of psychologydeveloped by B. F.Skinner, said that remembering depended onfrequency and recency.

Our knowledge about short- and long-term memories suggests thefollowing advice for teachers :

1. Dont cover new material too quickly. If you tend to speak quickly, tryto slowdown.

2. Leave a silence after an important sentence, so as to leave time for it tosink in.

3. Students need activities which encourage them to process new material.Activities that make students use and hence develop a personalrestructuring of the ideas you are trying to teach them will make themlearn more effi ciently than passive activities such as listening.

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THREE SCHOOLS OF LEARNING

The cognitivist school looks at the thinkingprocesses involved when we learn.

COGNITIVELEARNING

The behaviourist school ignores these, andlooks at how teacher behaviour and otherexternal factors infl uence learning.

BEHAVIOURISTLEARNING

The humanistic school has an interest ineducation as a means of meeting the learnersemotional and developmental needs.

HUMANISTICLEARNING

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CONSTRUC LEARNING

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Illustrated by a childrens storycalled Fish is Fish by Leo Lionni.

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TAXONOMY BLOOM

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COGNITIVE LEARNING

Common cognitivist or constructivist teaching strategies include:

1. Teaching by asking or guided discovery.

2. Diagnostic question and answer, and use of poor answers to explore andcorrect misunderstandings (Socratic questioning).

3. Explaining tasks that require students to express their understanding toeach other or the teacher, especially if these explanations are formally orinformally corrected.

4. Group work requiring students to discuss the material, so that constructsare made and peer checking and teaching takes place. This requires high-

order tasks and questions.5. Students creating mind-maps or spider diagrams and other

summaries that identify the key points and how these parts relateto the whole.

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BEHAVIORIST LEARNING

Learners require some reward orreinforcement for learning

Reinforcement should follow the desiredbehaviour as soon as possible

Learning proceeds step by step ratherthan happening all at once, and isstrengthened by repeated success

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HUMANISTIC LEARNING

The humanistic school believes thatemotional factors, and personal growthand development, are the highest values

Society, schools and colleges exist tomeet the needs of the individual learner,not the other way round.

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The main principles suggested byhumanistic psychologists :

1. Learners should be self-directed

2. Students should take responsibility for theirown learning

3. Self-assessment is preferable to teacherassessment

4. Learning is easiest, most meaningful andmost effective when it takes

5. place in a non-threatening situation