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LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pedestrian Impact Tests UpdateArup Advanced Technology and Research Group Shanghai
6th November 2009
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Contents
• General approach to pedestrian safety testing
• Development of legislative and consumer tests
• Pedestrian safety tests
– European regulation summary and updates
– EuroNCAP summary and recent developments
– Current status of GB draft
– CNCAP
– Draft GTR
• Summary of pedestrian impact models
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
General approach
• WG10/WG17 aimed to develop tests that simulate the impact of the front of a
vehicle on the side of a pedestrian at 40km/h
• Typical impact sequence:
•Stage 1: Bumper impacts leg of pedestrian near knee
•Stage 2: Pedestrian rotates and upper leg is impacted by the bonnet
leading edge
•Stage 3: Pedestrian head impacts windscreen/ bonnet
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
General approach
• Testing of full dummies was not implemented due to the large range of
possible impact points and test repeatability issues
• Instead, WG10/WG17 developed a set of 24 component tests that replicate in
a simplified manner the maximum impact forces when a vehicle impacts the
side of a pedestrian
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Development of Legislation
• 1987 EEVC WG 10 begins development of test procedures
• 1994 Publication of WG10 test procedures
• 1997 EEVC WG17 reviews WG10 test procedures
• 1998 Publication of WG17 proposed legislation
• 2000 ACEA develops proposals for voluntary tests
• 2003 ACEA commitment adopted as European
Directive 2003/102/EC
• 2009 ACEA commitment adopted as European Directive No 78/2009
• 2009 Chinese government currently reviewing the proposed national
Standard for pedestrian impact
EEVC - European Enhanced Vehicle Safety
WG - Working Group
ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers Association
GB - Chinese National standard
GTR - Global Technical Regulation
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Development of Consumer Tests
• 1997 EuroNCAP begins testing based on WG10
• 2004 EuroNCAP modifies testing to be more compatible
with WG17
• 2004 Japan NCAP begins testing using own procedures
Australia NCAP is identical to EuroNCAP
• 2009 EuroNCAP modifies the three ratings to one overall star rating
• 2009 CNCAP begins plans to include pedestrian tests in the vehicle
star rating
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
European Regulation - Update
• The new European regulation, 78/2009 was adopted on January 14th 2009,
and published February 2nd 2009
• The so called phase 2 (often referred to as Part B) includes modified test
parameters and a new implementation schedule
• The different phase of the regulation will come into effect in a total of eight
stages, depending on vehicle categories and masses
• The following slides describe these recent changes to the regulation
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Original European Regulation - Directive 2003/102/EC
• From 2005 Phase 1 (ACEA Part A)
– Required impact tests:
• Child /small adult headform on bonnet
• Lower legform on bumper
– Impact tests for monitoring purposes:
• Adult headform on windscreen
• Upper legform on BLE
• From 2010 Phase 2 (ACEA Part B - Same as WG17)
– Required impact tests:
• Adult headform on adult zone
• Child /small adult headform on child zone
• Lower legform on bumper
• Upper legform on BLE
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Original European Regulation - Directive 2003/102/EC
< 5 kNTest for monitoring onlyTotal forceUpper legform to
BLE impact< 300 NmTest for monitoring onlyBending moment
< 5 kN< 7.5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to
bumper impact*< 300 Nm< 510 NmBending moment
< 150 g< 200 gTibia acceleration
Lower legform to
bumper impact< 15°< 21°Knee rotation
< 6 mm< 6 mmKnee shear
2.5kg headform / 40km/h
Impact on child zone
< 1000
3.5kg headform / 35km/h
Impact on bonnet
< 1000 for 2/3 of child zone
<2000 for 1/3 of child zone
HICChild headform
impact
4.8kg headform / 40km/h
Impact on adult zone
< 1000
2003/102/EC phase 2
(ACEA Part B)
4.8kg headform / 35km/h
Impact on Windscreen
< 1000
Test for monitoring purposes only
HICAdult headform
impact
2003/102/EC phase 1
(ACEA Part A)CriterionTest
*Performed if lower bumper reference line height > 500mm
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
New European Regulation 78/2009
• Feedback from tests showed that some of the requirements set out under
phase 2 were not feasible
• It was appreciated that pedestrian protection requirements should apply to
heavier vehicles due to their greater numbers
• A updated regulation (based on Directive 78/2009) now exists which is a
combination of feasible requirements and active safety systems:
– Keep the contents of phase 1
– Update the contents of phase 2
– Test vehicles with mass exceeding 2,500kg
– Update the implementation timetable
– Add test for Brake Assist System (BAS)
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
New European Regulation 78/2009
Impact Zone
Impact Velocity
Headform
Impact Zone
Impact Velocity
Headform
3.5kg headform
HIC
35km/h
Impact on bonnet
4.8kg headform
HIC
35km/h
Impact on Windscreen
Test for monitoring onlyTotal forceUpper legform to
BLE impactTest for monitoring onlyBending moment
< 7.5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to
bumper impact*< 510 NmBending moment
< 200 gTibia acceleration
Lower legform to
bumper impact< 21°Knee rotation
< 6 mmKnee shear
< 1000 for 2/3 of child zone
<2000 for 1/3 of child zone
Child headform
impact
Same as the original
Regulation 78/2009 phase 1
< 1000 (Test for monitoring only)
Adult headform
impact
Original 2003/102/EC phase 1CriterionTest
*Performed if lower bumper reference line height > 500mm
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
New European Regulation 78/2009
3.5kg headform2.5kg headformHeadform
35km/h40km/hImpact Velocity
Impact on bonnetImpact on child zoneImpact Zone
4.5kg headform4.8kg headformHeadform
35km/h40km/hImpact Velocity
Impact on bonnet onlyImpact on adult zoneImpact Zone
Test for information only< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to
BLE impact Test for information only< 300 NmBending moment
< 7.5 kN< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to
bumper impact* < 510 Nm< 300 NmBending moment
< 170 g< 150 gTibia accelerationLower legform to
bumper impact< 19°< 15°Knee rotation
< 6 mm< 6 mmKnee shear
< 1000 for ½ of child zone
<1700 for ½ of child zone
combined with Adult
< 1000 for 2/3 of bonnet
<1700 for 1/3 of bonnet
< 1000HIC
Child headform
impact
Combined with Child:
< 1000 for 2/3 of bonnet
<1700 for 1/3 of bonnet
< 1000HIC
Adult headform
impact
Regulation 78/2009 phase 2Original 2003/102/EC phase 2CriterionTest
*Performed if lower bumper reference line height > 500mm
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Original European Regulation - Timetable
Phase 2
1/10/2005
1/9/2010 1/9/2015
31/12/2012
All new vehicle types
≤2500kg
Phase 1
All new vehicle types
≤2500kg
All new vehicles
≤2500kg
‘Vehicle type’ = New vehicles that differ significantly from an existing vehicle forward of the A-pillar
All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and maximum laden mass ≤2500kg
All new vehicles
≤2500kg
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
New European Regulation - Timetable
24/2/201324/2/201824/8/2019 24/2/2015
All New vehicles All New vehicle types
Phase 1
Phase 2
1/10/2005 31/12/2012
‘Vehicle type’ = New vehicles that differ significantly from an existing vehicle forward of the A-pillar
All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and commercial vehicles with maximum laden mass ≤3500kg
New vehicle types
≤2500kgNew vehicles
≤2500kg
New vehicle types
≤2500kg
New vehicles
≤2500kg
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
New European Regulation – Brake Assist System
• The Brake Assist System (BAS) is effective in reducing pedestrian protection.
From 24/2/2011 it will be mandatory to equip all new vehicles in the European
Union with BAS
• The fitting of BAS is combined with the Pedestrian Protection requirements,
but the timing of the implementation is different
• Timetable for supplication of BAS as follow:
Phase 2
24/11/2009 24/2/2015
All new vehicles
24/8/2015
All new vehicles types
24/2/2011
‘Vehicle type’ = New vehicles that differ significantly from an existing vehicle forward of the A-pillar
All = Passenger and commercial vehicles with ≤ 9 seats and commercial vehicles with maximum laden mass ≤3500kg
New vehicle types +
commercial ≤2500kg
New vehicles +
commercial ≤2500kg
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Testing Summary
• Required tests:
– Minimum of 6 adult and 6 child headform impacts onto bonnet/windscreen,
as determined my bonnet Wrap Around Distance (WAD) lines
– Minimum of 3 upper legform impacts onto bonnet the leading edge
– Minimum of 3 lower legform impacts onto bumper reference line
• Each zone is divided into segments:
– Headforms 12 segments
– Upper legform 3 segments
– Lower legform 3 segments
• Worst-case point is tested within each segment
• Manufacturers may nominate and fund up to 3 additional upper and lower
legform tests, and 6 additional adult and child headform tests
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Requirements
< 6 kN< 5 kNTotal forceUpper legform to
BLE or bumper
impact < 380 Nm< 300 NmBending moment
< 200 g< 150gTibia acceleration
Lower legform to
bumper impact< 20°< 15°Knee rotation
< 7 mm< 6 mmKnee shear
2.5kg headform / 40km/h
Impact on child zone (WAD1000 – 1500mm)
< 1350
2.5kg headform / 40km/h
Impact on child zone (WAD1000 – 1500mm)
<1000
HICChild headform
impact
4.8kg, 130mm Ø headform
40km/h / 50º
Impact on adult zone (WAD1500 – 2100mm)
< 1350
Lower Performance Limit
4.8kg, 165mm Ø headform
40km/h / 65º
Impact on adult zone (WAD1500 – 2100mm)
< 1000
HICAdult headform
impact
Higher Performance LimitCriterionTest
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Pedestrian Impact Scoring – to 2009
• Sliding scale system for awarding points
• 0 to 2 points for each of the 18 impact locations
• Vehicle rating:
– 28-36 points: 4 *
– 19-27 points: 3 *
– 10-18 points: 2 *
– 1-9 points: 1 *
– 0 points: 0
0 points
0.01-1.99 points
2 points
• Euro NCAP released a separate star rating for
pedestrian valid from 1997 to 2009.
• The pedestrian protection rating was based on the
adult and child head form tests and the two
legform tests.
• As of 2009, the pedestrian score has become
integral part of the overall rating scheme, however
the technical assessment has remained the same.
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Scoring – From 2009 onwards
• As of 2009, Euro NCAP only releases one overall star rating for each car
tested with a maximum of five stars
• All aspects of a car’s safety performance are rated as a percentage of the
maximum no. of points and integrated into the new overall star rating.
• This overall safety rating is composed of scores in four areas:
– adult protection
– child protection
– pedestrian protection
– safety assist
• The child score and pedestrian score have become integral part of the
overall rating scheme, however the technical assessment has remained
the same.
• Safety assist is the only new item to be added to the assessment
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Scoring - Update
• Pole test has become mandatory and now includes assessments on other
critical body regions that might be affected such as chest and abdomen
• The whiplash score is included in the Adult Protection score. It is based on
both the geometrical aspects and dynamic performance.
• Euro NCAP now rewards not only Seatbelt Reminders (SBR), but also Speed
Limiter Device (SLD) and the standard fitment of Electronic Stability Control
(ESC)
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Scoring - Update
• The weight factors reflect the relative importance of the four areas in the final
score
• It can be seen that the percentage required to attain 5* performance levels in
pedestrian impact increases steeply over the next 3 years
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EuroNCAP Scoring - Update
• The scores in each of the 4 areas are then multiplied by their weight factors
and added together
• The percentage of the weighted and summed scores to the maximum
achievable overall score is use to calculate the overall star rating
• To reach 4 or 5 stars in the future, cars will have to achieve a good pedestrian
impact score
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Chinese GB Draft Regulation
• GB Draft was initiated in 2005*
• Current GB Draft requirements are same as the new European Directive
78/2009 phase 2, except that vehicles up to a mass of 4500kg are
considered**
• GB Draft was submitted to the government in September 2009 and is
expected to gain approval by the end of 2010*
• The GB pedestrian standard may be implemented as the national regulation
in 2013*
Source:
*China Automotive Technology & Research Center (CATARC)
**The GB Draft used in this slide was written in 2007 (ICS: 43.020 T09)
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
CNCAP Consumer Test
• CNCAP will consider the existing pedestrian protection tests (e.g. EuroNCAP,
GTR) and develop a suitable standard for China situation within 2 years
Source:
China Automotive Technology & Research Center (CATARC)
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
GTR Draft Regulation
• Global technical regulations (GTRs) – main purpose is to maintain standards whilst reducing technical barriers to trade
• As of January 2009, pedestrian impact draft GTR is the same as the new ACEA part B requirement, except for the following:
– Relaxation of tibia acceleration limit to from 170 to 250g over a portion of bumper width totalling 264mm (2x width of legform)
– Vehicles up to a mass of 4500kg (not 3500kg) are considered
• The following changes are under consideration:
– Investigation into possible tests for knee, hip, thigh and pelvis injury caused by high bumpers
– Use of the Flex-PLI legform in place of the existing TRL legform for increased biofidelity and less environmental sensitivity
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Flex-PLI Legform Model
Internal StructureLS-DYNA development model by JARI and JAMA
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Arup Pedestrian Impactor Models
• Arup has developed a full range of LS-DYNA pedestrian impactor
models which cover the current consumer and regulatory tests
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EU Phase 1 & 2 Lower Legform (WG17)
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. EU Directive No 78/2009 Pedestrian Impact Protection
• Phase 1
• Phase 2
2. GB Draft/GTR Draft
• Consumer
1. Euro-NCAP, A-NCAP
Pseudonyms
ACEA Part A, ACEA Part B, WG17
Comments
LS-DYNA Model: Arup Lower Legform Model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EU Phase 1 & 2 Upper Legform (WG17)
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. EU Directive No 78/2009 Pedestrian Impact Protection
• Phase 1 (monitoring only)
• Phase 2 (monitoring only)
2. GB Draft/GTR Draft
Consumer
1. Euro-NCAP, A-NCAP
Pseudonyms
ACEA Part A, ACEA Part B, WG17
LS-DYNA Model: Arup Upper Legform Model
Comments
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EU Phase 1 3.5kg Child/Small Adult Headform
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. EU Directive No 78/2009 Pedestrian Impact Protection
• Phase 1
2. GB Draft/GTR Draft
Pseudonyms
ACEA Part A ACEA Part B
Comments
LS-DYNA Model: Arup ACEA child headform model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EU Phase 2 2.5kg Child Headform
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. EU Directive 2003/102/EC Pedestrian Impact Protection
• Phase 2
Consumer
1. Euro-NCAP, A-NCAP
Pseudonyms
Original ACEA Part B, WG17
Comments
LS-DYNA Model: Arup WG17 child headform model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
EU Phase 2 4.8kg Adult Headform
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. EU Directive 2003/102/EC Pedestrian Impact Protection
• Phase 1 (monitoring only)
• Phase 2
Consumer
1. Euro-NCAP, A-NCAP
Pseudonyms
Original ACEA Part B, WG17
Comments
LS-DYNA Model: Arup WG17 adult headform model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
J-NCAP 3.5kg Child Headform
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. Japanese Pedestrian Impact Regulation
2. EU Regulation 78/2009 Phase 2 (under review)
Consumer
1. J-NCAP
Pseudonyms
Comments
Same basic design as the EU Phase 1 3.5kg Child/Small Adult
Headform (ACEA Part a) but with a different skin material
LS-DYNA Model: Arup J-NCAP child headform model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
ISO (J-NCAP) 4.5kg Adult Headform
Relevant TestsRegulation
1. Japanese Pedestrian Impact Regulation
2. EU Regulation 78/2009 Phase 2 (under review)
Consumer
1. J-NCAP
Pseudonyms
Comments
Same basic design as the EU Phase 2 4.8kg Adult Headform (WG17),
but with a reduced mass of 4.5kg and also with a different skin
material.
LS-DYNA Model: Arup ISO adult headform model
Pedestrian Impact
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Summary of Regulations & Consumer Tests
Ø165
1700-2100
Ø165
1700-2100
Ø165
1500-2100
Ø165
1500-2100
Ø165
4.8kg4.5kg4.8kg4.5kg4.5kg
65°65°65°
40km/h35km/h40km/h35km/h35km/h32km/hSpeed
<300 Nm
Ø130
< 15°< 19°< 15°< 21°NANAKnee Bend
40 km/h40 km/h40 km/h40 km/hNANASpeed
Lower Leg
50°50°50°50°65°65°Angle
Ø165Ø130Ø165Ø165Ø165Size
Uprleg
NA<300 NmNANANABending
Moment
<5kNNA<5kNNANANAForce
AdultAdultAdultAdultAdult
Knee Shear
Acceleration
Hic
WAD
Weight
Headform
< 6 mm
<170 G
< 1000 for ½ of child zone
<1700 for ½ of child zone
combined with Adult
< 1000 for 2/3 of bonnet
<1700 for 1/3 of bonnet
-
3.5kg
Child
UpdatedEU Regulation
Part B (Feb 2013)
GB Draft/GTR Draft
< 6 mm
< 200G
2/3 Bonnet Area
<1000
1/3Bonnet Area
<2000
-
3.5kg
Child/Small Adult
Original/Updated
EU Regulation
Part A (Oct 2005)
NA
NA
2/3 Bonnet Area<1000
1/3Bonnet Area<2000
1000-1700
3.5kg
Child
Japanese Regulation
< 6 mm
< 150 G
Bonnet Area <1000
1000-1500
2.5kg
Child
Euro NCAP
< 6 mm
< 150 G
Bonnet Area <1000
1000-1500
2.5kg
Child
Original EU Regulation
Part B (Sep 2010)
NA
NA
Rank5:<876
Rank4:877-1016
Rank31017-1156
Rank2:1157-1296
Rank1:>1297
1000-1700
3.5kg
Child
J NCAP
Head
Test Summary
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pedestrian Impact Tests UpdateArup Advanced Technology and Research Group Shanghai
6th November 2009