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Pediatric retinal diseases Current Management Pediatric ... · Performed SB/PPV/MP/Sf6 OD POM #2...

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1 Current Management of Pediatric Retinal Diseases Polly Quiram MD, PhD Vitreoretinal Surgery, PA VRS Retinal Update Feb 1 st , 2020 Pediatric retinal diseases ROP Current Management Modified laser AntiVEGF resistant ROP Neurological/Ophthalmic outcomes Coats disease Coats plus Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy Sticklers and Pediatric RD Iris registry data Stargardts TEASE trial Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Scope of the Problem: USA #1 cause of blindness in children in the US 500,000 infants/year born premature Occurs in smaller and younger infants GA of 23 weeks or less – 75% with ROP GA of 24 weeks – 70% GA of 25 weeks – 50% Severe ROP is more common (APROP) 500700 babies a year with severe visual loss Retinopathy of Prematurity Aberrant retinal development Arrest of retinal vascularization Codevelopment of retina and vasculature Severity: Gestational age Birth weight Systemic health Genetic predisposition Aggressive, Posterior ROP (APROP) Low BW, early GA Zone 1 disease Vascular activity with high VEGF levels Increases risk of RD
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Page 1: Pediatric retinal diseases Current Management Pediatric ... · Performed SB/PPV/MP/Sf6 OD POM #2 s/p SB/PPV/MP/Sf6 20/150 20/30 Stickler and Stickler‐like Vitreoretinopathies Sticklers

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Current Management of Pediatric Retinal Diseases

Polly Quiram MD, PhDVitreoretinal Surgery, PA

VRS Retinal UpdateFeb 1st, 2020

Pediatric retinal diseases ROP Current Management

Modified laser

Anti‐VEGF resistant ROP

Neurological/Ophthalmic outcomes

Coats disease Coats plus

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Sticklers and Pediatric RD Iris registry data

Stargardts TEASE trial

Retinopathy of Prematurity

(ROP)

Scope of the Problem:  USA

#1 cause of blindness in children in the US

500,000 infants/year born premature

Occurs in smaller and younger infants GA of 23 weeks or less – 75% with ROP

GA of 24 weeks – 70%

GA of 25 weeks – 50%

Severe ROP is more common (AP‐ROP) 500‐700 babies a year with severe visual loss

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Aberrant retinal development

Arrest of retinal vascularization Co‐development of 

retina and vasculature

Severity:Gestational age  Birth weight

Systemic health

Genetic predisposition

Aggressive, Posterior ROP (AP‐ROP)

Low BW, early GA

Zone 1 disease

Vascular activity with high VEGF levels

Increases risk of RD

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Efficacy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Stage 3+ Retinopathy of Prematurity

Helen A. Mintz‐Hittner, M.D., Kathleen A. Kennedy, M.D., M.P.H., and Alice Z. Chuang, Ph.D. for the BEAT‐ROP Cooperative Group

N Engl J Med 2011; 364:603‐615February 17, 2011

Laser vs Avastin – Zone 1

Stalled retinal development Active NV

PMA 56 weeks

Double ridge reactivation 

Stage 5

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Typical Treatment Course

APROP treated with a single  intravitreal injection of bevacizumab Perform EUA/FA at 55 weeks Laser to areas of avascular retina or presence of NV Follow until PMA 70 weeks Late reactivation of ROP can lead to retinal detachment and vision loss

APROP

• Not “garden variety ROP” ‐

• Babies sicker, younger, smaller

• Higher risk for complications

Anti VEGF is not enough

90% need laser

Complications following laser for APROP

Case #1

45 6/7 weeks old female infant referred for evaluation of retinal detachment OU 

PMHx: born at 24 weeks 2 days at 580 g Respiratory distress syndrome, malnutrition, cholestasis, ileal stricture, 

rhinovirus and S. Aureus infections Surgical Hx: s/p PDA ligation, abdominal surgery x 3, colon resection, 

neck surgery Systemic Meds: oxygen, pulmicort, chlorothiazide, lorazepam, glycerin Ocular Meds: cyclomydril, prednisolone Allergies: NKDA

Ocular History

At 34 weeks ‐ APROP

Received Avastin OU Good initial response

At 45 weeks – reactivation of disease

Underwent PRP OU

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POD#5 s/p PRP: OD POD#5 s/p PRP: OS

POD5 s/p PRP: OS

Started on IV methylprednisolone

Increased prednisolone gtts to q2h Started atropine daily

POD#12 s/p PRP: OD

POD#12 s/p PRP: OS POW#10: OD

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POW#10: OSCase #2

Preterm  24 2/7 ,  420g surviving twin

APROP s/p anti‐VEGF now POW #1 s/p laser for reactivation at 42w

Case #3

Preterm  24w , 460g APROP s/p bevacizumab, POW #1 s/p laser for reactivation at 42w

Bilateral corneal edema‐with no view posteriorly

Exudative RD OD, hypotony RD OS related to anterior segment ischemia and exudative RD OU

Review of cases:

All eyes received anti‐VEGF for APROP Laser was:

Confluent OR time extensive 

“hot” parameters – power 400mW, duration 0.2/0.3ms, spots >3500

Our data:

Retrospective review of data:Is modified PRP better?

Retrospective review of 43 eyes of 22 children diagnosed with APROP which were treated with one intravitreal injection of bevacizumab.

All underwent EUA/FA at 55 weeks

Laser to avascular retina/NV

Recommendation: Modified PRP

1‐1 ½ spot size spacing Nonconfluent

No RD, no reactivation at last f/u average 4 years

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Results: Ophthalmologic Outcomes

At last follow up: 67% (29/43) of eyes were able to discern letters or shapes, with an average visual acuity of 20/37 

0

5

10

15

20

25

Better than or equal

to 20/30

>20/30 and <20/100 Worse than or equal

to 20/100

Final Visual Acuity Distribution

(Chart Readers)

Num

ber

of E

yes

Gunn, David J, et al. “Prevalence and Outcomes of Laser Treatment of Aggressive Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity.” Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 42, no. 5, 2014, pp. 459–465., doi:10.1111/ceo.12280.

Why does this happen in APROP eyes?

Are eyes s/p anti‐VEGF more anatomically susceptible to exudation?

Laser more traumatic to  choriorcapillaris and RPE ‐‐> incompetent blood‐retinal barrier (Mulvihill, Moshfeghi et al.)

SD‐OCT – ACTIVE ROP DECREASES THICKNESS OF CHOROID Retina. 2016 Jun;36(6):1191‐8. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000866.

CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN INFANTS WITH RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY.Erol MK1, Coban DT, Ozdemir O, Dogan B, Tunay ZO, Bulut M.

Higher the stage – more reduced choroidal thickness

Thickness correlates with birth weight but not age of birth

ANTI‐VEGF DECREASES CHOROIDAL THICKNESSCurr Eye Res. 2018 Mar;43(3):391‐396. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1405045. Epub 2017 Nov 22.

Comparison of Short‐Term Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Morphological Changes after Intravitreal Anti‐VEGF Therapy with Ranibizumab or Aflibercept in Treatment‐Naive Eyes.Gharbiya M1, Giustolisi R1, Marchiori J1, Bruscolini A1, Mallone F1, Fameli V1, Nebbioso M1, Abdolrahimzadeh S1.

Is it a thin choroid s/p anti‐VEGF more susceptible to injury from laser photocoagulation in APROP eyes?

Prematurity and anti‐VEGF

Extreme prematurity is associated with thinning of choroid and retina

Injection of anti‐VEGF decreases thickness of choroid and retina

Eyes  with APROP may be more susceptible to exudative RD s/p confluent laser of high intensity –modified PRP recommended

In our hands, anti‐VEGF,  often with adjuvant modified peripheral laser photocoagulation, led to regression in 100% of eyes and vision >20/30 in majority of eyes

The GOOD

The BAD

The Ugly

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Anti‐VEGF Resistant APROP

Triplets born at 22 weeks

Caucasian, male

Mother ‐ 25 year old prima gravida ‐ IVF

Complicated pregnancy‐ emergency C‐section

No family history

Complicated hospital course

Triplet #1

• BW – 480g

• Septic, PDA

• IVH

• Resp distress

• BW‐ 550

• PDA, IVH

• Resp distress

• BW‐ 520

• Resp distress

Triplet #2 Triplet #3

Triplet#2  ‐ first exam, PMA 30 weeks

Inject anti‐VEGF OU

Triplet #2 2nd exam – PMA 32weeks s/p anti‐VEGF PMA=33 weeks , More active!

Re‐inject OU

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Triplet #2 s/p anti‐VEGF x2 PMA 35

Laser and anti‐VEGF OU

Triplet #2 PMA 37

PMA 38 weeks with 4A OS

PPV/MP/AIR OS

PMA 42 weeks – POM #1 s/p PPV

TRIPLET#3  ‐ FIRST EXAM, PMA 30 WEEKSTRIPLET#3  ‐ PMA 33 WEEKS

Anti-VEGF OUInject anti‐VEGF OU

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PMA 42 weeks s/p anti‐VEGF OU 

PMA 42 weeks – performed Laser OU before d/c

Summary

22 week triplets with complicated course

#1‐ anti‐VEGF x3,  laser OU – RD OD #2 – anti‐VEGF x3, laser OU – RD OS #3 – anti‐VEGF,  laser OU – no RD

APROP resistant to anti‐VEGFVasculogenesis vs Angiogenesis‐ process not VEGF drivenVEGF load too high?Role for early vitrectomy

Concerns: Anti‐VEGF Revolution

Late Reactivation‐ Extensive areas of abnormal retina require laser

Develop late RD – 6‐18 m after anti‐VEGF Use “modified PRP”

“Non responsive” disease

Extreme prematurity is associated with significant morbidity

Coats’ Disease Exudative Retinopathy

2/3 present before 10 years of age

90% males, 90% unilateral

Coats’ Disease Treatment laser ablation and anti‐VEGF injection Visual prognosis dependent on VA at time of diagnosis

20% with vision better than 20/200

Vision limited by macular exudate

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6 year old with 20/30 VA

Laser and anti-VEGF to protect the macula from migration of exudate

Residual macular exudate limits vision

Coats’ plus Syndromecerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts

Exudative Retinopathy

Presents at early age ‐ leucocoria

Males and females

Bilateral

Coats’ plus Syndrome

Coats’ plus Syndrome Coats’ plus Syndrome

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Defect in CTC‐1 gene  CTC‐1 preserves telomeres during cell division

Defect associated with shortening of telomeres and cell death

Coats’ plus Syndrome

Systemic associations

retinal telangiectasia and exudates intracranial calcification leukoencephalopathy and brain cysts osteopenia with predisposition to fractures

bone marrow suppression

gastrointestinal bleeding 

Coats’ plus Syndrome

Coats’ plus Syndrome Coats’ plus Syndrome

Progressive

Close monitoring

Aggressive treatment

FEVR

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Mutations in the NDP, FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 genes

Variability of disease severity in family members with same mutation

Typically AD  ‐ check family members

Chronic, progressive

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FEVR 14 y/o loss of VA

14 year old male presents with visual loss for 6 months – thought he needed an update of contact lenses

No health issues

VA 20/30 OD, 20/100 OS “Possible ERM OS”

OD

OS OS

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20/30

20/150

Performed indirect laser to areas of avascular retina OU

Expecting to perform PPV/MP OS in near future

No anti‐VEGF

Progression of traction OS with Macular distortion

POM #2 s/p ppv/MP

20/150

20/40

20/25

20/150

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Performed SB/PPV/MP/Sf6 OD

POM #2 s/p SB/PPV/MP/Sf6

20/150

20/30

Stickler and Stickler‐like Vitreoretinopathies

Sticklers Most common cause of inherited RD

Myopic

Craniofacial Abnl Peripheral lattice Posterior tears Giant  retinal tears Early cataract

Sticklers

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Sticklers

Type I – Type 2 Collagen  (Collagen 2A1)Worse visual prognosis

Type II –Type 11 Collagen( Collagen 11A1) Type III – Collagen 11A2 – no ocular sx

High risk of RD!!! What do we do with these children??

Natural History Data

Known COL2A mutations

Group 1 – observation, no laserGroup 2 – prophylactic treatment

Group 3 – RD one eye, treatment other eye

211 patientsMean F/U 11.5 years

Snead, M Ophthalmology, 2008

Natural history

Group 1 (control group) 73% RD 48% Bilateral

Group 2 (peripheral treatment) 8% RD 0% Bilateral

Group 3 (RD one eye, treatment other) 10% RD

Observation is not a good option!!

Genetic defect, high myopia, peripheral pathology – refer for evaluation

Structural and Functional Outcomes of Vitreoretinopathy related Retinal 

DetachmentsPeter Belin MD, Ameay Naravane MD, Polly Quiram MD, PhD

IRIS Registry – Big DataMsp/St Paul Childrens collaboration with ENT

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Stargardt disease Stargardt disease

ABCA4 mutation – Vit A metabolism

Decreased vision, scotoma, decreased dark adaption

Variable VA ‐ 20/20‐20/400 with prognosis based on age of onset

AR – 1:10,000 affected

10 year old male

20/80 20/60

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Progressive atrophy

20/80       2013

20/150     2016

20/400      2019

What do we have to offer?

pq1

TEASE TRIAL

Novel agent‐ ALK‐001

Analog of Vit A‐prevents toxic Vit A dimers from forming (A2E)

Pill taken once daily Slow the progression of the disease

ALK‐00l Summary

Many diseases can cause visual loss in children

Increased understanding  Early identification=better VA If in doubt ‐ refer

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pq1 polly quiram, 1/26/2020


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