Peer to Peer Systems Copy

8/9/2019 Peer to Peer Systems Copy

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Peer-to-Peer Systems

SVTH: Lê Thành Nguyên 00707174

Võ Lê Quy Nhơn 00707176


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Peer-to-Peer

n !"tern!t#$e to the %"#ent&ser$er mo'e" o( '#str#)ute' %om*ut#ng#s the *eer-to-*eer mo'e"+

,"#ent&ser$er #s #nherent"y h#er!r%h#%!" .#th resour%es %entr!"#/e'on ! "#m#te' num)er o( ser$ers+

n *eer-to-*eer net.ors )oth resour%es !n' %ontro" !re .#'e"y'#str#)ute' !mong no'es th!t !re theoret#%!""y e2u!"s+ 3 no'e.#th more #n(orm!t#on )etter #n(orm!t#on or more *o.er m!y )emore equal,5 )ut th!t #s ! (un%t#on o( the no'e not the net.or%ontro""ers+


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e%entr!"#/!t#on

ey (e!ture o( *eer-to-*eer net.ors #s 'e%entr!"#/!t#on+ Th#sh!s m!ny #m*"#%!t#ons+ 8o)ustness !$!#"!)#"#ty o( #n(orm!t#on!n' (!u"t-to"er!n%e ten's to %ome (rom re'un'!n%y !n' sh!re'

res*ons#)#"#ty #nste!' o( *"!nn#ng org!n#/!t#on !n' the#n$estment o( ! %ontro""#ng !uthor#ty+

9n the e) )oth %ontent *ro$#'ers !n' g!te.!ys try to *ro(#t )y%ontro""#ng #n(orm!t#on !%%ess+ %%ess %ontro" #s more '#((#%u"t #n

*eer-to-*eer !"though N!*ster 'e*en'e' on ! %entr!" #n'e;+


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Te%hno"ogy Tr!ns#t#on

The Client/Server Model

The Peer-to-Peer Model


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,"!ss#(#%!t#on

Pure P


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**"#%!t#ons outs#'e ,om*uter S%#en%e

C#o#n(orm!t#%s

D'u%!t#on !n' !%!'em#%

E#"#t!ry

Cus#ness

Te"e$#s#on

Te"e%ommun#%!t#on

6


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hy Peer-to-Peer Net.or#ngF

The nternet h!s three $!"u!)"e (un'!ment!" !ssets-

#n(orm!t#on )!n'.#'th !n' %om*ut#ng resour%es - !"" o( .h#%h

!re $!st"y un'er ut#"#/e' *!rt"y 'ue to the tr!'#t#on!" %"#ent-

ser$er %om*ut#ng mo'e"+

Information - H!r' to (#n' #m*oss#)"e to %!t!"og !n' #n'e;

Bandwidth - Hot "#ns get hotter %o"' ones st!y %o"'

Computing resources - He!$#"y "o!'e' no'es get o$er"o!'e'#'"e no'es rem!#n #'"e


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n(orm!t#on @!ther#ng

The .or"' *ro'u%es t.o e;!)ytes o( #n(orm!t#on

3


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C!n'.#'th ?t#"#/!t#on

s#ng"e (#)erKs )!n'.#'th h!s #n%re!se' )y ! (!%tor o(

106 'ou)"#ng e$ery 16 months s#n%e 1J7

Tr!((#% #s st#"" %ongeste' Eore 'e$#%es !n' *eo*"e on the net

Eore $o"ume o( '!t! to mo$e !roun' s!me 'est#n!t#ons

3 eC!y M!hoo et%+


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,om*ut#ng 8esour%es

EooreKs L!.: *ro%essor s*ee' 'ou)"es

e$ery 1G months

,om*ut#ng 'e$#%es 3 ser$er P, P %e""*hone !re

more *o.er(u" th!n e$er Stor!ge %!*!%#ty h!s #n%re!se' 'r!m!t#%!""y

,om*ut!t#on st#"" !%%umu"!tes !roun'

'!t! %enters


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Cene(#ts (rom P


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#gure 10+1: P !n' o$er"!y rout#ng

(or *eer-to-*eer

IP Application-level routing overlay

Scale IPv4 is limited to 232 addressable nodes. The

IPv6 name space is much more generous(2128 ), but addresses in both versions are

hierarchically structured and much of the space

is pre-allocated according to administrativerequirements.

Peer-to-peer systems can address more objects.

The GUID name space is very large and flat(>2128 ), allowing it to be much more fully

occupied.

Load balancing Loads on routers are determined by network

topology and associated traffic patterns.

Object locations can be randomized and hence

traffic patterns are divorced from the networktopology.

Network dynamics(addition/deletion of

objects/nodes)

IP routing tables are updated asynchronously ona best-efforts basis with time constants on the

order of 1 hour.

Routing tables can be updated synchronously orasynchronously with fractions of a second

delays. Fault tolerance Redundancy is designed into the IP network by

its managers, ensuring tolerance of a single

router or network connectivity failure. n-foldreplication is costly.

Routes and object references can be replicated

n-fold, ensuring tolerance of n failures of nodes

or connections.

Target identification Each IP address maps to exactly one targetnode.

Messages can be routed to the nearest replica ofa target object.

Security and anonymity Addressing is only secure when all nodes aretrusted. Anonymity for the owners of addresses

is not achievable.

Security can be achieved even in environmentswith limited trust. A limited degree of

anonymity can be provided.


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#str#)ute' ,om*ut!t#on

9n"y ! sm!"" *ort#on o( the ,P? %y%"es o( most %om*uters #sut#"#/e'+ Eost %om*uters !re #'"e (or the gre!test *ort#on o( the'!y !n' m!ny o( the ones #n use s*en' the m!Oor#ty o( the#r t#me.!#t#ng (or #n*ut or ! res*onse+

num)er o( *roOe%ts h!$e !ttem*te' to use these #'"e ,P?%y%"es+ The )est no.n #s the SDThome *roOe%t )ut other

*roOe%ts #n%"u'#ng %o'e )re!#ng h!$e use' #'"e ,P? %y%"es on

'#str#)ute' m!%h#nes+


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#s%uss#on Quest#on: ,om*uter or

n(om!%h#neF

The (#rst %om*uters .ere use' *r#m!r#"y (or %om*ut!t#ons+ 9nee!r"y use .!s %!"%u"!t#ng )!""#st#% t!)"es (or the ?+S+ N!$y 'ur#ngor"' !r +

To'!y %om*uters !re use' more (or sh!r#ng #n(orm!t#on th!n%om*ut!t#ons*erh!*s #n(om!%h#ne m!y )e ! more !%%ur!ten!me th!n %om*uterF

#str#)ute' %om*ut!t#on m!y )e )etter su#te' to *eer-to-*eer

systems .h#"e #n(orm!t#on ten's to )e h#er!r%h#%!" !n' m!y )e )etter su#te' to %"#ent&ser$er+

NAT h!s )oth ,om*uter S%#en%e !n' n(orm!t#on Systems'e*!rtments+


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,urrent Peer-Peer ,on%erns

To*#%s "#ste' #n the DDD 7th !nnu!" %on(eren%e:

15


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!ngers !n' tt!%s on P


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The SDThome *roOe%t

The SDT 3Se!r%h (or D;tr! Terrestr#!" nte""#gen%e *roOe%t

"oos (or *!tterns #n r!'#o (re2uen%y em#ss#ons re%e#$e' (rom

r!'#o te"es%o*es th!t suggest #nte""#gen%e+ Th#s #s 'one )y

*!rt#t#on#ng '!t! re%e#$e' #nto %huns !n' sen'#ng e!%h %hun

to se$er!" '#((erent %om*uters o.ne' )y SDT $o"unteers (or

!n!"ys#s+

L#n: htt*:&&set#!thome+ss"+)ere"ey+e'u&

http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/


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,h#"'ren o( SDThome

n


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o"'#nghome

s o( Se*tem)er


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N!*ster

The (#rst "!rge s%!"e *eer-to-*eer net.or .!s N!*ster set u* #n1JJJ to sh!re '#g#t!" mus#% (#"es o$er the nternet+ h#"e N!*sterm!#nt!#ne' %entr!"#/e' 3!n' re*"#%!te' #n'#%es the mus#% (#"es.ere %re!te' !n' m!'e !$!#"!)"e )y #n'#$#'u!"s usu!""y .#th

mus#% %o*#e' (rom ,s to %om*uter (#"es+ Eus#% %ontent o.nerssue' N!*ster (or %o*yr#ght $#o"!t#ons !n' su%%ee'e' #n shutt#ng'o.n the ser$#%e+ #gure 10+< 'o%uments the *ro%ess o(re2uest#ng ! mus#% (#"e (rom N!*ster+


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#gure 10+


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N!*ster: Lessons Le!rne'

N!*ster %re!te' ! net.or o( m#""#ons o( *eo*"e .#th thous!n's o((#"es )e#ng tr!ns(erre' !t the s!me t#me+

There .ere 2u!"#ty #ssues+ h#"e N!*ster '#s*"!ye' "#n s*ee's to!""o. users to %hoose (!ster 'o.n"o!'s the (#'e"#ty o( re%or'#ngs$!r#e' .#'e"y+

S#n%e N!*ster users .ere *!r!s#tes o( the re%or'#ng %om*!n#es

there .!s some %entr!" %ontro" o$er se"e%t#on o( mus#%+ 9ne )ene(#t .!s th!t mus#% (#"es '#' not nee' u*'!tes+

There .!s no gu!r!ntee o( !$!#"!)#"#ty (or ! *!rt#%u"!r #tem o(mus#%+


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E#''"e.!re (or Peer-to-Peer

ey *ro)"em #n Peer-to-Peer !**"#%!t#ons #s to *ro$#'e ! .!y(or %"#ents to !%%ess '!t! resour%es e((#%#ent"y+ S#m#"!r nee's #n%"#ent&ser$er te%hno"ogy "e' to so"ut#ons "#e NS+ Ho.e$er

NS re"#es on *re-%on(#gur!t#on !n' #s not s%!"!)"e enough (or *eer-to-*eer+

Peer %"#ents nee' to "o%!te !n' %ommun#%!te .#th !ny !$!#"!)"eresour%e e$en though resour%es m!y )e .#'e"y '#str#)ute' !n'

%on(#gur!t#on m!y )e 'yn!m#% %onst!nt"y !''#ng !n' remo$#ngresour%es !n' %onne%t#ons+


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Non-un%t#on!" 8e2u#rements (or

Peer-to-Peer E#''"e.!re

@"o)!" S%!"!)#"#ty

Lo!' C!"!n%#ng

Lo%!" 9*t#m#/!t#on

'Oust#ng to 'yn!m#% host !$!#"!)#"#ty

Se%ur#ty o( '!t!

nonym#ty 'en#!)#"#ty !n' res#st!n%e to %ensorsh#*3#n some !**"#%!t#ons


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8out#ng 9$er"!ys

rout#ng o$er"!y #s ! '#str#)ute' !"gor#thm (or ! m#''"e.!re "!yerres*ons#)"e (or rout#ng re2uests (rom !ny %"#ent to ! host th!t ho"'sthe o)Oe%t to .h#%h the re2uest #s !''resse'+

ny no'e %!n !%%ess !ny o)Oe%t )y rout#ng e!%h re2uest through !se2uen%e o( no'es e;*"o#t#ng no."e'ge !t e!%h o( theme to "o%!tethe 'est#n!t#on o)Oe%t+

@"o)!" ?ser s 3@? !"so no.n !s o*!2ue #'ent#(#ers !re use'!s n!mes )ut 'o not %ont!#n "o%!t#on #n(orm!t#on+

%"#ent .#sh#ng to #n$oe !n o*er!t#on on !n o)Oe%t su)m#ts !re2uest #n%"u'#ng the o)Oe%tKs @? to the rout#ng o$er"!y .h#%hroutes the re2uest to ! no'e !t .h#%h ! re*"#%! o( the o)Oe%t res#'es+


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#gure 10+I: #str#)ut#on o(

#n(orm!t#on #n ! rout#ng o$er"!y


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8out#ng 9$er"!ys

C!s#% *rogr!mm#ng #nter(!%e (or ! '#str#)ute' h!sh t!)"e 3HT !s #m*"emente'

)y the PST P o$er P!stry

put(GUID, data)

The data #s store' #n re*"#%!s !t !"" no'es res*ons#)"e (or the o)Oe%t #'ent#(#e' )y

GUID+

remove(GUID)

e"etes !"" re(eren%es to GUID !n' the !sso%#!te' '!t!+

value = get(GUID)

The '!t! !sso%#!te' .#th GUID #s retr#e$e' (rom one o( the no'es res*ons#)"e #t+

The HT "!yer t!e res*ons#)#"#ty (or %hoos#ng ! "o%!t#on (or '!t! #tem stor#ng

#t 3.#th re*"#%!s to ensure !$!#"!)#"#ty !n' *ro$#'#ng !%%ess to #t $#! get3

o*er!t#on+


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8out#ng 9$er"!ys

C!s#% *rogr!mm#ng #nter(!%e (or '#str#)ute' o)Oe%t "o%!t#on !n' rout#ng 39L8 !s#m*"emente' )y T!*estry

publish(GUID)

GUID %!n )e %om*ute' (rom the o)Oe%t+ Th#s (un%t#on m!es the no'e *er(orm#ng ! publish o*er!t#on the host (or the o)Oe%t %orres*on'#ng toGUID+

unpublish(GUID)

E!es the o)Oe%t %orres*on'#ng to GUID #n!%%ess#)"e+

sendToObj(msg, GUID, [n])

o""o.#ng the o)Oe%t-or#ente' *!r!'#gm !n #n$o%!t#on mess!ge #s sent to !n o)Oe%t #n or'er to !%%ess#t+ Th#s m#ght )e ! re2uest to o*en ! T,P %onne%t#on (or '!t! tr!ns(er or to return ! mess!ge%ont!#n#ng !"" or *!rt o( the o)Oe%tKs st!te+ The (#n!" o*t#on!" *!r!meter [n], #( *resent re2uests the

'e"#$ery o( the s!me mess!ge to n re*"#%!s o( the o)Oe%t+

9)Oe%t %!n )e store' !ny.here !n' the 9L8 "!yer #s res*ons#)"e (or m!#nt!#n#ng !m!**#ng )et.een @?s !n' the !''resses o( the no'es !t .h#%h re*"#%!s o( the o)Oe%ts!re "o%!te'+


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P!stry

"" the no'es !n' o)Oe%ts th!t %!n )e !%%esse' through P!stry

!re !ss#gne' 1


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P!stry

hen ne. no'es Oo#n the o$er"!y they o)t!#n the '!t! nee'e' to

%onstru%t ! rout#ng t!)"e !n' other re2u#re' st!te (rom e;#st#ng

mem)ers #n 93"ogN mess!ges .here N #s the num)er o( hosts

*!rt#%#*!t#ng #n the o$er"!y+

n the e$ent o( ! no'e (!#"ure or 'e*!rture the rem!n#ng no'es %!n

'ete%t #ts !)sen%e !n' %oo*er!t#$e"y re%on(#gure to re("e%t the re2u#re'

%h!nges #n the rout#ng stru%ture #n ! s#m#"!r num)er o( mess!ges+

D!%h !%t#$e no'e stores ! "e!( set- ! $e%tor L 3o( s#/e


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P!stry- 8out#ng !"gor#thm

The (u"" rout#ng !"gor#thm #n$o"$es the use o( ! rout#ng t!)"e !t

e!%h no'e to route mess!ges e((#%#ent"y )ut (or the *ur*oses o(

e;*"!n!t#on .e 'es%r#)e the rout#ng !"gor#thm #n t.o st!ges: The (#rst st!ge 'e%r#)es ! s#m*"#(#e' (orm o( the !"gor#thm

.h#%h routes mess!ges %orre%t"y )ut #ne((#%#ent"y .#thout !

rout#ng t!)"e

The se%on' st!ge 'es%r#)es the (u"" rout#ng !"gor#thm .h#%hroutes ! re2uest to !ny no'e #n 93"ogN mess!ges+


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St!ge 1:

ny no'e th!t re%#e$es ! mess!ge E .#th 'est#n!t#on !''ress

routes the mess!ge )y %om*!r#ng .#th #ts o.n @? !n'

.#th e!%h o( the @?s #n #ts "e!( set !n' (or.!r'#ng E to theno'e !mongst them th!t #s numer#%!""y %"oset to

t e!%h ste* E #s (or.!r'e' to no'e th!t #s %"oser to th!n the

%urrent no'e !n' th!t th#s *ro%ess .#"" e$entu!""y 'e"#$er E to

the !%t#$e no'e %"oser to Very #ne((#%#ent re2u#r#ng N&


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The '#!gr!m #""ustr!tes the

rout#ng o( ! mess!ge (rom no'e61, to 461, us#ng "e!(

set #n(orm!t#on !"one !ssum#ng

"e!( sets o( s#/e G 3"4


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St!ge


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St!ge < 3%ont+:

The rout#ng t!)"e #s "o%!te' !t the no'e .hose @? )eg#ns 61


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St!ge < 3%ont+:To h!n'"e ! mess!ge E !''resse' to ! no'e 3.here 8*#W #s the

e"ement !t %o"umn # ro. * o( the rout#ng t!)"e

1+ ( 3L-" X X L" Y &&the 'est#n!t#on #s .#th#n the "e!( set or #s the %urrent no'e


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S2u#rre" .e) %!%he

9r#g#n ser$er

Home no'e


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S2u#rre" .e) %!%he

D$!"u!t#on The re'u%t#on #n tot!" e;tern!" )!n'.#'th use':

#th e!%h %"#ent %ontr#)ut#ng 100EC o( '#s stor!ge h#t r!t#o o(

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