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Estimation of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) population in the Doana area, SW Spain, using
capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data
Short Title: Estimation of Iberian lynx population in the Doana area
! !arrote" , # $ere% de &yala",$ $ereira', #obles', !u%man", * !arc+a", Iglesias", *
.er/0s", I a1ardo2, Sim3n4, *56arroso4
1 Direccin General para la Biodiersidad! "inisterio de "edio #mbiente$
% &ar'ue (acional de Doana! )r*anismo #utnomo de &ar'ues (acionales! "I"#"$
+ Dele*acin &roincial de ,uela! -onse.er/a de "edio #mbiente! 0unta de #ndaluc/a$
&ar'ue (atural de Doana! -onse.er/a de "edio #mbiente! 0unta de #ndaluc/a$
orrespondence
Germ2n Garrote$ &resent address: 3ertebrate Biolo*y and -onseration 4-" 5esearch Group$ 6aculty of
Biolo*y$ -omplutense 4niersity of "adrid ! Spain$
Email:*erman*78ocplanet$com$&hone: 9+ +;%+
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Author manuscript, published in "European Journal of Wildlife Research 57, 2 (2010) 355-36DOI : 10.1007/s10344-010-0440
mailto:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0440-7http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0440-7mailto:[email protected]8/13/2019 PEER_stage2_10.1007%2Fs10344-010-0440-7
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#BST5#-T
The Iberian lynx @Lynx pardinusA has a hi*hly restricted *eo*raphic distribution! limited een 8ithin
the Iberian &eninsula$ The last national surey reported less than %;; remainin* indiiduals! distributed in
t8o isolated areas #ndC.ar-ardea and Doana and in conse'uence! the Iberian lynx 8as listed by the
I4-( as -ritically Endan*ered$ In this study 8e estimate the Iberian lynx population siFe in the Doana
area usin* capturerecapture analysis of cameratrappin* data$ # model 8ith different capture probability for
each indiidual @"hA yielded an estimate of % Iberian lynxes @SE>$%A more than one year old$ It is
considered that a small slant in the estimation of the number of indiiduals could exist due to the presence of
dispersers inside the study area that 8ere not detected$ )ur study sho8s: 1A a reduction in number since the
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I(T5)D4-TI)(
Ineffectie carniore surey methods limit the ability of mana*ers and researchers to maJe
appropriate research conclusions and mana*ement recommendations @,eilbrun et al$ %;;A$ # techni'ue that
estimates density @Kancia et al$ 1
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&opulation estimates in the Doana area sho8ed that the number of indiiduals also declined @5au et
al$ 1L &alomares et al$ 1
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Seen e*etation units can be distin*uished: "editerranean scrub! Eucalyptus spp$ plantations! pine
plantations! forested pastureland! marsh! beaches and dunes! and cultiated land$ )utside the protected areas!
irri*ated a*riculture and coastal tourism hae deeloped to a lar*e de*ree oer the last t8o decades! 8ith a
correspondin* considerable increase in human impact$
In most of the (ational &arJ! human access is restricted to researchers and 8ardens! and huntin* is
strictly forbidden$ -onersely! outside the (ational &arJ boundaries! leels of human access depend on land
o8ners! and *ame huntin* is fre'uent$
-Camera trapping.
The field8orJ 8as undertaJen bet8een (oember %;;% and 6ebruary %;;+ by teams of % people
each$ &hoto*raphs 8ere taJen usin* +> mm cameras 8ith a data re*ister and automatic flash$ The cameras
8ere modified to allo8 actiation ia an external %>x%> cm pressure plate! positioned 1=; cm a8ay! and
tri**ered 8hen stepped on by an animal$ Kynx urine obtained from captie animals 8as used as the lure! and
placed on an inert support >;cm aboe the *round and ad.acent to the pressure plate$ This attractant 8as
replaced eery + days @%$> mlPisitA accordin* to preious studies about the efficiency of this lure in attractin*
lynxes @Garrote et al$ %;;1A$ #ttractants are often deployed by researchers at cameratrap sites to encoura*e
isits by carniores @Trolle and Mry %;;+L QielinsJi and ucera 1
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The distance bet8een cameratraps 8as ;;?;;m! producin* a density of R traps per >; ha! the
smallest occupied home ran*e siFe Jno8n for any *ien a*esex class @an adult female lynx breedin* in a
hi*h rabbit density situationL 6erreras et al$ 1
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probability differs for animals that hae! or hae not been captured preiously$ "odel "h@hetero*eneityA
assumes that each animal had its o8n probability of bein* captured$ In addition "#5 allo8s estimation
under models that are pair8ise combinations of these sources of ariation in capture probability @"odels
"bh! "th! "tb! "tbhA$
To identify an ade'uate model for estimation! 8e used the *oodnessoffit test! bet8eenmodel test!
and the model selection al*orithm @)tis et al$ 1
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This si*nifies that no ne8 indiiduals 8ere photo*raphed after day %;$ Gien this information! 8e deduce that
the len*th of the surey 8as ade'uate for the aims of our study$
The resultin* population siFe estimate 8as % Iberian lynx @SE>$%A more than one year old$ The
model selection al*orithm in "#5 selected the model "h! 8ith a different capture probability for each
indiidual$ The estimated capture probability per occasion and indiidual 8as ;$111>! and the estimated
probability of catchin* a lynx at least once durin* the entire study period is *ien by the ratio of total number
of animals cau*ht to the estimated population siFe! %;P% ;$== @aranth and (ichols 1
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DIS-4SSI)(
-Iberian lynx population situation.
)ur results sho8 thatin the Doana area! the total Iberian lynx population siFe is around %
indiiduals older than a year! occupyin* %>;= ha$$ Despite the methodolo*ical differences 8ith the
&alomares et al$ @1
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small! a disperser may hae used them durin* the study$ This fact could suppose a iolation of the assumption
and therefore could affect to the final estimation$
)ur study sho8s that as 8ith other carniore species! photo*raphic capturerecapture methods are
applicable for estimatin* the abundance of Iberian lynx populations! as they are a fast! effectie and non
inasie method for establishin* the status of these populations$
The deployment of remote cameras offers a helpful means to obtain additional information$ -amera
trappin* maJes it possible to establish the limits of the distribution area! to obtain information about the
population sex ratio! and occasionally! to detect indiiduals 8ith poor body condition or 8hich are in.ured$
This permits rapid response action for these indiiduals! if necessary$
Oith successie cameratrappin* sureys it 8ould be possible to identify resident lynxes! i$e$ those
indiiduals detected 8ithin the same area oer successie seasons and years @,emJer et al$ 1
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#s in the rest of its distribution area! the Iberian lynx in Doana has suffered a decline leain* it in a
critical situation! compromisin* its lon*term surial and placin* it on the ed*e of extinction$ Traditionally!
the ma.ority of the research studies! as 8ell as conseration 8orJ undertaJen on the Doana population! hae
been carried out 8ithin the (ational &arJ boundaries @e$*$ 6erreras et al$ 1
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Burnham &! )erton O S @1
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GasteiF$
Gibbs 0& @%;;;A "onitorin* populations$ &a*es %1+N%>% in K$ Boitani and T$$ 6uller! editors$ 5esearch
techni'ues in animal ecolo*y$ -olumbia 4niersity &ress! (e8 VorJ! (e8 VorJ! 4S#$
Graells "& @1?
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censusin* 8hitetailed deer$ Oildl Soc Bul %>:>=N>>$
0imMneF "#! S2ncheF B! &MreF #lenFa "D! Garc/a &! KpeF 03! 5odri*ueF #! "unF! #! "art/neF 6!
3ar*as #! &ea K$ @%;;?A$ "embranous *lomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx @Lynx pardinusA$ 3et
Immunol Immunopathol 1%1: +N+
aranth 4! (ichols 0D @1%%?%$
aranth 4! (ichols 0D @edsA @%;;%A$ "onitorin* ti*ers and their prey: a manual for researchers! mana*ers
and conserationists in tropical #sia$ -entre for Oildlife Studies$ Ban*alore! India$
elly "0! (oss #0! #rispe K! Di Bitetti "! De #n*elo -D! &aiolo #! Di Blanco VE! "affei K @%;;?A$
Estimatin* puma densities from remote cameras across three study sites:Boliia! #r*entina! and BeliFe$ 0
"ammal ?
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"itchell0ones #0! #mori G! Bo*dano8icF O! rystufeJ B! 5ei.nders &0,! SpitFenber*er 6! Stubbe 0!
Thissen 0B"! 3ohraliJ 3! Qima 0 @1N
K$ Boitani! and T$ $ 6uller! editors$ 5esearch techni'ues in animal ecolo*y$ -olumbia 4niersity &ress!
(e8 VorJ! (e8 VorJ! 4S#$
)tis DK! Burnham G! Ohite -! #nderson D5 @1
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&eterson "(! KopeF 55! 6ranJ ! &eterson "0! Sily (0 @%;;+A Ealuatin* capture methods for urban
8hitetailed deer$ Oildl Soc Bul +1: 11=N11?=$
&ollocJ ,! (ichols 0D! Bro8nie -! ,ines 0E @1
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Siler S-! )str KET! "arsh K$! "affei K! (oss #0! elly "0! Oallace 5B! GomeF ,! #yala G @%;;A The
use of camera traps for estimatin* .a*uar &anthera onca abundance and density usin* capturePrecapture
analysis$ )ryx+?: 1?1>$
Simn "# @%;;?A -urrente status of Iberian lynx in #ndalusia$ &roceedin*s of the III Iberian Kynx
International Seminar$ #ndalusia Goemment! I4-(PS- -ats Specialist Group$
Soisalo "S! -aalcanti S"- @%;;A Estimatin* the density of a .a*uar population in the BraFilian &antanal
usin* cameratraps and capturerecapture samplin* in combination 8ith G&S radiotelemetry$ Biol -onser
1%
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Detection$ 4SD# 6orest Serice General Technical 5eport &SO GT51>=$
1 1 + years "ale
IK1 1> % years 6emale
IK1= 1% % years 6emale
IK1? = % years 6emale
IK1< % % years "ale
IK%; 1 % years "ale
Table 1$ Summary of cameratrappin* results$ (umber of trappin* occasions! a*e and sex of each indiidual
photo*raphed$
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%
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