PENGANTAR ILMU EKONOMI - cs.unsyiah.ac.idfrdaus/PenelusuranInformasi/File-Pdf/Miro... · Peternakan...

Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)

Micro EconomicsAbstracted From Michael Parkin, Roger R.Miller, and Others Relevant Sources

Chapter 1

Notes and Definitionshttp://www.oswego.edu/~kane/eco101.htm

• Introduction (Chapters 1 and 2) - School vouchers

• Demand and supply (Chapter 3) - Do slave redemption programs reduce the problem of slavery? (revised topic)

• Private and public sectors (Chapters 4 and 5) - no supplemental readings

• Elasticity (Chapter 6) - no supplemental readings

• Consumer choice and demand - (Chapter 7) - Capital punishment

• Productivity and costs (Chapter 8) - no supplemental readings

• Product markets (Chapter 9) - no supplemental readings

• Perfect competition (Chapter 10) - Should there be a market for human organs?

• Monopoly (Chapter 11) - Is Microsoft a Monopolist?

• Monopolistic competition and oligopoly (Chapters 12 and 13) - No supplemental readings

• Resource markets (Chapter 14) - No supplemental readings

• Labor markets (Chapters 15 and 16) - No supplemental readings

• Capital, resource markets, and the environment (Chapters 17 and 18) - No supplemental reading

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/vouchers.html

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/slavery.html

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/slavery.html

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/death_penalty.html

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/human_organs.html

http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/microsoft.html


Perkembangan Ilmu Ekonomi

• Secara tidak formal, ilmuekonomi muncul seiringdengan diturunkannyamanusia di Bumiseiring dengan adanyakebutuhan-kebutuhanmanusia (kebutuhan akanmakanan, pakaian, tempat tinggal, dsb.) berkaitan denganmasalah ekonomi


Perkembangan Ilmu Ekonomi

Tahap-tahap kehidupan ekonomi manusia (George Frederich List, 1789-1846)

1. Tahap perburuan dan perikanan

2. Peternakan

3. Pertanian

4. Pertanian dan kerajinan setempat

5. Pertanian, industri, perniagaan internasional

6. Sekarang….? Tugas Paper Singkat u presentasi Sore


A Definition of Economics

Economics is the

science of choice — the

science that explains the

choices that we make

and how those choices

change as we cope with

scarcity.

Slide 1-6

Defining Economics

• Economics

– The study of how

people allocate their

limited resources to

satisfy their unlimited

wants

– The study of how

people make

choices

Slide 1-7

Defining Economics

• Resources

– Things used to

produce other things to

satisfy people’s wants

• Wants

– What people would buy

if their incomes were

unlimited

Slide 1-8

Defining Economics

• With limited income

(resources), people must make

choices to satisfy their wants.

• Economics studies how these

choices are made.


Resources and Wants

We have limited resources.

We have unlimited wants. mengapa

bukan Needs ?

This leads to scarcity.

Scarcity exists when there are insufficient

resources to satisfy people’s wants.


Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.

“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”


• Scarcity

– Occurs when the ingredients (resources) for

producing things that people desire

are insufficient to satisfy all wants

Scarcity

• What scarcity is NOT:

– It is not a shortage.

– It is not the same thing as poverty how

about welfare ?.


Limited Resources & Unlimited Wants

Scarcity

Choices

Opportunity Cost

Scarcity, Choice,

and Opportunity Cost


• Opportunity Cost

– The highest-valued, next-best alternative that

must be sacrificed to attain something or

satisfy a want

Scarcity, Choice,



In economics, cost is always

a forgone opportunity.

Scarcity, Choice,



• Questions

– What is the opportunity cost

of attending this economics class?

– What is the opportunity cost

of attending a Rolling Stones concert?

Scarcity, Choice,



• Production

– Any activity that results in the conversion of

resources into products that can be used in

consumption

• Resources or Factors of Production

– Inputs that are used to produce things

that people want

Scarcity



– Land

• Natural resources or the gifts of nature

– Labor

• The human resource

Scarcity



– Physical Capital

• All manufactured resources

– Human Capital

• Accumulated training and education

of workers

Scarcity



– Entrepreneurship

• Person who organizes, manages,

and assembles the other resources

• Risk taker

• Maker of basic business policy decisions

Scarcity

Economic goods, free goods, and

economic bads

• economic good (scarce good) - the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a zero price.

• free good - the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at a zero price.

• economic bad - people are willing to pay to avoid the item


Definisi Ilmu Ekonomi LainnyaDalam hal ini Profesor Paul Anthony Samuelson, seorang ahli ekonomi dari

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), telah mengumpulkan sekurang-kttrangnya enam buah definisi dari berbagai ahli lain. Keenam definisi itu masing-masing adalah sebagai berikut.

1. Ilmu ekonomi, atau ekonomi politik (politicale conomy)a, dalah suatu studi tentang kegiatan-kegiatan yang dengan atau tanpa menggunakan uang, mencakup atau melibatkan transaksi-transaksip ertukaran antarmanusia'

2. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi mengenai bagaimana orang menjatuhkan pilihan yang tepat untuk memanfaatkan sumber-sumber produktif (tanah, tenaga kerja, barang-barang modal semisal mesin, dan pengetahuan teknik) yanS langka dan terbatas jumlahnya, untuk menghasilkan berbagai-bagai barang (misalnya gandum daging, mantel, perahu layar, konser musik, jalan raya, pesawat pembom) serta mendistribusikan (membagikan)nya kepada pelbagai anggota masyarakat untuk mereka pakai/konsumsi.

3. Ilmu ekonomi adalah studi tentang manusia dalam kegiatan hidup mereka seharihari, (untuk) mendapat dan menikmati kehidupan.

4. Ilmu ekonomi adalah studi tentang bagaimana manusia bertingkah pekerti untuk mengorganisasi kegiatan-kegiatan konsumsi dan produksinya.

5. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi tentang kekayaan.

6. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi tentang cara-cara memperbaiki masyarakat.


Pembagian Ilmu Ekonomi

(Alferd W. Stonier dan Douglas C. Hague)

Descriptive Economics (ilmu ekonomi deskriptif). Di sini dikumpulkansemua kenyataan yang penting tentang pokok pembicaraan (topik) yang tertentu, misalnya: sistem pertanian di Bali, atau industri katundi India.

Economic Theory (ilmu ekonomi teori atau teori ekonomi atauanalisise konomi). Di sini kita memberikan penjelasan yang disederhanakan tentang caranya suatu sistem ekonomi bekerja danciri-ciri yang penting dari sistem seperti itu.

Applied Economics (ilmu ekonomi terapan). Di sini kita mencobamempergunakan rangka dasar umum dan analisis yang diberikanoleh ekonomi teori untuk menerangkan sebab-sebab dan artipentingnya kejadian-kejadian yang dilaporkan oleh para ahliekonomi deskriptif.


The Method of Economics

• Positive economics studies

economic behavior without

making judgments. It

describes what exists and how

it works.



• Normative economics, also called policy economics, analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of action.



• Positive economics includes:

– Descriptive economics, which

involves the compilation of data that

describe phenomena and facts.

– Economic theory, which involves

building models of behavior.

• An economic theory is a general

statement of cause and effect, action and

reaction.


What Economists Do

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Microeconomics is the study of individual people and businesses and the interaction of those decisions in markets.

Studies:• Prices and Quantities

• Effects of government regulation and taxes


What Economists Do

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics is the study of the national economy and the global economy as a whole.

Studies:• Average prices and total

employment, income, and production

• Effects of taxes, government spending, a budget deficits on total jobs and incomes

• Effects of money and interest rates

Tingkat Penggangguran di Dunia


The Scope of EconomicsExamples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concerns

Production Prices Income Employment

Microeconomics Production/Output in

Individual Industries

and Businesses

How much steel

How many offices

How many cars

Price of Individual

Goods and Services

Price of medical care

Price of gasoline

Food prices

Apartment rents

Distribution of Income

and Wealth

Wages in the auto

industry

Minimum wages

Executive salaries

Poverty

Employment by

Individual Businesses

& Industries

Jobs in the steel

industry

Number of employees

in a firm

Macroeconomics National

Production/Output

Total Industrial Output

Gross Domestic

Product

Growth of Output

Aggregate Price Level

Consumer prices

Producer Prices

Rate of Inflation

National Income

Total wages and

salaries

Total corporate profits

Employment and

Unemployment in the

Economy

Total number of jobs

Unemployment rate


Five Big Economic Questions

What? What goods and services are produced and in what quantities?

Do we produce houses or camping vehicles?

How? How are goods and services produced? Do we use humans or machines to

produce the goods we want?

When? When are goods and services produced? Do we increase or

decrease production?

Where? Where are goods and services produced? Do we produce the

goods in the U.S. or in Canada?

Who? Who consumes the goods and services that are produced? Do we sell

our goods to the wealthy, or the non-wealthy?


Tapes Soda

(millions (millions of bottles

Possibility per month) per month)

Production Possibilities Frontier

a 0 and 15

b 1 and 14

c 2 and 12

d 3 and 9

e 4 and 5

f 5 and 0


Attainable

Production Possibility Frontier

Unattainable

Tapes (millions per month)

0 1 2 3 4 5

5

10

15

z

ab

d

c

f

e


The Production Possibility

Frontier

• Points inside of the

curve are inefficient.

• At point H, resources

are either unemployed,

or are used inefficiently.



Frontier

• Point F is desirable

because it yields

more of both goods,

but it is not

attainable given the

amount of

resources available

in the economy.



Frontier

• Point C is one of the

possible

combinations of

goods produced

when resources are

fully and efficiently

employed.



Frontier

• A move along the curve

illustrates the concept of

opportunity cost.

• From point D, an increase

the production of capital

goods requires a decrease

in the amount of consumer

goods.


Opportunity Cost and Marginal Cost

Tapes (millions per month)

0 1 2 3 4 5

10

15a

b

c

d

e

f

0 1 2 3 4 5

5

Soda

(millions

of bottle

s per

month

)Increasing

opportunity

cost of tapes...


Economic Growth

• An outward shift means

that it is possible to

increase the production

of one good without

decreasing the

production of the other.

• Outward shifts of the

curve represent

economic growth.


Economic Growth

• From point D, the

economy can

choose any

combination of

output between F

and G.


Economic Growth

• Not every sector of

the economy grows

at the same rate.

• In this historic

example, productivity

increases were more

dramatic for corn than

for wheat over this time

period.


Capital Goods and Growth

in Poor and Rich Countries

• Rich countries devote more

resources to capital

production than poor

countries.

• As more resources flow into

capital production, the rate

of economic growth in rich

countries increases, and so

does the gap between rich

and poor countries.

GDP nominal per capita world map IMF 2008.png


Economic Growth in the

United States and Hong Kong

Consumption goods (per person)

Cap

ital

goods

(per

per

son)

aa

b

Hong Kong

in 1960

United States

and Hong Kong

in 1998United States

in 1960

c

0


Circular Flows in the

Market Economy


The Circular Flow of

Income and Expenditure

Slide 1-47

Economics as a Science

• Models or Theories

– Simplified

representations of the

real world used as the

basis for predictions

or explanations

• A map and getting

directions are examples

of models

• Fungtion, Figure, etc

Slide 1-48


• Assumptions

– The set of circumstances in which a

model is applicable

• The Ceteris Paribus Assumption

(KAY-ter-us PEAR-uh-bus)

– Nothing changes except the factor or

factors being studied

Slide 1-49


• Economics is an empirical science.

– Real-world data is used to evaluate the

usefulness of a model.

– Models are useful if they predict

economic phenomena.

• Economic models predict how people

react, not how they think.

Economic Science

Steps

– Observation and Measurement

– Model Building

– Testing

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