48
What is the Safety and Health at workplace?
The History
Terminologies of major safety
Classification types of accident
Sub Topic 1
Sub Topic 2
Sub Topic 3
Sub Topic 4
Content …
Financial benefit
Social benefit WORK WORKER =
Injuries & illnesses*
THE UN-DESIRED
Property damage Operation interference
HAZARD
FATAL
HOW DID PEOPLE GET IJURIES & ILLNESSES?
THE UN-SAFE
CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS
HAZARD
Anything that can cause HARM!!!
SAFETY HAZARD HEALTH HAZARD
Physical Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Biological Hazard
Chemical Hazard Machinery Hazard
Radiation Hazard
Fire Hazard
Thermal Hazard
THE UN-SAFE
SOURCE OF HAZARD
1. Unsafe Act: activity, workers behavior etc
2. Unsafe Condition: workplace condition,
environment etc
- Physical condition/layout
- Living form.
- Substance
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?
THE UN-SAFE
• Unsafe way of working
• A violation of accepted safe procedure
Unsafe act is include doing
HEALTHY ACTIVITY AT THE
WRONG PLACE!!!
SOURCE OF HAZARD
1. Activity; Unsafe Act
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?
THE UN-SAFE
- Improper housekeeping
- Insufficient light
An unsafe physical condition or
circumstances
2. Workplace condition/environment: Unsafe
Condition
SOURCE OF HAZARD
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?
THE UN-SAFE
CHANGES AT WORKPLACE
MAY CREATE HAZARDOUS
CONDITION!!!
An unsafe physical condition or
circumstances
SOURCE OF HAZARD
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?
2. Workplace condition / environment; unsafe
condition
THE UN-SAFE
- Chemicals
- Sharp edge (physically harmful)
- Hot / hard / moving parts
The existence of unsafe substances
/ energy
2. Workplace condition / environment; unsafe
condition
SOURCE OF HAZARD
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?
UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE CONDITION
IN MANY ACCIDENT CASES, BOTH CAUSES ARE
INVOLVED
THE UN-SAFE
The History …
OSH before and during the industrial revolution
Development in OSH management between the
1930’s and1970;s
Early recognition of occupational
diseases In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the
first known pamphlets on occupational diseases from gold miners.
In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described in diseases of miners.
In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis doctors should ask patients about their occupation .
Emergence of industrial accident - 1
Industrial accidents arose out of the factory
system during the industrial revolution in
Britain in 18th century(1700s).
Women and children worked as heavy
labourers under unsafe and unhealthy
workplaces.
Emergence of industrial safety legislation In 1883, English Factory Acts was the first effective industrial
safety law.
It provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes.
Insurance companies inspected work places and suggested prevention methods.
Problem :
Safety became injury and insurance oriented
Emergence of safety management - 1
Role of Herbert W Heinrich (1930’s)
-Developed Domino Theory and promoted control of workers behavior.
Problem :
-Focused on worker behavior and not management
-Caused people to think that safety is about policing worker
DOMINO’S THEORY
Promoted control of workers behavior.
Problem :
-Focused on worker behavior and not
management
-Caused people to think that safety is about
policing worker
Emergence of safety management - 2
Frank bird (1970) developed Loss Control Theory
Suggested that underlying causes of accidents are lack of management controls and poor management decisions.
Problem :
- not so popular: blames management
(responsibility and control)
Loss control theory
Lack of control
Job factors unsafe acts and cond
Accidents
Injury and damages
costs
Emergence of Safety Management - 3 In 80’s Behavioral Based Safety (BBS) was introduced:
Based on Heinrich’s findings
Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards and punishment
Problem:
-focuses on workers and not on hazard or management
-reward and punishment system have flaws
Emergence of safety management system
- 1
Current development of occupational safety
and health management system was driven by
two parallel forces:
a) self-regulatory legislation in the united
kingdom(1974)
b) quality management movement
A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION - 1
Lord Robens, chairman of a royal safety commission report noted that:
- There was too many OSH legislation,
- Was fragmented
- Limited in coverage(specific hazards & workplace)
- Out of date and difficult to update
- Inflexible (prescriptive)
- People thought that safety was what government inspectors enforced
A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION -1
Lord Robens recommended
- Self regulation
Report resulted in the health and safety of workers at work act in the UK in 1974
Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in 1984
Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 bright sparkler accident in Sg Buloh.
A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION - 3
Features of “Robens style” legislation:
-general duties of care by:
-employer, employee, manufacturer, designer,
supplier.
-duty of employer to make the workplace safe
Consultation with employees through safety committees
Safety officers as advisor and coordinator
Improvement and prohibition notices
A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION-4
Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for management system
ACCIDENT REGULATION/PROGRAME opal
Fixborough (1974) CIMAH regulation
Bhopal (1984) “responsible care”/process safety
Piper alpha (1988) risk assessment/management system
There are similar issues in safety management as in quality management
Example:
-productivity
-worker involvement
-proactive approach
-scientific approach
-customer and human rights
QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT-1
QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT-2
Management system standards:
- ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and ISO 14000 EMS was introduced in 1996.
-UK published BS 8800 and australia AS8401 OSH management system in19996
-international and auditable OHSAS 18001 OSH manangement systems published in 1999
-ILO approved an OSH management system for governments to adopt during 2000
SUMMARY The industrial revolution cause of industrial accidents.
Laws were enacted to compensate and protect workers in 1833
Safety management guideline began with Heinrich and followed by Frank Bird and others
Lord Robens in 1972 recommended self-regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in 1994
Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in OSH management system today
SUMMARY
Health problems due to occupation has been
known from ancient times
Industrial accidents became rampant after the
industrial revolution
Accidents in the 70’s & 80’s resulted in OSH-
MS today
Terminologies of major safety
Terminologies of major safety
Acute. Health effects which show up a short length of time after exposure.
Asbestosis. A disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of fine airborne fibers of asbestos.
Biohazard. Biological hazard. Organisms or products of organisms that present a risk to humans, i.e., blood, body fluids.
Terminologies of major safety
Carpal tunnel. A passage in the wrist through which
the median nerve and many tendons pass to the
hand from the forearm.
CSDS. Chemical Safety Data Sheet.
Terminologies of major safety
Confined Space - An enclosure that is difficult to get out of and limited or no ventilation. Examples are storage tanks, boilers, sewers and tank cars.
Corrosive - A substance that causes visible destruction or permanent changes in human skin tissue at the site of contact.
Danger - Relative exposure to hazard
Terminologies of major safety
Eczema. A skin disease or disorder. Dermatitis.
Engineering Controls. Methods of controlling employee exposures by modifying the source or reducing the quantity of contaminants released into the workroom environment.
Fume. Airborne particulate formed by the evaporation of solid materials, i.e., metal fume emitted during welding.
Terminologies of major safety
Hazard - something that could cause you or someone else an injury or illness.
Hazardous material - Any substance or compound that has the capability of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of humans.
Heat stress - Relative amount of thermal strain from the environment.
Terminologies of major safety
MSDS. Material Safety Data Sheet.
NIOSH. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a federal agency. It conducts research on health and safety concerns and trains occupational health and safety professionals.
NRC. Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Terminologies of major safety
OSHA. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
PEL. Permissible Exposure Limit. An exposure limit that is
published and enforced by OSHA as a legal standard.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Devices worn by
the worker to protect against hazards in the
environment (respirators, gloves, hearing protection).
Terminologies of major safety
Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to age.
Pulmonary - Pertaining to the lungs.
Reactivity. A chemical substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects.
Risk - A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event
Terminologies of major safety
Routes of entry. The paths by which chemicals can enter the body. The three main routes are inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption.
Silicosis. A disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of silica dust.
Short term exposure limit (STEL). ACGIH recommended exposure limit. Maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period of time (15 minutes) for only 4 times throughout the day with at least one hour between exposures.
Terminologies of major safety
Solder - A material used for joining metal surfaces together by filling a joint or covering a junction.
Symptom - Any bit of evidence from a patient indicating illness; the subjective feelings of the patient.
TLV - Threshold Limit Value. A time weighted average concentration under which most people can work consistently for 8 hours a day, day after day, with no harmful effects.
Toxicant - A poison or poisonous agent.
Terminologies of major safety
Toxin - A poisonous substance that is derived from an organism.
Turbidity - Cloudiness; disturbances of solids (sediments) in a solution, so that it is not clear.
Vapors - The gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state (at room temperature and pressure).
Classification types of accident
According to OSHA, there are 6 classification types of accident.
1. Death
2. Days Away From Work
3. Restricted Work
4. Treatment beyond First Aid
5. Loss of Consciousness
6. Physician-Diagnosed Issue
Classification types of accident
1. Death
In the case of an on-the-job fatality, a company has
up to 8 hours, from the time of death, to report the
incident to OSHA. This includes all at-work fatalities
including those involving malice, equipment failure,
accident or natural causes.
Classification types of accident
2. Days Away From Work
When an employee suffers an injury that results in him being unable to work, it is recorded in the "Days Away From Work" category. This is marked by calendar days and written as soon as the employer is informed of the potential number of days missed. An employer is responsible for updating this count if he returns earlier or misses additional days. Also, only full days missed are counted, so if injured, the official count begins on the following day.
Classification types of accident
3. Restricted Work
In the case of incidents where an employee is injured or becomes ill at work and a doctor places the employee on restricted work hours, the situation is noted as "Restricted Work" with a citation of the number of days that the doctor suggests. These cover events where an injury is less serious, or if the employee has a nonrestrictive disease.
Classification types of accident
4. Treatment Beyond First Aid
When an employee becomes ill or is injured, seen
by a doctor but not placed on restricted duty or
removed from work, "Treatment Beyond First Aid" is
the recorded category.
Classification types of accident
5. Loss of Consciousness
A company is responsible for recording any and all
incidents of lost consciousness that occur in the
workplace. In cases where an employee is able to
return to work immediately after the incident, or
even after they are treated by a doctor, these cases
are still recorded as a loss of consciousness event.
Classification types of accident
6. Physician-Diagnosed Issue
OSHA requires that all physician-diagnosed issues be recorded immediately upon diagnosis. This includes long-term issues such as cancer, silicosis and byssinosis. Other long-term injuries such as broken or cracked bones, loss of hearing or eyesight are also recorded. This category covers all injuries that are not specifically listed above.
