PENGENALAN SPESIES LEGUM

ROMI ZAMHIR ISLAMILAB TANAMAN MAKANAN TERNAKUNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

Calliandra calothyrsus

Lokal : Kaliandra, Kaliandra Merah Morphological description Small, perennial, leguminous tree

growing 2-12 m high.  Trunk diameter up to 30 cm. Leaves are bipinnate

Introduced into Indonesia in 1936 and from there to other parts of the tropics, notably east Africa, the area where it is now most widely used for fodder.

USES/APPLICATIONSA MULTIPURPOSE SPECIES GROWN PRIMARILY FOR FORAGE AS A SUPPLEMENT TO LOW QUALITY ROUGHAGES FOR RUMINANT LIVESTOCK.  ALSO USED FOR THE PROVISION OF GREEN MANURE, SHADE FOR COFFEE AND TEA, LAND REHABILITATION , EROSION CONTROL.  USED AS A POLLEN SOURCE FOR HONEY PRODUCTION AND A HOST FOR THE LAC INSECT (LACCIFER LACCA) FOR SHELLAC PRODUCTION.  IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN PARTS OF AFRICA (E.G. UGANDA, RWANDA) IN PROVIDING STAKES FOR CLIMBING BEANS.AN EXCELLENT FUELWOOD FOR COOKING AND SMALL FIRES;  CALLIANDRA WOOD DRIES VERY QUICKLY (OVERNIGHT FOR SMALL STEMS) AND BURNS WELL WITH A SMOKELESS FIRE

EcologySoil requirementsGrows well on a wide range of soil types ranging from deep volcanic loams to more acidic metamorphic sandy clays. MoistureTopIn its native range, grows in annual rainfall regimes of 700-3,000 mm with 1-7 dry months. TemperatureAdapted to altitudes from 0-1,850 m asl .  Mean monthly maximum temperatures of 24-28ºC, and mean minimum temperatures of 18-24ºC. LightIntolerant of heavy shade.  In Uganda and Tanzania it is being adopted in home garden systems where it is planted under banana with moderate shade.

Defoliation

Depends on use.  First cut 8-12 months after sowing.  For maximum leaf production, cut to a height of 0.5-1.0 m every 2-3 months. 

Normally cut for feeding as direct grazing by cattle, sheep and goats will normally result in high rates of plant mortality. 

Slashing calliandra to less than 30 cm above ground level and allowing ruminants to graze the regrowth can reduce plant mortality.  This limits the stripping of bark and cambium from the stem .  Calliandra is generally recommended for cut-and-carry feeding rather than for use in direct grazing systems.

Feeding value

Nutritive value Top In vitro digestibility of dried leaf from 19 provenances ranged

from 24-47%.  reasonable animal production is achieved where calliandra has been adopted as a supplement to poor quality basal diets or as a partial replacement of concentrate feeds.  Good source of the vitamin carotene.

Palatability/acceptability Freshly harvested leaves of calliandra are generally highly

palatable to ruminants where animals have prior experience with the forage, although some problems with palatability have been reported from Mexico and Central America.  Provenances vary in palatability to some extent.  Palatability is significantly reduced when wilted or dried leaves are fed at high levels of supplementation. 

Production potential

Dry matter Produces DM yields of 3-14 t/ha/year, depending on climate and soil fertility.  Animal production Top Generally used to improve the utilisation of low quality grasses or as a

replacement for concentrate feeds.  In Zambia, goats fed a basal diet of poor quality hay lost weight at 20 g/day.  Weight gains of 24 g/day were achieved when supplemented with 140 g/day DM of calliandra leaf.  In Indonesia, sheep liveweight gains increased from 26 up to 52 g/day when supplementation levels of fresh calliandra leaf increased from 0-35% of total ration.  Cattle direct grazing calliandra over a 12-month period in Indonesia gained 0.33 kg/head/day . 3 kg of fresh calliandra leaf plus 2 kg of concentrate feed provided a similar response in milk yield and butterfat to 3 kg of concentrate feed. 

Not suitable as a feed for monogastric animals due to its high levels of astringent CTs.  Small amounts may be fed to chickens as leaf meal:  the carotene content gives a dark yellow yolk which can increase the market value of the eggs.

CENTROSEMA PUBESCENS Lokal : SentroMorphological description(Description referring to the C. pubescens form as represented by cv. Belalto).Perennial, trailing-climbing herb with strong tendency to root at nodes of trailing stems.  Leaves trifoliolate,

Uses/applicationsGrazed pastures in mixture with a grass, legume -only protein bank, cut-and-carry.  Potential also as soil cover.

FEEDING VALUENUTRITIVE VALUETOP3-MONTH OLD LEAF:  24% CP,YOUNG LEAF TISSUE (= 6 MONTHS AFTER PLANTING):  26% CP,

PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITYIN A CIAT SMALL-PLOT, CAFETERIA GRAZING TRIAL IN QUILICHAO, COLOMBIA, CV. BELALTO WAS, TOGETHER WITH C. MACROCARPUM, MORE PALATABLE THAN ANY OF THE OTHER EIGHT CENTROSEMA SPECIES AND BOTANICAL VARIETIES TESTED.

PRODUCTION POTENTIALDRY MATTERCV. BELALTO 12.8 T/HA/YEAR DM IN NORTH QUEENSLAND;  7.6 T/HA/YEAR DM UNDER CUTTING IN QUILICHAO, COLOMBIA (ACCESSION CIAT 5161).ANIMAL PRODUCTIONTOP550-650 KG/HA/YEAR LW GAIN POSSIBLE IN HUMID QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA (BELALTO CENTRO IN MIXTURE WITH PANICUM MAXIMUM ).

GLIRICIDIA SEPIUMLokal : GAMALUses/applicationsLiving fences/hedges, cut and carry feed for ruminants, alley farming, protein banks, green manure , support, shade, honey, rodenticide, medicinal, firewood, pigmentation of eggs.

FEEDING VALUENUTRITIVE VALUETOPHIGH NUTRITIVE VALUE.  CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT 18-30% AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF 60-65%.  WITH THE EXCEPTION OF PALATABILITY , VARIABILITY IN NUTRITIVE QUALITY AMONG PROVENANCES HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED.PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITYSOME PALATABILITY PROBLEMS OCCUR WITH RUMINANTS DEPENDING ON PRIOR EXPERIENCE.  NAÏVE ANIMALS SEEM TO REFUSE LEAVES ON THE BASIS OF SMELL, OFTEN REJECTING THEM WITHOUT TASTING, SUGGESTING THAT THE PROBLEM LIES WITH VOLATILE COMPOUNDS RELEASED FROM THE LEAF SURFACE.  HOWEVER, NO PALATABILITY PROBLEMS ARE REPORTED IN INDONESIA, SRI LANKA, COLOMBIA OR GUATEMALA WHERE SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF RUMINANTS HAVE BEEN FED GLIRICIDIA.  WILTING LEAVES FOR 12-24 HOURS BEFORE FEEDING INCREASES INTAKE.  PRIOR EXPERIENCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE OF PALATABILITY , SO THAT LOCAL LANDRACES ARE MOST PREFERRED.  WHILE NAÏVE ANIMALS ARE USED, PROVENANCES FROM MEXICO TEND TO BE LESS PALATABLE COMPARED TO THOSE FROM COSTA RICA AND COLOMBIA.

Production potential Dry matter Annual leaf DM production varies from 2-20 t/ha/year, depending on a wide range

of factors.  In fodder plots, annual yields of 5-16 t/ha of leaf DM, or up to 43 t/ha fresh leaves have been obtained.  In Nigeria, gliricidia hedgerows interplanted with 4 rows of Panicum grasses yielded 20 t/ha/year of total DM (grass and gliricidia).

Animal production Top Gliricidia is normally used as a green forage, protein supplement to low-quality

tropical forages and by-products for cattle, sheep and goats.  It may be used as the sole feed in the dry season.  Feeding levels have been 1-3% of body weight for cattle and goats, indicating a supplementation level of 30-100%, although a 20-40% level is more common.  Increases in liveweight gains of approximately 25% have been reported for steers grazing gliricidia-grass pastures, compared with steers grazing grass alone.  Results from experiments with dairy cows and buffaloes reported similar or slightly increased milk yield and milk fat yield when concentrates were replaced by gliricidia forage up to about 25% of intake.The effects of gliricidia forage on reproducing ruminants have been variable.  In one trial, ewes supplemented with gliricidia produced a higher lamb crop, better lamb weights and had reduced ewe weight loss compared with those not fed gliricidia.  In an unrelated trial, lambing results were poorer when gliricidia was fed, due to lower feed intake, possibly as a result of insufficient adaptation to the forage .Laying chickens fed sun-cured gliricidia at 4.5% of total diet gave good egg production, egg weight and yolk colour.  Yellow yolk colour can be achieved by feeding milled leaves at 2-4% of the ration.  Diets containing up to 10% gliricidia can be fed to growing chicks without affecting performance and survival, but higher rates may have anti-nutritive effects.

SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA

Lokal = Turi, Toroy, TuwiUses/applicationsValued as a fodder throughout Indonesia, particularly for dry season feeding of cattle and goats.  Commonly grown on paddy bunds, and around gardens or cropping fields for its nitrogen contribution.  The sparse canopy of S. grandiflora casts relatively little shade, hence its suitability close to sun-loving crops and gardens.  S. grandiflora grows fast enough to be used as an annual green manure crop.  The leaves, seed pods and flowers are used as human food in southeast Asia.The light density wood of S. grandiflora makes poor firewood and is not durable as a timber, however it can be used for low quality pulp.  Poles are used for light construction but have limited durability.  Used as a shade crop and as a support for climbing crops.  Also used as a component of windbreaks.

FEEDING VALUE

NUTRITIVE VALUETOPCONTAINS 25-30% CRUDE PROTEIN.  SUPPLEMENTATION WITH S. GRANDIFLORA OF GOATS FED GUINEA GRASS HAY INCREASED INTAKE BY 25% AND SUPPORTED A POSITIVE N BALANCE.  IN SACCO DIGESTIBILITY WAS 75% IN 12 HOURS.OTHER IN VITRO AND IN SACCO STUDIES REPORT THE VERY HIGH FORAGE QUALITY OF S. GRANDIFLORA .

PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITYHIGHLY PALATABLE TO RUMINANT LIVESTOCK.  ALSO GENERALLY WELL ACCEPTED BY MONOGASTRICS.

• Production potential• Dry matter• An annual yield of 27 kg of green leaf/tree was achieved by harvesting side

branches A green manure yield of 55 t/ha green material in 6.5 months was achieved in Java.  Wood yields of 20-25 m³/ha/year are achieved in commercial plantations in Indonesia.

• Animal production• Top• No long-term animal production studies have been reported, but

S. grandiflora is a major component of ruminant diets in eastern Indonesia where it may comprise up to 70% of total forage allowance during the dry season.  Anecdotal reports of high liveweight gains in cattle are common.  In India, milk yield was increased by 8% (9.2-9.9 l/day) when cattle were fed 5 kg fresh leaf/day.In Western Samoa, goats failed to gain weight when supplemented with S. grandiflora , although the reasons for this poor result were not identified.  The authors suggested that supplementation with S. grandiflora should be limited to 30% of total feed on the basis of this experiment.Poor weight gains in chickens has led to the recommendation that supplementation of poultry feeds with S. grandiflora should be limited to 2% of total ration.

LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALALokal : LamtoroFeeding valueNutritive valueTopL. leucocephala foliage is noted for its very high nutritive value for ruminant production.  Typical values for the edible fraction are 55-70% digestibility, 3-4.5% N, 6% ether extract, 6-10% ash, 30-50% N-free extract, 0.8-1.9% Ca and 0.23-0.27% P.  Na levels are generally below requirements for ruminants at 0.01-0.05%.  Leaves also contain 2-6% condensed tannins (CT), phenolic compounds which bind and protect dietary protein from degradation in the rumen .  Providing that the protein-CT complexes dissociate post-ruminally allowing N absorption in the lower gut, CTs have the potential to increase protein uptake.

Palatability/acceptabilityL. leucocephala is highly palatable to most grazing animals, especially compared to other forage tree legumes such as Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium .

Production potential

Dry matter Yields of forage vary with soil fertility, rainfall, altitude, density and cutting

frequency from 1-15 t/ha/year.  Leaf yield is maximised by cutting at 6-12 week intervals during the growing season .  Yields in extensive hedgerow plantings in the dry tropics and subtropics generally range from 2-6 t/ha/year.Very high yields (>15 t/ha/year) in southeast Asia and Hawaii, with plants 0.5-1.0 m apart in rows 1-3 m apart.Fuelwood yields compare favourably with the best tropical trees, with height increments of 3-5 m/year and wood increments of 20-60 m³/ha/year for arboreal varieties.

Animal production Top Excellent growth rates of 1.26 kg/head/day for cattle grazing leucaena-buffel

grass (Cenchrus ciliaris ) pastures over a 6-month period were reported in Queensland, Australia, although growth rates are more commonly 250-300 kg/head/year (0.7-0.85 kg/head/day).  Under irrigation in northwestern Australia, annual liveweight gains of up to 1,700 kg/ha/year have been recorded for cattle grazing at 6 head/ha.