Pengolahan Minyak Bumi
Nelson Saksono & Yuliusman
Ref :1. Speight, James G. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. 1991.
2. James H . Gary. “ Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economic”, Marcel Dekker,Inc, New York, 1975
World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil
63.7
89.5
20.6
74.9
65.4
44.0675.7
Billion barrels
World Proven Crude Oil Reserves
as percent of 1296 billion barrel total
Composition of Crude Oil
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS
25% 17% 50% <8% <1% <3% <100PPM
C1 - C60 (C6H5)n CYCLOALKANES SH
S
NH
O
COOH
Crude Oil Classification
PETROLEUMSaturates
AromaticsAsphaltics
n-alkanes C5 - C44branched alkanescycloalkanes (napthenes) single ring
condensed ring
nitrogenoxygensulfur
containing compounds
API Gravity = 35o
The Uses of Crude Oil
The Xylenes
Boiling Point 144oC 139.3oC 137-138oC Melting Point -25oC -47.4oC 13-14oC
ortho meta para
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CRUDE
DESALTING
REFINING
REFORMING
BLENDING
Distillation to separate by boiling point ranges
Water washing to remove impurities
Conversion reactions to alter molecular structures
Mixing to obtain maximum commercial characteristics
Petroleum delivered from well field
Petroleum Refining
GAS
LIGHT NAPHTHA
HEAVY NAPHTHA
KEROSENE
ATM. GAS OIL
RESIDUUM
CRUDE DESALTER FURNACE
C1-C4
bp < 50 oF
C5 - C?
bp 50-200oF
C? - C12
bp 200-400oF
C12 - C16
bp 400-500oF
C15 - C18
bp 500-650oC
> C20
bp >650oF
TOWER
Distillation – separation by boiling point
Petroleum ReformingGAS
LIGHT NAPHTHA
HEAVY NAPHTHA
KEROSENE
ATM. GAS OIL
RESIDUUM
TOWER
FUEL GAS
TREATER
HYDROTREATER
HYDROTREATER
HYDROTREATER
REFORMER AROMATIC EXTRACTION
CATALYTICCRACKER
JET FUELS/KEROSENE
DIESEL & FUEL OILS
GASOLINE
AROMATICS
VacuumDistillation
VACUUM GAS OIL
LUBRICATING OIL
COKER COKE
ASPHALT
CATALYTICCRACKER
Conversion Reactions
gasoline gasoline additive recycle
C7H15.C15H30.C7H15 C7H16 + C7H14 + C15H30CRACK
COMBINE
REARRANGE
THERMAL
CATALYTIC
ALKYLATION
POLYMERIZATION
REFORMIING
ISOMERIZATION
CH3CH2CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3CH3CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH3
C H3C
CH3
CH2C H3C
CH3
CH2C H3C
CH3
CH3
C CH2
CH3
H
CH2C CHCH3
CH3CH3
CH3
H3CC
82% 18%
Dehydrogenation
Dehydroisomerization
Isomerization
Dehydrocyclization
Hydrocracking
Catalytic Reforming – Conversion ReactionsDehydrogenation of cycloalkanes to aromatics
Dehydroisomerization of cyclopentanes to aromatics
Isomerization of alkanes
Dehdrocyclization of alkanes
Hydrocracking of alkanes
CH3 CH3
3H2
CH3
3H2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CHH3C
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
4 H2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3