Peport for Inst Chem Phys 2006 2007 2009

8/14/2019 Peport for Inst Chem Phys 2006 2007 2009

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Thermodynamics and Life

The thermodynamic theory of origin of life,

biological evolution und aging in action:

medical nutrition recommendations forpatients of any age

Georgi P. Gladyshev

International Academy of Creative Endeavors

San Diego, USA Moscow, Russia

http://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=engN. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Kosygina 4, Moscow, 117977 Russia

[email protected]
http://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=engmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=enghttp://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=enghttp://www.creatacad.org/?id=48&lng=eng


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Laboratory of Professor G. Gladyshev

1976-2009


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ESSENCE:Hierarchical thermodynamics general theory of existence and living

world development

IoHT and Academy ofCreative Endeavors

"Variation of G corresponding to the formation of a

certain structure, which can be a supramolecularstructure, a family structure, a structure ofpopulations, etc., is a measure of the evolutionarytransformation (aging) of this structure."

A4M Chicago 2006

July 14, 2006 - July

16, 2006


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Evolution of Life:How and Why?

Jean-Baptiste PierreAntoine de Monet,Chevalier de Lamarck

Charles Robert Darwin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jean-baptiste_lamarck2.jpg


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Heredity

n (ontogenesis) phylogenesis

Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] January 6, 1884)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20


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EVOLUTION AND AGING

Why? Motive power?

G = H TSVariation of G is a measure of

the evolutionary transformation

of biological structures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Volcano_q.jpg


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Scientific physical theories

Any theory ofaging shouldincludes thethermodynamicaspects


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Hierarchical Thermodynamics

Georgi P. Gladyshev

International Academy ofCreative Endeavors

N. N. Semenov Institute

of Chemical Physics,

Russian Academy of

Sciences**


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Gibbs Theory and Hierarchical

ThermodynamicsJ. Willard Gibbs created the general

thermodynamic theory, which is a strict physical theory applying to the whole realworld. This theory has been of limited, or of

questionable use in biology for theinvestigation of open systems. Recently(1977) the theory has been extended to realopen biological systems and a hierarchicalequilibrium thermodynamics has been

created . A study of quasiclosed systemsenables one to draw conclusions about thethermodynamic direction of biologicalevolution and aging of living beings.


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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a keytheory of physics, chemistry,

biology, and all naturalsciences.

This statement would generally beaccepted as a fact.


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The second law and biological

evolution

"One of the principal

objects of theoretical

research in any

department of

knowledge is to find the

point of view from which

the subject appears inits greatest simplicity."

J. Willard Gibbs (1881)


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" the true and only goal of

science is to reveal unity

rather than mechanisms."Henri Poincar


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Classical and non-classical

formulations of the second law "During the last decades, an opinion has

widely spread that there is the apparentcontradiction between biological order and

laws of physicsparticularly the secondlaw of thermodynamics. I. Prigogine

I. Prigogine (1980) also emphasized that

"this contradiction cannot be removed aslong as one tries to understand livingsystems by the methods of equilibriumthermodynamics".


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The second law of thermodynamics

In 1865, R. Clausius introduced theconcept of entropy (S), a state functionof a system (a function that has a fulldifferential) according to the Clausius

inequality:dS Q / T, (1.1)

where the equality sign pertains to reversibleprocesses and the inequality (greater-than) sign, to

irreversible ones. Expression (1.1) is suitable for asimple isolated system, which can exchange neithersubstance nor energy with the environment andwhose internal energy (U) and volume (V) areconstant. In such systems only the work of expansionor no work at all is performed.


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The greatest merits of Gibbs

One of the greatest merits ofJ.W.Gibbs is thathe used the works by L. Euler, J.L. Lagrangeand other outstanding mathematicians(specifically, the variation principles developedby them) as a basis for the concepts on thefunctions of state of the system other thanentropy (which, like entropy, have fulldifferentials). The functions of state permit

determining the directions of spontaneousprocesses and estimating the extent of theiradvancement in individual thermodynamicsystems identified in the real world.


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Papers of J. Willard Gibbs

"Anyone who hopes tomake advances in thefundamental theoryor interpretation of

thermodynamics(assuming, contraryto current dogma,that such advancescan be made) needsto read the majority ofthis book.

D. J. Bottomley


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Misunderstandings of the

second law Many authors, ignoring classical works in this

field, apply different formulations of the secondlaw of thermodynamics to systems where theyare inherently inapplicable. Some of these

authors suggest their own interpretations of thisgeneral law of nature. This debases science andeducation. Moreover, it can be said that several"second laws of thermodynamics" haveappeared, none of which having anything to do

with reality. A good example is theaforementioned I. Prigogine's interpretation ofthe second law of thermodynamics.


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Hierarchical Thermodynamics in

Action

Recently, the law of temporal hierarchieswas formulated. This law substantiates thepossibility of identifying (discerning) quasi-closed

monohierarchical systems (subsystems) within openpolyhierarchical biological systems. It was alsoestablished that, as a rule, the processes ofevolution in living natural systems are quasi-equilibrium processes. It was shown that

models of living systems are analogues ofmodels of equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium)chromatographic columns.


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Hierarchies

Deriving from thequasi-equilibrium pointof view, or punctuatedequilibriumthermodynamic

perspective, betweenthe years 1978 to thepresent, we findGladyshev makinggreat headway towardsthe unification of

thermodynamic theorywith that of theevolutionary process oflife.http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.html
http://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htm


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Hierarchical Thermodynamics in Action

These facts allowed creation of the quasi-equilibrium

thermodynamics of near to equilibrium quasi-closedsystems. This thermodynamics is based on thestatement that the functions of state, to within agood approximation, at any moment of time inquasi-closed monohierarchical systems have a

real physical meaning (sense).

Thus, classical thermodynamics in a linearapproximation (the thermodynamics of near to

equilibrium systems) at the phenomenological levelcan be used for the investigation of the origin of life,biological evolution, and the development and agingof organisms. The investigations are carried out interms of kinetic (dynamical) linear thermodynamics.


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Closed systemIn thermodynamics, a closed system, as contrasted with an isolated system,

can exchange heat and work, but not matter, with its surroundings

Cells in culture, stained forkeratin (red) and DNA (green)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Epithelial-cells.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics


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A chemoluminescent reaction in

Closed system

A chemoluminescent reaction carried out in a flask

producing a large amount of light
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chemoluminescent_reaction.jpg


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What is Life?

Hierarchical

structures

Erwin Schrodinger

m

tm

tm

tm

tm

tm

tm

t


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The law of temporal hierarchies

The law of temporal hierarchies assumes thefollowing form:


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An open system

steady-state and non-steady-state


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Supramolecular thermodynamics

It was established that, in the process ofontogenesis, as well as phylogenesis and

evolution generally, the specific value of

the Gibbs function of formation of

supramolecular structures of the tissues ofan i-th organism tends toward a minimum:

=

V

dxdydzzyxmG

V

iiG

imm

0

),,(~1~ min


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Supramolecular thermodynamics of

quasiclosed biological systems


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Scheme of changes in the specific chemical energy capacity of the

biomass (biological tissue) (ch )- (A) and thermodynamic stability of its

supramolecular structures during ontogenesis of living beings (im) - B

M o l e c u l a r ( c h e m i c a l ) c

In

crea

sin

g

In

creasin

g

of

en

erg

y

cap

a

city

(A

)

of

su

pr

a

m

o

lecu

la

r

T i m e

S u p r a m o l e c u l a r ( i n t e r

c o m p o n e n t o f

D

isp

la

cem

en

t

o

f

to

m

o

re

n

eg

ative

m

a

n

itu

d

es

D

isp

la

cem

en

t

o

f

to

m

o

re

p

ositiv

e

m

agn

itu

de

s

stru

ctu

re

sta

b

ility

(B

)


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Chemical Composition of Embryo

Variation of theamount of water andfat in a developinghuman embryo(Widdowson E.M. Body Composition in

Animals and Man, 1967).

1 - water in tissue;

2 - fat in tissue.

m (fat) and m (water) - theamount of fat and water(weight %); M - mass ofembryo.


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Ontogenesis

Schematicvariation of thespecific Gibbsfunctioncorresponding tothe formation ofthe aggregatedphase ofsupramolecular

structures inorganism


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Chromatographic columns The supramolecular structures of the tissues in the course of

ontogenesis and phylogenesis accumulate relatively unstablemolecules (substances with a relatively high chemical energycapacity), for instance, fats, which force water out of these tissues.Similar phenomena occur in some molecular chromatographiccolumns). All chemists know about it. These columns accumulatesubstance with a high energy capacity. These facts do not

surprise us, although open heterogeneousadsorbent (absorbent) adsorbate systems,approaching supramolecular equilibria, on the whole,move away from chemical equilibrium with theenvironment.

In this environment there are precisely those chemical

substances that penetrate the column. The removal fromchemical equilibrium with the environment is the consequenceof the trend toward a minimum of the specific supramolecularcomponent of the Gibbs function the Gibbs free energy (e.g.,for biological tissue), im.


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Organism is a complex

chromatographic column (1959-1960)

A chemist

using columnchromatograp

hic apparatus

in the mid-1950s


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Faraday M.

The chemical history of a candle - 1861 The wick of burning candle canbe modeled as a quasi-closed, i.e.semi-closed, quasi-equilibriumthermodynamic system, thechemical composition of which ischanged slowly during the course

of its evolution. The evolution ofcomposition and structure of wick,as a reactive system, isanalogous, in a primitive way, tothe evolution of the compositionand structure of a hierarchicalliving systems, both of whichevolve in the direction that tendsto minimize the Gibbs free energy(the spesific Gibbs function) offormation of each structure.G.P.G. 2007


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Candles


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CharcoalAn evolution of system

Household safety

matches, includingone burnt match

800C


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Water Candles


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Living non-steady-state quasiclosed

complex chromatographic columns

Nematoda

Earthworm A cow defecating

Autumn leaf


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Strokkur geyser, Iceland
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GeysirEruptionNear.jpg


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Thegeothermal areas of

Yellowstone

A geyseris a type of

hot spring that eruptsperiodically, ejecting a

column of hot water

and steam into the air.

Amethyst (SiO2) is a violet or purple

variety ofquartz often used as an ornament.Gibbs function of formation, G

(1.0 bar, 298.2 K)= -220kcal/mol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amethyst.bed.750pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring


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The Water Cycle


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Principleof substance stability

Definition: during the formation (self-assembly)

of the most thermodynamically stable structures

at the highest hierarchical level (j), e.g., the

supramolecular level, Nature, in accordance withthe second law, spontaneously uses

predominantly the least thermodynamically

stable structures available for the given local

part of the biological system belonging to a lowerlevel, i.e., molecular level (j-1).


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Feedback between

all hierarchical levels The facts confirm the authors point of view that

feedback between all hierarchical levels of the

biological world is based on hierarchical

thermodynamics. These feedbacks can be

schematically presented as a sequence:

Biosphere ecosystems

populations organisms cells

supramolecular structures proteinsand some other macromolecules

DNA (RNA)

P r o d u c t s o f t h e p h o t o s y n t h e


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,C O2 H 2 O , SH 2 ,, N ,2 t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y s t-

S p o n t a n e o u s d e g r a d a t i oo f m o l e c u l e s

N o o s p h e r e

S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f p o p u l a t i o n s ,

E c o s y s t e m s

S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f s t r u c t u r e

P o p u l a t i o n s

S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f o r g a n i s m s

O r g a n i s m s

S e l f - a s s e m b l y o f c e l l s

S e l f - a s s e m b l y :t h e r m o d y n a m i c s e l f - o r g a n i z i

S u p r a m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e

B i o m o l e c u l e s

S p o n t a n e o u s d a r k r e a c t i o n

P r o d u c t s o f t h e p h o t o s y n t h ea n d o t h e r n o n - s p o n t a n e o

N

o

n-sp

o

n

ta

n

eo

u

s

p

ro

cesses

S

p

o

n

ta

n

eo

u

s

p

rocesses

c h

c h

c h

c h

c h

c h

. . .

Scheme

of the change

in the Gibbs

function offormation of

complex

systems, G*

The motive force of the

non-spontaneous

processes of the cycle

of matter, first of all, is

connected with the Sun.


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The anti-aging quality of

foodstuff

The GPGiindex, connected with it

can be easily assessed from theapproximated Gibbs Helmholtz

Gladyshev equation, which is an

analogue of the classical Gibbs Helmholtz approximated equation.


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Gibbs-Helmholtz equation

In thermodynamic terms (and in the light of known facts),the proper dietrejuvenates the organisms tissues. This iseasy to see having analyzed the approximate equation an analogue of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:

where is the specific Gibbs function (Gibbs specific free energy) of

.

the formation of the condensed phase of matteri, and are

the change ofspecific enthalpy and entropy during the solidification of natural fat, is themelting or freezing point, and T0 is the standard temperature (e.g., 37

C) at which the comparison of values is done.

TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0

imiG~

im

mi

H~

im

miS~

imT

imi

G~

TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0 TSTTTHG immmmimmimi iiii == ~))(/~(~ 0


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DSC method

TSTTTHGim

mmm

im

m

imi i

iii

==~

))(/~

(~

0


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The Gibbs Helmholtz equation

The Gibbs Helmholtz equation is correct for anindividual substance in a closed system in which

chemical, phase or other transformations may

take place. The analogue of this equation, often

with a good approximation, can be applied tovarious substances of the same type and for

variable composition systems. The Gibbs

Helmholtz equation and its analogue were used,

with good results, by the author when determining

the thermodynamic direction of evolutionary

processes.

Th lti i t f f t il


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The melting point of fats or oils

and the anti-aging value It follows from the analogue of equation that

a correlation between calculated for standard

temperature and the pour or melting

point of fats or oils, should often beobserved, with acceptable approximation.

Such a correlation should of course, be also

observed between the indicator of the anti-

aging (gerontological) value of the food inquestion, GPGi and Tm. Indeed, such a

correlation does exist.

imi

G~


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The correlations

Some graphic examples of the accord between

theory and observations is connected with the

well-known medical recommendation to include

vegetable oil and seafood (cold seas) into onesdiet. These products add young chemical

matter to the biotissues, building material that

corresponds to the composition of a young

organism. In thermodynamic terms (and in thelight of known facts), this rejuvenates the

organisms tissues.


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Nutritive particle molecules 1

I wish to model the human organism ascomplex chromatograph column, such that upon

digestion of food-stuffs, in which some part of

sustenance first reacts with hydrochloric acid

and enzymes to break-down in the stomach, the

nutritive particle molecules will then each

migrate to different parts of the human molecular

structure based on their relative thermodynamicstability and their relative chemical affinities for

different intra-molecular attachment sites within

the human molecule the body.


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Nutritive particle molecules 2

Hence, by way of correlating this theory andsubsequent data sets to longevity statistics I wish

to assign gerontological values to food-stuffs

based on enthalpy or heats (Gibbs function) of

supramolecular interaction measurements. So,essentially, I patented the idea that all items of

food intake can be assigned an anti-aging value

based on thermodynamic parameters.


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Accuracy of calculation

Needless to say, the correlationspresented in some figures can be

specified by a strict evaluation of the

GPGiindicator. The latters value, aswell as a products congeal point

Tcong , depend on the environment

and the age of the plant or animalused as food.

G t l i l l f th


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Gerontological value of the

foodstuffs

Knowing the pour point of vegetable oils and

fats, we can build the series:

Hempseed oil, linseed oil, sea buckthorn oil,

cedar oil, sunflower oil, mustard oil, olive oil,cottonseed oil, seal oil, bottle-nose oil, butter

oil, lard, horse fat, beef fat, mutton fat.

This series, from the highest to the lowestgerontological value of the foodstuffs, can be

substantially expanded.

Dependence of anti-aging (gerontological)


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Dependenceof anti-aging (gerontological)value of edible oils and fats, GPGi, on their

congeal point, Tcong


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Diets

The thermodynamic theory makes it possibleto define the principles upon which properdiets and medications can be devised to slowdown aging.


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Practical advice

The arguments presented in this paper (in

my view, well-substantiated) indicate that

practically all concrete (detailed)

recommendations relating to nutrition areindividual. They should be formulated on

the basis of general and anti-aging

medicine (gerontology) and should factorin the findings of physicochemical

dietetics.


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Practical advice

Nevertheless, the thermodynamictheory of biological evolution and

the aging of living organisms (built

on the foundation of classicalscience) provides an opportunity

to formulate general concepts

pertaining to nutrition and helping

prolong healthy human life.

P ti


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Practice (S. V. Voronov)


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Cancer Canceris a class ofdiseases or disorders

characterized by uncontrolled division ofcellsand the ability of these cells to invadeother tissues, either by direct growth intoadjacent tissue through invasion or by

implantation into distant sites bymetastasis. This unregulated growth iscaused by damage to DNA, resulting in

mutations to genes that encode forproteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These

mutations can be caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens, by close exposureto radioactive materials, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome.Mutations occur spontaneously, or are passed down generations as a result of germ linemutations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease


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The hierarchy of cells

There are some facts that call for application ofthe principle of substance stability to the

hierarchy of cells. Thus, tumor cells have alower ability for aggregation. As a result, they

easily move in the body, which leads to theappearance of metastases. The cell membranes

of tumor cells are, apparently, formed from

supramolecular structures of increased stability.

Hence, the supramolecular stability of cellaggregates formed with the participation of

tumor cells should be lowered according to the

principle in question.


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Stability of cell aggregates

In order to increase the adhesiveability of the cells, the structure ofmembranes should be diluted and

made less thermodynamically stable.Hence, it is clear why experimentalanticancer diets propose the use of plant

oils, fats of animals from cold seas, andother products containing residues ofunsaturated low-melting-point fatty acids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-3D-vdW.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svg


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Aspirin

The anti-tumor effect

of aspirin can also be

explained on the

basis of suchstatements. These

ideas agree with the

recommendations

made using thethermodynamic

theory of aging. 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-3D-vdW.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svg


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1 Dormant ancient genes

The principle of substance stability facilitatesour understanding of the effect of the influenceof some chemical substances on thesupramolecular structures of nucleic acids. As

a result of the action of such substances,dormantancient genes, accumulated during theevolution of living beings, may be activated.These genes can stimulate some types of

cancer. 1. The sun as it appears through a camera lens from the surface of Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_sun1.jpg


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Dormant genes

Some examples (Pepper and Soap) confirm the

point of view that dormant genes may be

activated or de-activated under the

appropriate influence of molecules located ata proximal distance to these genes. A similar

situation takes place in the case of interaction

of supramolecular structures of proteins andother polymers, as well as cells (for example,

during the development of an embryo).


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Sociology

A well-known fact in the sphere of

sociology concerning family ties illustrates

the relationship between the principle of

substance stability and a social hierarchy.Here, we have in mind the substance

(elemental structures) of any inside social

hierarchy (understructure hierarchy),such as a hierarchy of organisms, groups

of organisms, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SwansHeart.jpg


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Love

The stronger the love, mutualunderstanding, and affinity between a

couple, i.e. level (j-1), the less time he or she

has to spend outside the family, i.e. level

(j). Conversely, weaker adhesions of love,between couples, results to force the least

thermodynamically stable structure, i.e. the

least stable partner, into a transition to a

new hierarchy. Such spouses do not havethe desire, power, or time for this. In human

social life, as we see, hierarchical

thermodynamics applies equally as well.

Psychodynamics of Anti aging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SwansHeart.jpg


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Psychodynamics of Anti-aging

By Libb Thims

Human life may be quantified according to a setof dynamic evolving relationships, which varyover time, each characterized via a lifespan.

Dynamic relationships may be modeled as

chemical reactions, accruing to the effect ofexchange, and progressing via thermalization. Human chemical reactions can be measured via

the value of the psychological work-output ofeach respective interactive relationship.

Hence, advisable anti-aging medicine is tosuggest virtuous interaction, i.e. function, in thecontinuous process of thermodynamic evolution.


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Stability of parties, unions,

statesThe principle of substance stability

corresponds with the well-known rulesof maintenance of stability of parties,

unions, states, and nations. One can

comprehend this principle in manyage-old social management methods,

such as divide and rule.

Di id d R l


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Divide and Rule

In politics and sociology,divide and rule (alsoknown as divide andconquer) is a combination

political, military andeconomic strategy ofgaining and maintainingpower by breaking uplarger concentrations of

power into chunks thatindividually have lesspower than the oneimplementing the strategy.

The domino effect refers to a smallchange which will cause a similar changenearby, which then will cause another similarchange, and so on in linear sequence, by

analogy to a falling row of dominoesstanding on end. The domino effect alsorelates to chain of events. It can also refer tothe secret waras the U.S trying to stop theHmong from falling into communism andthen eventually the whole world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dominoeffect.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics


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Summary The classical formulations of the second law of thermodynamics are

presented. Some mistakes in the understanding the physicalmeaning of this general law of nature are noted. It is asserted thatmany misunderstandings of the second law of thermodynamics arerelated to the terminological confusion and the underestimation ofthe theory developed by J.W. Gibbs and other founders of "true

thermodynamics," which is impossible to disprove. To acertain approximation, R.Clausius andJ.W.Gibbs' thermodynamics is applied todescribing the evolution of living systems.This is possible due to the law of temporal

hierarchies and the premise that the functions ofstate of living systems have real physical meaning atpractically all hierarchical levels and at everymoment of time.

This report is a short review of last author's


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This report is a short review of last author sworks in the field of hierarchicalthermodynamics theory, which is the

classical thermodynamic study of hierarchydynamics in evolutionary timescales. Withthis theory, we are able to develop dynamicalmodels of equilibrium analysis of

hierarchical structures such as atomichierarchies, molecular hierarchies,nutritional hierarchies, and socialhierarchies. Thermodynamically, we are able

to predict and study their course of evolutionas they approach equilibrium points ofstability and to study energetic transitionsthat occur between adjoined hierarchies


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An idea whose time has come

There is one thing stronger than all thearmies in the world, and that is an idea whosetime has come.

Victor Hugo

The time of thermodynamic theory ofbiological evolution, aging and origin of lifehas come now.

All conclusions of the hierarchical thermodynamic theory ofaging are in good agreement with centuries-old experience of

mankind and with other reliable facts. It can be hoped that, theonset the 21st century, a thermodynamic theory should soonallow us, I believe, to postpone aging by 15-20 years onaverage, and benefit the preservation of youthfulness and

health in people of any age.

References


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References Gibbs J.W., The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs.

Thermodynamics, New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,1928, V. 1, pp.55-349.

Gladyshev G. P., Supramolecular thermodynamics is akey to understanding phenomenon of life. What is Life from a

Physical Chemists Viewpoint; Second Ed. Moscow Izhevsk: Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, 2003, 144 p.

Gladyshev G.P., Thermodynamic Theory of the Evolutionof Living Beings. N.Y.: Nova Sci. Publ. Inc. 1997. 142 p.

Gladyshev G.P., The method for measuring gerontologicalvalue of bio-active substances and composition, mainly

foodstuffs and cosmetics // Canadian Patent 2,327,747 -2004/12/14.Thims Libb, Articles andBooks, Chicago: Inst. of HumanThermodynamics, 2006, In Internet:

http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.html
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.htmlhttp://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-history.html


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Mountains Youth, Health


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Human Chemistry

PUBLISHER:

jUniverse,

Chicago,

Institute of Human

Thermodynamics

2007

Libb Thims
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HC-fc.html


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Epigraph 1

I wish we could derive the rest of the phenomena ofnature by the same kind of reasoning frommechanical principles; for I am induced by manyreasons to suspect that they may all depend uponcertain forces by which the particles of bodies, by

some causes hitherto unknown, are either mutuallyimpelled towards each other, and cohere in regularfigures, or are repelled and recede from each other.

, , , ; , () , , , , ,

.Isaac Newton

The Principia1

Cambridge, Trinity College, 1586


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Epigraph 2 We have the electrical and magnetic sciences, which treat of

certain phenomena of attraction, heat, light and chemicalaction, depending on conditions of matter, of which we haveas yet only a partial and provisional knowledge. An immensemass of facts has been collected and these have beenreduced to order, and expressed as the results of a number ofexperimental laws, but the form under which these laws areultimately to appear as deduced from central principles is asyet uncertain.

, , , , , , () . , . , , (), .

James Clerk MaxwellInaugural Lecture2

Paris, Kings College, 1860

Epigraph 3


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Epigraph 3 In considering the thermodynamics of biological

evolution it is convenient to examine subsystems where

different processes of reaching corresponding quasi-equilibrium take place: molecular processes, chemicalevolution, supramolecular evolution, and evolutions ofhigher orders such as genera, families, associations, andecological evolutions, etc. Assuming that thecorresponding quasi-equilibria are reached in theprocesses of general and particular evolutions of thebiosphere and its subsystems one can use the Gibbsfree energy criteria of equilibrium to predict the degree ofthe evolutionary development of each process. ,

: , , , , , , , , .. , , , .

Georgi, P. GladyshevOn the Thermodynamics of Biological Evolution3

Moscow, Academy of Science, 1978

Acknowledgements


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Acknowledgements

As to fundamentals, note one word of this book

would have ever come to fruition if not for the

fountainhead efforts of the great American

chemical engineer Willard Gibbs who in 1876

formulated the science of chemicalthermodynamics, the study of heat movements

and chemical behaviors; which, invariably, is

the principle science behind all human

behaviors, particularly mating behaviors.G = H TS

Gibbs free energy equation

Mi h l F d


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Michael Faraday

To set the tone for the remainder of this short book, we

quote from the introductory lecture notes of the Englishchemist and physicist Michael Faraday from his famous1859 Royal Institute Christmas lecture on:The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to

Each Other.

.

Faradays 1856 Christmas Lecture on

Attractive Forces

Michael Faraday


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Michael Faraday

From the opening lines of The Various Forces of

Matter, Faraday declares: Let us now consider, for alittle while, how wonderfully we stand upon this world.Here it is we are born, bred, and live, and yet we viewthese things with an almost entire absence of wonder toourselves respecting the way in which all this happens.

So small, indeed, is our wonder, that we are never takenby surprise; and I do think that, to a young person of ten,fifteen or twenty years of age, perhaps the first sight of acataract or a mountain would occasion him moresurprise than he had ever felt concerning the means of

his own existence, which according to Faraday is: How he came here; how he lives; by what

means he stands upright; and through whatmeans he moves about from place to place.

Michael Faraday


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y Faraday continues: We come into this world, we

live, and depart from it, without our thoughts beingcalled specifically to consider how all this takesplace; and were it not for the exertions of some fewinquiring minds, who have looked into these things,and ascertained the very beautiful laws andconditions by which we do live and stand upon theearth, we should hardly be aware that there was

anything wonderful in it. These inquiries, whichhave occupied philosophers from the earliest days,when they first began to find out the laws by whichwe grow, and exist, and enjoy ourselves, up to thepresent time, have shown us that all this was

effected in consequence of the existence of certainforces, or abilities to do things, orpowers, that areso common that nothing can be more so; for nothingis commoner than the wonderful powers by whichwe are enabled to stand upright: they are essentialto our existence every moment

Institute of Human


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InstituteofHuman

Thermodynamics

FOUNDER / ORGANIZER: Libb Thims - HT-Researcher

Location: Chicago, Illinois, US Central Office: Chicago,USA

4860 N. Rockwell Chicago, IL 60625-2890

Georgi P. Gladyshev,

HT-Researcher,Physical Chemistry Professor, Professor of Biomedical Systems,

BS Chemistry, PhD (Dr. Science) Polymer ChemistryPresident: International Academy of Creative Endeavors

Principal Researcher: Institute of Chemical Physics (RAS) Head: Institute of Physico-Chemical Problems of Evolution

A di
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Libb-Thims.htmlhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/info_e.htmhttp://center.chph.ras.ru/http://www.endeav.org/evolut/http://www.endeav.org/evolut/http://center.chph.ras.ru/http://www.endeav.org/info_e.htmhttp://www.endeav.org/persons/gladysh.htmhttp://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Libb-Thims.html


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Appendix

Information fordiscussion**

Following slidessupport

the additional

information

History of Thermodynamics


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History of Thermodynamics

The historical structural 'roots' of the science

of human thermodynamics

Libb Thims HumanMolecule


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That is, as a basis we will study and define each

individual as one large unique molecule in the same

way we presently study smaller molecules, as H2O.

In other words, the following expression is what you

are a 26-element molecule:

Human MoleculeCE27HE27OE27NE26PE25SE24CaE25KE24ClE24NaE24MgE24FeE23FE23

ZnE22SiE22CuE21BE21IE20SnE20MnE20SeE20Cr

E20NiE20MoE19CoE19VE18

This chemical expression is the average

molecular formula for one human

organism.


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Variation of Gibbs function

"Variation of G corresponding to theformation of a certain structure, which can bea supramolecular structure, a family structure,a structure of populations, etc., is a measureof the evolutionary transformation of thisstructure."

Georgi Gladyshev,

Thermodynamic Theory of the Evolution of LivingBeingshttp://www.humanthermodynamics.com/index.html


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Libb Thims Schemes Mx + Fy MxFyInteraction of H-molecules

(inside and outside)

:Hot Ambient


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Hot Ambient Cold

Th d i F db k


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Thermodynamic Feedback

For example, very "chemically" thermodynamicallystable substances, such as N2, CO2, and H2O havecomparatively low temperatures of melting andboiling, which suggests qualitatively a relatively lowthermodynamic stability of their condensed phases.

On the other hand, energy-intensive substances witha low molecular - "chemical" thermodynamicstability such as fats, sugars, peptides and nucleicacids, melt at comparatively high temperatures anddecompose during "melting" and "boiling".Aggregated (condensed) phases of these

substances are very stable.

It goes without saying that the knowledge of the temperatures of melting and boiling is notsufficient for a quantitative estimate of thermodynamic stability of the supramolecular structure forsubstances of different chemical composition.

Example of substance stability


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Specific (per mole of

substance) Gibbs

function of formation (at

298K) ofn-alkanols as afunction of specific Gibbs

function of nonequilibrium

phase transition of

substances from thestate of supercooled gas

to the condensed state (at

298K)

0

- 1 2 0

- 1 8 0

- 6 0 - 4 0 - 2 0 0

- 6 0

,Gi m

bi

,G ic h

k

k

p y

principle

Functions of formation Collation

Pepper and Soap


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This film shows the interaction of groundpepper with soap on the surface of water

Pp.mpg

Snowflakes


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Snowflakes

Interaction of ground pepper with soap


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Interaction of ground pepper with soap

The interaction is shown in real time (previous slide).

Finely ground pepper is sprinkled on a saucer with water.Further, a drop of liquid soap is placed in the center ofthe saucer.

It can be seen how the pepper particles scatter rapidly tothe periphery of the saucer. This well-known experiment(for schoolboys)

demonstrates that supramolecularinteractions do not require any noticeable direct contactbetween the interacting substances. Supramolecularequilibrium is established relatively rapidly. Theaction of supramolecular forces extends tocomparatively long distances. Here it is useful torecall the phenomenon of molecular orientation incrystallization (epitaxsy).

Hierarchical Thermodynamics in


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y

Action

It has been shown that the variation of the chemicalcomposition of living beings in the course of ontogenesis andphylogenesis is a consequence of change in the mean specificvalue of the Gibbs function for supramolecular (intermolecular)interaction in formation of supramolecular structures of anorganism's tissues, which tends to a minimum. More strictlyspeaking, this variation is connected with the trend of mean specificvalues of the Gibbs function related to a unit of volume or mass atall hierarchical levels to a minimum.

The principle of the substance stabilityfeedbackhas beenformulated. It is applicable to any biological systems (belonging todifferent hierarchies). For instance, this principle explains theaccumulation of a substance with a chemically high energy capacityby biological systems in the course of evolution and aging of livingbeings. This substance forces water out of these systems.

Evolution


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Evolution

Revolution

Hierarchical Thermodynamics'


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Foundation


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Welcome to Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Contactus-wmcolors.png


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p ,the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit

Biology studies the variety

of life:E. coli, tree fern, gazelle,

Goliath beetle

Physics is the science concerned with

the discovery and understanding of

the fundamental laws which govern

matter, energy, space, and time and

explaining them using mathematics.

Welcome to Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliathushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28observation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Goliath_beetle.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tree_Fern.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28observation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliathushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli


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Welcome to Wikipedia

Chemistry is the science of

matter at the atomic to

molecular scale, dealing

primarily with collections of

atoms, such as gases,

molecules, crystals, and metals.

Medicine is a branch of the

health sciences, and is the

sector of public life concerned

with maintaining or restoring

human health through the

study, diagnosis, treatment and

possible prevention of disease

and injury

Gerontology and Geriatrics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Doctor_and_Child-by-David-Mason-flikr_5901759_9cfaa50cf7_o.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science


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Gerontology and Geriatrics

Gerontology is the study of aging. It is to be

distinguished from Geriatrics, which is the studyof the diseases of the aging (medical studies).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Life Cycle of the Sun
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elderly_Woman_%2C_B%26W_image_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease


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Life Cycle of the Sun

In astronomy, stellar evolution is the sequence ofradical changes that a star undergoes during itslifetime (the time in which it emits light and heat).Depending on the size of the star, this period canrange from hundreds of thousands to billions ofyears.

-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy


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( )

C -

, , - .

, ,

How an exponential growth

surpasses both linear and cubic

growths
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Exponential.png

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