PERCEPTION

WHAT IS PERCEPTION?

“Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information”

• Latin perceptio = receiving, collecting, action of taking possession, apprehension with mind or senses (OED)

• Used in Philosophy, Psychology and Cognitive Science.

TYPES OF PERCEPTION

Sense perception

Mental Perception

TYPES OF PERCEPTION

Passive

Input Processing Output

Active Brain Sense Environment

PHILOSOPHY OF PERCEPTION

The philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of sensory and perceptual experience, the status of what is given in such experience, and in particular with how beliefs or knowledge about the (physical) world can be accounted for and justified on that basis

NAÏVE REALISM The world is pretty much as

common sense would have it. All objects are composed

of matter, they occupy space, and have properties such as size, shape, texture, smell, taste and color.

These properties are usually perceived correctly.

So, when we look at and touch things we see and feel those things directly, and so perceive them as they really are.

Objects continue to obey the laws of physics and retain all their properties whether or not there is anyone present to observe them doing so

THEORY OF NAÏVE REALISM

1.There exists a world of material objects.2.Statements about these objects can be

known to be true through sense-experience.3.These objects exist not only when they are

being perceived but also when they are not perceived.

4.The objects of perception are largely perception-independent.

5.These objects are also able to retain properties of the types we perceive them as having, even when they are not being perceived. Their properties are perception-independent.

NAÏVE REALISM Naïve realism proposes no physical theory of

experience and does not identify experience with the experience of quantum phenomena or with the twin retinal images.

This lack of supervenience of experience on the physical world means that naïve realism is not a physical theory

SCIENTIFIC REALISM

1.The universe really contains just those properties which feature in a scientific description of it, and so does not contain properties like colour per se, but merely objects that reflect certain wavelengths owing to their microscopic surface texture.

1.The world only contains the primary qualities that feature in a corpuscularian scientific account of the world

2.Other properties were entirely subjective, depending for their existence upon some perceiver who can observe the objects. (John Locke)

EPISTEMOLOGICAL DUALISM

Whether the world we see around us is the real world itself, or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain

Representative realism claims that we are directly aware only of internal representations of the external world, as objects are hidden behind a "veil of perception". 

Idealism asserts that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas.

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Epistem

ology an Introduction

EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM•Externalist

s think that factors deemed "external", meaning outside of the psychological states of those who gain knowledge, can be conditions of knowledge

Externalism

•all knowledge-yielding conditions are within the psychological states of those who gain knowledge.

Internalism

HOW WE CAN GAIN KNOWLEDGE VIA PERCEPTION?

WEBER’S LAW

PERCEPTION AND REALITY

PERCEPTION IN ACTION

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

ORIGIN OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY

EMERGENCE

REIFICATION IS

MULTISTABILITY

INVARIANCE

PRÄGNANZ

APPLICATION

MINDS EYE

VISUAL THINKING

IS THE GLASS HALF EMPTY OR HALF FULL?

AMBIGUOUS IMAGE

ALICE IN WONDERLAND SYNDROME

SAṂJÑĀ (SANSKT सं�ज्ञा�) AND SAÑÑA (PĀLI: संञ्ञा�)