PERCEP

TION

AND

LEARNING

“A process by which we give meaning to our environment by organizing and interpreting sensory impressions.”

PERCERTION

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTIONINTERNAL FACTORS:

Needs Personality Experience

EXTERNAL FACTORS: Size Frequency Status Contrast

ATTRIBUTIONIn social psychology, attribution is the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. Attribution theory is the study of models to explain those processes

ATTRIBUTION THEORY Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate

objects( Robots, computers etc). Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s

behavior , we attempt to determine whether it was internally caused or externally caused.

Theory that states that we all have basic need to understand and explain the causes of other’s people behavior.

INTERNALLY CAUSE BEHAVIOUR Those we believe the

to be under the personal control of individual.

EXTERNALLY CAUSEDBEHAVIOUR What we imagine the

situation forced the individual to do .

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTRIBUTION DISTINCTIVENESS: The consideration given to how consistent a

person’s behavior is across different situation .

CONSENSUS: Refers to the likelihood that all those facing the same situation will have similar response .

CONSISTENCY: Refers to the measure of whether an individual responds the same way across time.

Attribution Theory andIndividualBehavior

External

External

Internal

Internal

Internal

External

Attribution of Cause

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Consistency

High

Low

High

Low

High

Low

InterpretationObservation

Errors that distort Attributions:

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR:The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

SELF SERVING BIAS:The tendency for individual to attribute their own success to internal factors while putting the blame for failure on external factors.

SHORTCUTS USED IN JUDGING OTHERS Selectivity Assumed Similarity Stereotyping Halo Effect Self-fulfilling prophecy

LEARNINGAny relatively permanent change in behavior that occur as a result of experience.

THEORIES OF LEARNING Operant conditioning Social learning theory

1.OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORYA method of learning that occur through reward and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequences for that behavior.

EXAMPLE: Children completing homework to earn a reward from

teacher and parent. Employee completing project to receive promotion.

COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING REINFORCEMENT:

A kind of stimulus that aim to increase the strength in behavior due to its consequences.

PUNISHMENTAny event that cause a decrease in the behavior.

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT:

Favorable events that’s are presented after the behavior. ( Reward learning)

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT:A response or behavior strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome.

When positive reinforcement most effective?

When it is occur immediately after the behavior. When the reinforcement is presented frequently.

When is negative reinforcement most effective? It is effective when reinforces are presented immediately

following a behavior.EXAMPLES: You leave your house early to avoid being late. You clean up your mess in the kitchen to avoid in a fight

with your roommate.

2.Social learning theory“The theory that people can learn through observation and direct experience.”

This theory is an extension of operant conditioning but it also acknowledge the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception.

People learn from watching models- parents, teacher, television, bosses etc.

Four processes that determine the influence of model on individual:

Attention processes Retention process Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes