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Anne Dorothée Slovic, Ph.D.
Postdoctoral Research Fellow – ASTRID Project
School of Public Health/ IAG
University of São Paulo
Prof. Dr. Adelaide Nardocci
School of Public Health
University of São Paulo
Perceptions about Mobility and Air Pollution
Exposure: the ASTRID project
NOVEMBER, 9 2017
“Measuring Urban Mobility: British and Brazilian Experiences”
UCL Santander Research Catalyst Awards
THE ASTRID PROJECT
CASUAL MECHANISMS
UNDERLYING DISPARITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
• ACCESSIBILITY
• TRANSPORT EMISSION EXPOSURE
• HOUSING
• POTENTIAL OF TOD TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE
Investigar os mecanismos causais implícitos na disparidade e injustiça social que são perceptíveis na acessibilidade ao trabalho e na qualidade do ar em áreas metropolitanas
THE ASTRID PROJECT SÃO PAULO– LONDON - RANDSTAD
RANDSTAD - NETHERLANDS
SAO PAULO - BRAZIL
LONDON - UK
SOCIAL JUSTICE
SURVEY
MEASURING AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN / BY TRANSPORT
MODE
EMPLOYMENT
TRANSPORT
ACCESSIBILITY
ASTRID - SÃO PAULO
ASTRID
AIR POLLUTION
IAG – AIR POLLUTION LAB
SURVEY
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ACCESSIBILITY
POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL
TRANSPORT SHARE
Source: Mobility Research Report, 2012 Elaborated by Veronika Brand
Modal 2007 2012
Bus 5.729.000 24% 5.710.000 22%
Metro 1.944.000 8% 2.807.000 11%
Train 435.000 2% 561.000 2%
Scholar 761.000 3% 1.171.000 4%
Cars 6.588.000 28% 7.328.000 28%
Taxi 79.000 0% 108.000 0%
Moto 393.000 2% 595.000 2%
Other 199.000 1% 130.000 0%
Bike 147.000 1% 157.000 1%
Pedestrian 7.244.000 31% 7.983.000 30%
Total 16.128.000 100% 18.410.000 100%
VEHICLES
• 8 million (70% cars)
• Average commuting time: 45 min
METRO
• 74.8 km
• 3.2 million passengers/day
BUS
• Fleet 14,800
• 8 million passengers/day
Public Transport: Average commuting time: 67
min
NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT
• 30% walking
• 1% bike
ACCESSIBILITY DISPARITIES – SÃO PAULO
Elaborated by Anne Dorothee Slovic
Source: Diego Tomasiello
PUBLIC TRANSPORT INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORT NON-WHITE POPULATION
GENERAL CONTEXT
HOUSING
AIR POLLUTION
EMPLOYMENT
PRIMARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA - SURVEY
AIR POLLUTION: Beliefs and understandings about air pollution • Sources • Contribution • Local of exposition • Noise • Health effects Matching with the overall project goals
SURVEY DESIGN
• Home based paper survey
• One interview/ household
• Goal 1600 people
• 18 old - part of workforce
• Closed ended section
• Likert Scale
• Same survey for three cities
SURVEY – SÃO PAULO - SAMPLING SELECTION
Data from the 2010 Brazil census track
Stratified by:
1. City zone
2. Census Block (#18206)
3. Human Development Index (HDI):
A,B,C,D(10%,40%,40%,10%)
Random selection
MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO PAULO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI - HIGH GROUP A – 10%
HDI – MEDIUM-LOW GROUP C – 40%
HDI –MEDIUM HIGH GROUP B – 40%
HDI – LOW GROUP D - 10%
Elaborated by Anne Dorothee Slovic and Adeylson Ribeiro Source: UNDP, DATASUS, IBGE
SURVEY – SÃO PAULO
COMPLETED NOTHERN, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PART
• Total of 1329
CLEANED DATA: NOTHERN AND ESTEARN
• Total 829 surveys
HDI _ A: 6
HDI _ B: 174
HDI _ C: 237
HDI _ D: 412
• AVERAGE AGE: 38 years old
.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
A
B
C
D
TOTAL
% BASED ON GENDER AND HDI
FEM MALE
SURVEY – PROFILE
• In the highest HDI groups a majority of male respondants • In the two lowest HDI groups more females • Lowest the HDI the lowest the educational degree
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% % EDUCATION LEVEL AND HDI
Total A B C D
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2-20h 21-40h 41h-60h >60h NA NSNR
% Number of working hours/ week and HDI
TOTAL A B C D
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
< 1 Min. Salary
1-2 Min. Salary
2-3 Min Salary 3-5 Min Salary 5-10 Min Salary
> 10 Min Salary
Do not know
% Average monthly rate by min salary
TOTAL A B C D
• Lowest HDI and lowest salaries
• Better comprehend the working hours situation
CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTION
VEHICULAR EMISSIONS HIGHEST WOOD STOVES AND COOKING LOWEST
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Car Public Buses Trucks Cooking Wood Stoves Wood fire Waste burning Industries
BELIEFS ABOUT AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTION
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Not apply Do not know
BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION
PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND WALKING HIGHEST HOME LOWEST HDI B AND C FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT WALKING AND EXPOSURE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Home School Public Transport
Individual transport
Walking Biking Outdoors Other
BELIEFS ABOUT PLACE WHERE FEEL EXPOSED
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply
Do not know
BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION - WALKING
TOTAL A B C D
BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION
LIVING NEAR HEAVY TRAFFIC ROADS AND LIVING in CENTER CITY HIGHEST LIVING GROUND FLOOR LOWEST HDI A and B FEEL HIGHEST EXPOSURE in PT
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Long dist. P. Trans
Long dist. Car Living ground floor
Living near heavy traffic
roads
Working outdooors
Living in slum Living center city
Living in periphery
WHEN ARE PEOPLE HARMED BY AIR POLLUTION
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply
Do not know
IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
TOTAL A B C D
BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSURE WHILE COMMUTING
BIKING NEXT TO CARS HIGHEST INSIDE PUBLIC AND INDIVUDUAL TRANSPORTS LOWEST ALL FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT EXPOSURE TO WORK WHILE BIKING
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Walking Biking isolate route
Biking next cars
Bus stop Metro platform
Train platform
In the bus In the metro
In the train
Car windows
closed
Car windows opened
Stopped in traffic
EXPOSURE WHILE GOING TO WORK
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
BIKING NEXT CARS
TOTAL A B C D
AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH
ALLERGIES HIGHEST MENTAL HEALTH LOWEST ALL HDI FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT EXPOSURE TO WORK WHILE BIKING
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Allergies Aging of the skin CVD Mental Health Diabetis/ Obsity Lung Cancer Death
ASSOCIATION AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know
Allergies and HDI
TOTAL A B C D
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
• Lowest levels of HDI associated with lowest levels of education and more
precarious job conditions
• There is a common understanding of what contributes to air pollution and
among all HDI groups
• Beliefs about where and who is most exposed while commuting differ among
HDI groups
• Comprehension of the contribution of vehicular emissions to air pollution but
also the perception of greater exposure if using non-motorized transport mode
and public transport
• Walking is associated to high air pollution exposure
Segregation of both extremes HDI A and HDI D but for different reasons
Under representation of HDI A
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
NEXT STEPS
• Complete the survey – re-sampling of As
• DATA analysis (mix methods)
• Cross- city comparaison
• Connect the dots: perception versus facts