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PERCHLORATE - CLU-IN

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PERCHLORATEKevin Mayer - U.S. EPA, Region 9

What is Perchlorate - Chemistry & Uses

Occurrence in the U.S. and SouthwestBrief History of Environmental Concern

Colorado RiverState Action Levels

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Perchlorate CHEMISTRY

Highly Oxidized Chlorine, ClO4-

Dissociated Salt, Anion, in WaterHighly Soluble, Mobile, StableDifficult to Detect, Difficult to TreatStandard Ion Chromatography Method- Detection > 400 ppb- CA method to 4 ppb by March 1997

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Cl

0

00

0

PERCHLORATE ClO4

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USES of PERCHLORATE

90% used as Solid Rocket Fuel OxidizerExplosivesFireworks and PyrotechnicsReported in Nitrate Fertilizer from Chile

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Before 1997PERCHLORATE HISTORY

1980s - Aware of Perchlorate in CA and NV1985-86 - San Gabriel Valley Superfund Site1990s - Rancho Cordova (Aerojet) ppm1992 and 1995 - Provisional Reference Dose1997 - Analytical Breakthrough to 4 ppb

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - ATSDR (January 21, 1986):"...Given the proprietary nature of the laboratory method for quantification and the poor quality assurance results noted, the data do not prove that perchlorate ion has actually been found.. If the presence of perchlorate ion is confirmed, the

scientific database on this ion is insufficient to generate either an acute or longer-term health advisory for drinking water "

"... The minimal acute toxicity data available suggest that one or two ppm perchlorate ion would not represent an immediately acute and substantial threat to the public health. The ATSDR does not consider this level to be "safe" in the absence of experimental data.."

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PERCHLORATE SHIPMENTS

Primarily Manufacturer's InformationOver 220 facilities 40+ StatesMost Information in Last 20 Years

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States with Perchlorate Manufacturers or Users

Reported FacilitiesNo Known Facilities

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PERCHLORATE in theENVIRONMENT

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia

CALIFORNIAOver 4000 Water Supply Wells TestedDetected in 255 sources, 49 Wells over 18 ppb

RELEASES REPORTED IN 21 STATES

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States with Environmental Releases of Perchlorate

Reported ReleasesNo Known Releases

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January, 2002

EPAREGION 9

PERCHLORATE RELEASES

Drinking Water Contamination

Monitoring Wells Only

Colorado River Contamination

GlendalePasadena

Santa Clarita

SanFrancisco

Sacramento

San Jose

Los Angeles

Lake Tahoe

M E X I C O

C A L I F O R N I A

Carson City

Reno

Las Vegas

N E V A D A

A R I Z O N A

Hollister

Edwards AFB

Rialto

Redlands

Santa Susanna

Baldwin Park

El Toro MCAS

Lincoln

Tracy

Phoenix

Tucson

San Nicholas Island Stringfellow

Benson

Gila River

Davis Monthan

Goodyear

White Tanks

Rancho Cordova

25 Sites13 Superfund

Casmaliar

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January, 2002

EPAREGION 9

Superfund

Waste Management

State

SAN FERNANDONASA-JPL

Santa Clarita

SanFrancisco

Sacramento

San Jose

Los Angeles

Lake Tahoe

M E X I C O

C A L I F O R N I A

Carson City

Reno

Las Vegas

N E V A D A

A R I Z O N A

Hollister

Edwards AFB

Rialto

Redlands

Santa Susanna ROCKETDYNE

Baldwin Park OU

El Toro MCAS

Lincoln

LLNL Site 300

Phoenix

Tucson

San Nicholas Island

STRINGFELLOW

APACHEPOWDER

GILA RIVERBROWNFIELDS

Davis Monthan

GoodyearPGA

White Tanks

BMI/ Kerr-McGee

25+ Sites13 Superfund

PERCHLORATE SITES Response Lead

AEROJET

MATHER AFB

United Technologies

Casmalia

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COLORADO RIVER and LAKE MEAD

Southern California Aqueduct Lake Havasu (Colorado River)Lake MeadNon-Detect Upstream of Lake MeadCAP, SNWA, MWD, Tribes... 15+ million people

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Colorado RiverPERCHLORATE

Over 870 pounds per DAY into Lake Mead Transported through 3+ miles of groundwaterSince June 2000, less than 500 pounds/dayHoover Dam, still up to 1000 pounds/day to

Lower Colorado River, 5-9 ppb

Residence time in Lake/River - YearsDrinking Water Source for 15+ MillionIrrigation Supply

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BMI and Las Vegas Wash, Henderson NV 0 1 Mile 2 Miles 3 Miles

Kerr -McGee

BMI

Henderson WWTP

Las Vegas Wash

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�Advisories� from States California - 4 ppb 2002 Action Level, Lowered from 18 ppbDraft Public Health Goal � 6 ppb

New York 5 ppb and 18 ppb2-Tiered Action Levels, Planning and Action

Texas 4 ppb Action Level and Residential Cleanup LevelLowered from 22 ppb in 2001

Arizona 14 ppb 1998 Health Based Guidance LevelBased on Child Exposure..will review after EPA final RfD

Massachusetts 1 ppb Precautionary Recommendation to a Local Water District for children and at-risk subpopulationsNew Mexico 1 ppb Recent Drinking Water Screening LevelNevada 18 ppb Public Notice Standard

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Other Levels

EPA Recommends Provisional Reference Dose 4-18 ppb range for adult exposure until new RfD

(Noonan Memo, 1999)

Superfund Decisions in CA � 4 ppb

Superfund � Federal Facility in MA � 1.5 ppb

Chemehuevi Tribe (on Colorado River) establishing 5 ppb DW Standard in 2002

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