Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Raw Pigeon
Pea (Cajanus cajan (l.) Millsp.) Seed Meal Diets
in the Humid Tropics
Kevin U. Amaefule Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State,
Nigeria
Email: [email protected]
Sylvester N. Ibe, Udo Herbert, and Michael C. Ugwuene College of Animal Science and Animal Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State,
Nigeria
Email: {snibe, udoherbert}@gmail.com
Abstract—Thirty-six male hybrid (Landrace x Large white)
weaned pigs aged 56 days were used to determine the
performance of growing pigs fed raw pigeon pea (Cajanus
cajan (L.) Millsp.) seed meal (PSM) diets in the humid
tropics. The experimental design was Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). There were four treatment
diets formulated with raw PSM included at 0, 20, 25 and
30% level. Each treatment was replicated three times with
three pigs per replicate. Parameters measured were weight
gain, final live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and
cost-benefit. The experiments last 120 days. Results showed
that raw PSM replaced 71.14 and 74.47% maize and
soybean meal, respectively in a growing pig diet. Raw PSM
diets significantly (P<0.05) improved final live weight, daily
live weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Protein
Efficiency Ratio (PER). The conclusion was that growing
pigs could be fed up to 30% raw PSM in the diet to ensure
better performance and reduce total feed cost, feed cost per
kg live weight gain and improved the gross margin. The
control (0% PSM) diet gave a negative (-N143.10) gross
margin.
Index Terms—diets, growing pigs, performance, pigeon pea
seed meal, humid tropics
I. INTRODUCTION
Pigs require as much attention in scientific nutrition
research as poultry, cattle, sheep and goats due to their
high prolificacy, fast growth rate, early maturity, high
meat yield and ease of feeding and management
compared to other livestock species. Presently in Nigeria,
pigs are usually fed diets composed of mainly agro-
industrial by-products (palm kernel meal, wheat offal and
brewers dried grain) that are characterized by very high
crude fibre levels, low energy densities, low and or poor
quality protein contents. This feeding practice results in
Manuscript received August 23, 2015, revised October 16, 2015.
sub-optimal nutrient intake, nutritional deficiencies and
poor performance of pigs.
Pigeon pea plants are draught resistant [1], [2]; grow
well in marginal and poor soils [3], [4] and improve soil
nitrogen and organic matter status [5], [6]. Pigeon pea
seeds have very low human food preference in Nigeria [7]
suggesting that the seeds could be used to feed
monogastric species to encourage its cultivation.
The nutritive value of pigeon pea seeds is perhaps the
most important reason why they should find a place
among the smallholder and medium scale farmers [8].
Scientific information on the feeding of pigeon Pea Seed
Meal (PSM) to pigs is still scanty [9], [10]. Most of the
researches and reports have been centered on broilers
[11]-[16], pullets [17], [18], [7] and layers [19]-[21].
Research reports have shown that pullets could be fed 20%
pigeon pea seed meal [7] and also that layers previously
fed raw PSM diets from the pullet or grower stage of life
could be fed 30% raw pigeon pea seed meal diets without
adverse effect on performance [21].
Raw or processed pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM)
included up to 30% in diets of West African Dwarf
(WAD) goats gave satisfactory results [22]. Growing
pigs fed soybean and pigeon pea seed meals revealed
slight atrophy of intestinal villi but no physical damage
to intestinal epithelial cells in pigs fed raw pigeon pea
seed meal [23]. Raw pigeon pea seed meal could be up to
20% of a growing pig diet [24] while [25] recommended
that raw pigeon pea seed meal could be incorporated
below 40% in a growing (13kg) pig’s diet. Ref. [26] had
also reported that raw pigeon pea seed meal could
replace up to 50% of soybean in pigs diet.
There is the need therefore to evaluate the
performance of growing pigs fed diets of raw pigeon Pea
Seed Meal (PSM) included at various levels in the diets.
The objective of the study was therefore to determine the
performance of growing pigs fed raw PSM diets in the
humid tropics.
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 99doi: 10.18178/joaat.3.2.99-103
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted at the Piggery Unit of the
Teaching and Research Farm of Michael Okpara
University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
Feedstuffs were obtained from local dealers in Umuahia,
Abia State and pigs from the University Farm. Umudike
is located at latitude 5o 29
1N and longitude 7
o 32
1E in the
rain forest zone. It is characterized by daily temperature
range of 27–35oC all through the year. Average rain fall
is 2000 mm. The relative humidity during rainy season is
over 72% and about 50% during dry season.
A. Experimental Pigs and Management
Thirty-six male hybrid (Landrace x Large white) pigs
aged 56 days were used in the study. Each pig was ear-
tagged with a number for proper identification. The pigs
were housed in a tropical-type, open-sided pig house
roofed with asbestos roofing sheets. The open side of the
house was covered with expanded metal and iron nets to
screen out flies and other insects. Each pen measuring
2m×7m housed a replicate of three pigs. The pigs were
provided feed and water ad libitum throughout the period
of the study.
TABLE I. PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED
MEAL DIETS FED TO GROWING PIGS
Ingredients 0% 20% 25% 30%
Pigeon Pea Seed
Meal (PSM) 0.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Maize 33.85 19.28 14.31 9.77
Soybean meal 7.95 2.52 2.49 2.03
Palm kernel meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 Brewers dried
grain 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Bone meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Vitamin premix* 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
NaCl 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 L-Lysine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
DL-Methionine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Total (%) 100 100 100 100
Calculated
composition:
Crude protein (%) 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 ME (MJ/kg) 11.26 11.03 10.93 10.86
Ca (%) 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74
Avail. P (%) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Determined
composition:
Dry matter (%) 90.55 91.00 90.30 89.95 Crude protein (%) 19.92 19.35 19.48 19.50
Crude fibre (%) 8.32 8.55 8.36 8.36
Ether extract (%) 3.90 3.40 3.44 3.63 Crude ash (%) 10.52 9.25 9.46 9.43
Nitrogen free
extract (%)
47.89 50.45 49.56 49.03
*Composition per 2.5kg: Vitamin A 10,000,000IU, Vit. D 2,000,000IU, Vit. E 20,000IU, Vit. K 2,250mg, Thiamin 1,750mg, Riboflavin
5,000mg, Pyridoxine 2,750mg, Niacin 27,500 mg, Vit. B12 15mg,
Pantothenic acid 7,500mg, Folic acid 7500mg, Biotin 50mg, Choline chloride 400g, Antioxidant 125g, Manganese 80g, Zinc 50g, Iron 20g,
Copper 5g, Iodine 1.2g, Selenium 200mg, Cobalt 200mg,
B. Experimental Diets
There were four experimental diets formulated with
raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM), included at four levels
of 0, 20, 25 and 30% of the whole diet. The pigeon pea
seeds (Brown coat coloured) used for the study were
cleaned of dust and other unwanted materials and milled
to pass through a 2mm sieve. Each level of inclusion
replaced part of soybean meal and maize in the diets. The
diet of 0% raw PSM served as control as shown in Table
I. Synthetic lysine (L-Lysine Monohydrochloride, L-
Lysine 78.80%, moisture 1.5%; ADM Specialty
Ingredient Europe [BV] Netherlands) and Methionine
(Rhodimet TM
NP 99, max. 0.3% moisture, DLM 99%;
ADISSEO) were used in supplementing the pigeon Pea
Seed Meal (PSM) diets to meet the lysine and methionine
requirement of the pigs.
Data Collection
The experimental design was Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). The pigs were weighed at the start of the
experiment and subsequently on a weekly basis. Weight
gain was obtained as final live weight minus initial live
weight; Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) as feed intake
divided by weight gain and feed intake as quantity of
feed offered minus quantity not consumed. Feed cost of
weight gain was calculated as FCR x cost per kg of diet.
The experimental feeding lasted 120 days.
Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) for a CRD while differences among treatment
means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test [27].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Results
The replacement value of raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal
(PSM) for maize and soybean meal in the diets of
growing pigs is shown in Table II. Raw PSM replaced
more soybean meal than maize, although there was a
higher numerical increase in the replacement value for
maize for each 5% increase in the inclusion level of raw
PSM in the diets.
TABLE II. REPLACEMENT VALUE OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL
FOR MAIZE AND SOYBEAN MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING PIGS
Feedstuff 20% 25% 30% Mean (%)
Maize 43.04 57.73 71.14 57.30
Soybean
meal 68.30 68.68 74.47 70.48
Mean (%) 55.67 63.21 72.81
The performance of growing pigs fed graded levels of
raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets are shown in
Table III. Raw PSM diets significantly (P<0.05)
increased final live weight, daily weight gain of growing
pigs and also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the Feed
Conversion Ratio (FCR) of the pigs. Protein efficiency
ratio followed the same trend as daily weight gain and
FCR. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences
among growing pigs fed graded levels of raw PSM diets
in all the performance parameters measured.
Raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets numerically
reduced the cost per kg of diets with a higher reduction
resulting from 30% raw PSM diet. This significantly
(P<0.05) reduce total feed cost and cost per kg live
weight gain of the growing pigs (Table IV). It could also
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 100
C.
be observed that pigs fed control (0% PSM) diet gave a
negative gross margin (-N143.10) compared to those fed
raw PSM diets that resulted in positive financial gross
margin. Also, there were no significant (P>0.05)
differences among the pigs fed the three levels of raw
PSM diets in all cost benefit parameters measured.
TABLE III. PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS FED GRADED LEVELS
OF RAW PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL DIETS
Parameter Control
(0%) 20% 25% 30% SEM
Initial live
weight (kg) 10.83 12.75 11.33 10.42 0.41 Final live
weight (kg) 19.42b 24.25a 23.67a 23.92a 0.64
Daily weight gain (g) 76.64b
102.68a 110.12a 120.54a 5.58
Daily feed
intake (kg) 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94
0.00
2 Feed
conversion
ratio 12.44a 9.16b 8.55b 7.81b 0.62 Daily protein
intake (g) 186.67
186.6
7 187.33 187.33 0.30
Protein efficiency ratio 0.41b 0.55a 0.59a 0.64a 0.03
Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
a, b: Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly
(P<0.05) different. SEM = Standard error of mean.
TABLE IV. FEED COST OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF RAW PIGEON
PEA SEED MEAL DIETS TO GROWING PIGS
Parameter Control
(0%)
20% 25% 30% SEM
Cost per kg
diet (N)
47.69 42.54 42.49 42.29 0.69
Weekly feed
intake (kg)
6.53 6.53 6.56 6.56 0.01
Monthly feed intake (kg)
26.13 26.13 26.23 26.23 0.04
Total feed intake (kg)
104.53 104.53 104.91 104.91 0.17
Total feed
cost (N)
4985.19a 4446.85b 4457.49b 4436.50b 70.65
Total weight
gain (kg)
8.58 b 11.50 a 12.33 a 13.50 a 0.62
Cost per kg weight gain
(N)
593.10 a 389.53 b 363.15 b 330.15 b 34.17
Price per kg
live weight
(N)
450.00 450.00 450.00 450.00 -
Gross margin (N)
-143.10 60.47 86.85 119.85 -
a, b: Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly
(P<0.05) different.
SEM = Standard error of mean. $1.00 = N197.00
B. Discussion
The proximate composition of diets of graded levels of
raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) did not differ among
each other probably due to the fact that the diets were
formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous.
However, the diets met the nutrient requirements of
growing pigs in the humid tropics, especially with
respect to Crude Protein (CP), crude fibre and energy
[28], [29].
There was a decreasing rate of replacement value of
raw PSM for maize with each 5% increase in the
inclusion level of raw PSM in the diet from 20 to 30%;
while for soybean meal, the replacement value increased
with each 5% increase in the inclusion level. This could
have been due to the composition of the diets and the fact
that the diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and
isonitrogenous. Generally, the replacement value of raw
PSM in the diets of growing pigs was higher for soybean
meal than maize, suggesting that PSM contributed more
to protein than energy in the diets. This is in line with the
observations with pullet chicks and pullet growers [16].
The replacement value of raw PSM for soybean obtained
in this study is higher than 50% reported by [26], which
could be due to whole ingredient matrix of the diet.
The significant improvement in daily weight gain,
final live weight, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of growing pigs fed
graded levels of raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) diets
could be attributed to higher nutrient retention of raw
PSM diets (unpublished data). These improved
performance with raw PSM diets is in contrast to the
report of [25] that raw pigeon pea seed meal decreased
average daily body weight gain of growing pigs
compared to the control diet and recommended that raw
PSM could be incorporated up to 20% level in a growing
pig diet. This could have been due to differences in diet
composition, breed and age of pigs used in the studies. It
was expected that the raw PSM would have decreased
intestinal function of the growing pigs due to the
presence of anti-nutritional substances contained in the
raw seeds [23], rather pigs fed 30% raw PSM diet
performed better than those fed control (soybean) diet.
This could be attributed varietal differences in seeds,
nutrient and ingredient matrix of the diets. However, our
results are comparable with those of [30] with high
graded levels of Brewers’ Dried Grain (BDG) diets and
[31] with high levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) +
brewers dried grain (BDG) diets.
Raw PSM diets numerically reduced cost per kg of
diet (N42.29 vs N47.69) and consequently reduced total
feed cost (N4436.50 vs N4985.19) due to the lower price
of raw pigeon pea seed meal compared to the control diet
that had no PSM. It was interesting to note that this was
achieved when the pigs had no differences in their daily
feed intake. The highest numerical gross margin of
N119.85 achieved with 30% raw PSM diet points out
that it is financially profitable to feed growing pigs with
raw PSM diets relative to a negative (N-143.10) gross
margin with the control diet.
IV. CONCLUSION
Raw pigeon Pea Seed Meal (PSM) could replace up to
71.14% maize and 74.47% soybean meal in the diet of a
growing pigs. Growing pigs could be fed up to 30% raw
PSM in the diet to ensure improved performance and
significantly reduce total feed cost, cost per kg live
weight gain and improved the gross margin. The control
(0% PSM) diet is expected to result in a negative (-
N143.10) gross margin.
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 101
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Tertiary Education Trust
Fund (TETFUND) for grant (API/08/03) that was used
for the study and also to Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike for the animal facilities and
laboratory provided for the study. We also appreciate the
assistance of all staff of the University pig farm that saw
the success of the project.
REFERENCES
[1] R. L. Naylor, W. P. Falcol, R. M. Goodman, M. M. Jahn, T.
Sengooba, H. Tefera, and R. J. Nelson, “Biotechnology in the
developing world: A case for improved investments in orphan
crops,” Food Policy, vol. 29, pp. 15-44, 2004.
[2] C. I. Speranza, B. Kiteme, and U. Wiesmann, “Droughts and
famines: The underlying factors and the causal links among agro-
pastoral households in semi-arid Makueni District, Kenya,”
Global Environmental Change, 2007.
[3] J. F. M. Onim, M. Mathuva, K. Otieno, and H. A. Fitzhugh, “Soil
fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green
manures of leuceana, sesbenia and pigeon pea,” Agroforestry
Systems, vol. 12, pp. 197-215, 1990. [4] G. Bodner, W. Loiskandl, and H. P. Kaul, “Cover crop
evapotranspiration under semi-arid conditions using FAO dual
crop coefficient method with water stress compensation,”
Agricultural Water Management, 2007.
[5] M. B. Peoples, D. F. Herridge, and J. K. Ladha, “Biological
nitrogen fixation: An efficient source of Nitrogen for sustainable
agricultural production,” Plant and Soil, vol. 174, pp. 3-28, 1995.
[6] F. M. Myaka, W. D. Sakala, J. J. Adu-Gyamfi, D. Kamalongo, N.
Ngwira, R. Odgaard, N. E. Niclsen, and H. Hogh-Jensen, “Yields
and accumulation of N and P in farmer managed intercrops of
maize-pigeon pea in semi-arid Africa,” Plant Soil, vol. 285, pp.
207-220, 2006.
[7] K. U. Amaefule, M. C. Ironkwe, and F. C. Obioha, “Pigeon pea
(Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) seed meal in layer diets: 1.
Performance of point of lay pullets fed raw or processed pigeon
pea seed meal diets,” Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 639-645,
2006. [8] D. A. Odeny, “The potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.)
Millsp.) in Africa,” Natural Resource Forum, vol. 31, pp. 297-
305, 2007.
[9] F. G. Castro, M. Gorni, H. P. Barbosa, A. A. Mendes, E. S. Campos, and M. P. Moura, “Grao de feiao-guandu cru em
substitucao a mistura de millo e farclo de soja para suinos em
crescimento e terminacao,” Bull. Ind. Anim., vol. 41, pp. 103-110, 1984.
[10] T. Visitpanich, E. S. Batterham, and B. W. Norton, “Nutritional
value of chickpea (Cicer arictinum) and pigeon pea (Cajanus
cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 2. Effect of autoclaving
and alkali treatment,” Austral. J. Agric. Res., vol. 36, pp. 337-345, 1985.
[11] S. Tangtaweewipat and R. Elliott, “Nutritional value of pigeon
pea (C. cajan) meal in poultry diets,” Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., vol. 25, pp. 123-135, 1989.
[12] K. U. Amaefule and F. C. Obioha, “The substitution of pigeon
pea seed (Cajanus cajan) for groundnut cake and maize in broiler finisher rations,” Nig. J. Anim. Prod., vol. 25, pp. 9-12, 1998.
[13] K. U. Amaefule and O. C. Onwudike, “Comparative evaluation of
the processing methods of pigeon pea seeds (Cajanus cajan) as protein source for broilers,” J. Sustain. Agric. & Environ., vol. 2,
pp. 134-136, 2000.
[14] K. U. Amaefule and F. C. Obioha, “Performance of broiler starters fed raw, boiled or dehulled pigeon pea seeds (Cajanus
cajan),” Nig. J. Anim. Prod., vol. 28, pp. 31-39, 2001.
[15] P. N. Onu and S. N. Okongwu, “Performance characteristics and
nutrient utilization of starter broilers fed raw and processed
” Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol. 5,
pp. 693-697, 2006. [16] K. U. Amaefule, U. A. Ukpanah, and A. E. Ibok, “Performance of
starter broilers fed raw pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
seed meal diets supplemented with lysine and or methionine,” Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 205-211, 2011.
[17] K. U. Amaefule and N. N. Nwagbara, “The effect of processing
on nutrient utilization of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal and pigeon pea seed meal based diets by pullets,” Inter. J. Poult.
Sci., vol. 3, pp. 543-546, 2004.
[18] K. U. Amaefule and F. C. Obioha, “Performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed (Cajanus cajan) seed meal
diets,” Livestock Research for Rural Development, vol. 17, 2005.
[19] L. N. Agwunobi, “Effect of feeding heat treated soybean (Glycine max) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) as major sources of protein
on layer performance,” Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 1-3,
2000. [20] A. B. I. Udedibie and F. O. Igwe, “Dry matter yield and chemical
composition of pigeon pea (C. cajan) leaf meal and the nutritive
value of pigeon pea leaf meal and grain meal for laying hens,” Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., vol. 24, pp. 111-119, 1989.
[21] K. U. Amaefule, U. K. Oke, and F. C. Obioha, “Pigeon pea
(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) seed meal in layer diets: 2. Laying performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed raw or
processed pigeon pea seed meal diets during the grower and layer
stages of life,” Inter. J. Poult. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 445-451, 2007. [22] F. O. Ahamefule, J. A. Ibeawuchi, and S. N. Ibe, “Nutrient intake
and utilization of pigeon pea-cassava based diets by West African
Dwarf (WAD) bucks,” Pak. J. Nutri., vol. 5, pp. 419-424, 2006. [23] A. Mekbungwan, K. Yamauchi, and N. Thongwittaya,
“Histopathological alterations of intestinal villi in growing pigs
fed soybean and pigeon pea seed meals,” Can. J. Anim. Sci., vol. 83, pp. 755-760, 2003.
[24] A. Mekbungwan, W. Yothinsirikul, N. Thongwittaya, and K.
growth performance in piglets and growing pigs,” Anim. Sci. J.,
vol. 70, pp. 201-206, 1999.
[25] A. Mekbungwan and K. Yamauchi, “Growth performance and histological intestinal alterations in piglets fed dietary raw and
heated pigeon pea seed meal,” Histol. Histopathol., vol. 19, 381-
389, 2004. [26] F. C. Castro Jr., M. Gorni, H. P. Barbosa, A. A. Mendes, B.
Campos, and M. P. Moura, “Substitution of raw pigeon peas for maize and soybean meal in mixed feeds for growing and finishing
pigs,” Nutr. Abs. Rev. Ser. B. Livest. Feed Feeding, vol. 57, pp.
236, 1987. [27] D. B. Duncan, “Multiple range and multiple F-tests,” Biometrics,
vol. 11, pp. 1-42, 1955.
[28] National Research Council, Nutrient Requirement of Swine, 10th ed., Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press, 1998.
[29] J. M. Olomu, Monogastric Animal Nutrition: Principles and
Practice, Benin, Nigeria: Jachem Pub., 2010, pp. 80-98. [30] K. U. Amaefule, O. C. Onwudike, S. N. Ibe, and S. F. Abasiekong,
“Performance, cost benefit, carcass quality and organ
characteristics of pigs fed high graded levels of brewer’ dried grain diets in the humid tropics,” Pak. J. Nutr., vol. 5, pp. 242-
247, 2006.
[31] K. U. Amaefule, S. N. Ibe, S. F. Abasiekong, and O. C. Onwudike, “Response of weaner pigs to diets of different proportions and
high levels of palm kernel meal and brewers dried grain diets in
the humid tropics,” Pak. J. Nutr., vol. 5, pp. 461-466, 2006.
Kevin U. Amaefule was born at Amuzu, Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo
State, Nigeria on March 23, 1966. He had his
Primary, Secondary and University educations and obtained the following certificates and
degrees: First School Leaving Certificate;
WAEC/GCE O’ Level; B. Agric. (Anim. Sci.) in Second Class Upper Division from
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) in 1990;
M.Sc. in Animal Nutrition (UNN) in 1994; Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry (Poultry) from UNN in
2002 and Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry (Pig) from
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU) in 2005.
He was employed by Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike (MOUAU) as an Assistant Lecturer in 1994 and rose to the rank of a full professor in 2011. He was a head of Department from
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 102
pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal,
L.) seed meal on Cajanus cajanYamauchi, “Effect of pigeon pea (
October 1, 2008 to May 31, 2011. Presently, he is a professor of animal nutrition and biochemistry in the Department of Animal Nutrition and
Forage Science, MOUAU and currently the dean, Student Affairs of the
University. His current research interests include: 1. Physiological aspects of Poultry and Pig Nutrition with emphasis on non-
conventional energy and protein sources. 2. Agro-Industrial By-
Products for Pigs: Response to Low Energy and Protein Diets in the Humid Tropics and 3. Use of various feed and water additives (Organic
acids, Enzymes & Local spices) in Poultry and Pig feeding.
Prof. Amaefule is a member of Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), Nigerian
Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), and World’s Poultry Science
Association (WPSA). He has served as secretary of Swine discipline of NIAS, financial secretary of NSAP local chapter, member local
organizing committee of many local and international scientific
conferences and meetings and current a member of Feed Milling industry Discipline Committee of NIAS.
Sylvester N. Ibe was born at Lagwa, Aboh-
Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria in 1949. He went through Primary and
Secondary Schools and Universities, and
obtained the following qualifications: First School Leaving Certificate (1960), G. C. E. O’
Level (1964), West African School Certificate
in Division One (1965), B.Sc. Animal Science with First Class Honours (1975) from
University of Nigeria, Nsukka and PhD in
Animal Breeding and Genetics (1981) from University of Wisconsin, Madison-Wisconsin, U. S. A.
From junior fellow in 1976 at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, he rose through the ranks to become a professor in 1996 at Michael
Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Currently, he is a
professor of Animal Breeding and Genetics and equally a biometrician. Professor Ibe has served various professional societies in which he is a
member as Secretary, Vice President, President and Fellow (NSAP),
member, Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), and member of Nigerian Institute of Animal Science (NIAS).
Udo Herbert was born at Owo-Ahiafor, Obingwa L. G. A. Abia State, Nigeria on
April 1, 1961. He possesses the Bachelor of
Agriculture degree in Animal Science (1985) from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Nigeria as well as the M.Sc. (1987) and Ph.D.
(1992) degrees of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Professor Herbert’s specialization
area is Animal Physiology and
Bioclimatology. He joined the services of Federal University of Technology, Owerri,
Nigeria in 1992 as a lecturer II and rose to become a senior lecturer in
1998. In 2005, he joined the services of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria as a PROFESSOR. His
research interest is in the area of the physiology of monogastric farm
animals. Professor Herbert is a member of Standing Committee of the
International Congress on Animal Reproduction with secretariat in
Sydney, Australia. He is a Registered Animal Scientist and Member of the Council of the Nigerian Institute of Animal Science. He is a Life
member of the both the Animal Science Association of Nigeria and the
Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Professor Herbert is a Fellow of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production.
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 103