Period 2: 1607-1754Mr. Webster’s Class

Key Terms (Ch. 2 & 3)

• New France• Virginia• indentured servants• Plymouth• New Netherland• royal colony• proprietary colony• Act for Religious Toleration• Bacon’s Rebellion

• John Winthrop• Roger Williams• Anne Hutchinson• King Philip’s War• beaver wars• patroons• William Penn• Quakers• Pueblo Revolt

Key Terms (Ch. 4)

• Dominion of New England• Glorious Revolution• English Bill of Rights• Leisler’s Rebellion• King Williams’ War• Queen Anne’s War• mercantilism• Navigation Acts

• Middle Passage• Stono Rebellion• Walking Purchase• James Oglethorpe• King George’s War• Benjamin Franklin• George Whitefield

Timeline

• 1607 – Jamestown is founded• 1619 – First African slaves arrive in Virginia• 1620 – The Pilgrims land in Plymouth• 1621 – First Thanksgiving• 1625 – The Dutch settle on Manhattan Island (New Amsterdam)• 1630 – Puritans establish a settlement in Boston• 1634 – Maryland settled by Catholics• 1636 – Roger Williams founds Providence and Rhode Island• 1636 – Connecticut founded by Thomas Hooker• 1636 – Harvard founded

Timeline Cont.

• 1664 – The English take New Amsterdam, and rename it New York• 1675-1678 – King Philip’s War• 1676 – Bacon’s Rebellion• 1680 – Charles Town (Carolina) settled• 1680 – Pueblo Revolt• 1681 – William Penn founds Pennsylvania• 1682 – Philadelphia settled• 1688-1697 – King William’s War• 1692 – Salem Witch Trials

Timeline Cont.

• 1702-1713 – Queen Anne’s War• 1712 – Carolina divided into North and South• 1718 – New Orleans founded by the French• 1733 – Savannah (GA) founded by James Oglethorpe• 1737 – Walking Purchase• 1739 – Stono Rebellion• 1730s & 1740s – Great Awakening• 1744-1748 – King George’s War

Key Concept 2.1

• Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

Key Concept 2.1.I

• Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

Spanish Colonization

• Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.

• A major goal of the Spanish colonizers was to gain wealth.

• A small amount of Spaniards ruled over the indigenous peoples, and a caste system emerged.

• The Spanish sought to convert the Natives to Christianity, forced many into the encomienda system, and also used them as trading partners.

French and Dutch Colonization

• French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans. • Those who came relied on trade

alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships.• French fur traders (coureurs de

bois) traded beaver furs, and often lived amongst the natives.• The Dutch built trade routes, and

their principle settlement was New Amsterdam (now New York City).

English Colonization

• English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants.• These migrants sought social

mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. • The colonists focused on

agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.

Jamestown• Jamestown is the oldest permanent

English settlement in America.• The Jamestown colonists did not

find gold or riches in Virginia, only hardship. • Many of Virginia’s initial settlers

came as indentured servants.• During the winter of 1609-1610, the

Jamestown colonists experienced what is known as “the starving time.” Out of 500 colonists, only 60 survived.

Jamestown and Slavery

• The success of the tobacco crop in Jamestown ultimately brought about the importation of African slaves. • In 1619, the first slaves

arrived in Virginia.• Within a matter of decades,

slavery had become a firmly entrenched part of Southern society and economy.• Clip

Separatists aka Pilgrims

• The people that we now know as Pilgrims were originally called Separatists.• Separatists derived their name

from the fact that they wanted to “separate” from the Church of England.• In 1620, they set sail for the

New World on board the Mayflower.

The Mayflower Compact

• After being blown off course, The Pilgrims decided to come ashore at a place they called Plymouth. This happened in December 1620.• Plymouth was well outside the

territory of the Virginia Company.• While still aboard the ship, the

Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, which created an orderly and democratic form of government for the settlement.

The First Thanksgiving• During the first winter, almost half

of the Pilgrims died.• Luckily, two Native Americans,

Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists and taught them how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins, and showed them where to hunt and fish.• They also helped the Pilgrims

make peace with the Wampanoag people who lived in the area.• In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims

included their Wampanoag friends in a feast of thanksgiving. • Clip

English / Native Relations

• Unlike the French and the Spanish, English colonists sought to live separately from Native Americans.• Conflict with the Natives

was common. Examples include the Anglo-Powhatan War, Bacon’s Rebellion, Pequot War, and King Philip’s War.

Key Concept 2.1.II

• In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

Early North American Settlements (excluding Mexico and the Caribbean)

• St. Augustine (Spanish) – 1565

• Roanoke (English) – 1587 (vanished by 1590)

• Jamestown, VA (English) – 1607

• Quebec City (French) – 1608

• Santa Fe, NM (Spanish) – 1610

• Plymouth, MA (English) – 1620

• New Amsterdam (Dutch) – 1625 (now New York City)

• Boston, MA (English) – 1630

• Fort Christina (Swedish) – 1638 (now Wilmington, DE)

The Chesapeake (VA & MD) & North Carolina• The Chesapeake and North Carolina

colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco.

• Tobacco was a labor-intensive product that was initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants, and later by enslaved Africans.

• The cultivation of tobacco led to expansion, which led to conflict with the Natives.

• English colonists become upset when they feel they do not have adequate protection against the natives. This leads to Bacon’s Rebellion.

The Chesapeake – Maryland & Virginia• After its difficult beginnings, Virginia

eventually became successful, largely because of tobacco.• To attract labor and capital, the Virginia

Company (a joint-stock company) awarded a 50-acre “headright” for each person entering the colony, to whoever paid that person’s passage.• Many Englishmen came to Virginia as

indentured servants, and the first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.• Maryland was established in 1634 as a haven

for English Catholics, and Maryland’s economy quickly became based around the production of tobacco.

New England

• The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

• The Puritans wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church, and they were deeply religious.

• Schools were established for towns with 50 families. It was important for children to learn how to read the Bible.

• The mixed economy helped Boston become a major port city.

• The colder climate and rocky soil did not allow for large-scale plantations.

New England Colonies – (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut)

• Massachusetts was founded by Puritans. In 1630, they settled in a place they called Boston.

• During the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution. This is known as the Great Migration.• The Puritans were devoutly religious, and had

little tolerance for different beliefs.• Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams in

1636.• Williams was forced by Mass. leaders to leave

the colony for his religious views. He found refuge with the Narragansett, and later founded the town of Providence.

Salem Witch Trials

• The Salem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft.• They occurred in 1692 in Salem

Village, which was a part of Massachusetts colony.• The trials were one of the most

notorious cases of mass hysteria in American history.• Overall, 19 people were hanged, 1

person was pressed to death, and others died in jail while awaiting trial.• Clip

The Middle Colonies

• The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants.• The middles colonies tended to

have societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.• The Quakers in Pennsylvania were

religiously tolerant, and allowed women equal positions in church.• In addition to English migrants,

there were also a large number of German migrants.

Middle Colonies – (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

• New York was originally settled by the Dutch, and it was called New Netherlands.

• The main settlement was New Amsterdam. The English took over the colony in 1664 and renamed it New York, after the Duke of York.

• Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, who was a Quaker.

• In 1682, Penn founded the city of Philadelphia, which means the “City of Brotherly Love.”

• Delaware was originally founded by Swedes.• The major settlement was Fort Christina, now

Wilmington. In 1655, the Dutch overthrew the Swedes. In 1664, the English overthrew the Dutch.

The Southern Colonies & West Indies• The southern colonies and the British

West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops.

• They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.

• In SC and GA, rice was the staple crop. In the West Indies (i.e. Barbados), it was sugar.

• The large slave population led to slave codes, which were laws regulating slaves’ behavior.

Southern Colonies – The Carolinas and Georgia• North Carolina & South Carolina were initially

founded as one colony: Carolina. In time, the northern and southern portions developed separate identities and they split apart.• Farmers from Virginia settled North Carolina and

tobacco became a major crop, while settlers in South Carolina took advantage of fertile soil and the settlement at Charles Town (established in 1680).• Georgia was founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe.• Oglethorpe received a charter to create a colony

where debtors and poor people could create a fresh start. Savannah was the colony’s most important city.• Clip

Self-Government

• Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era (hands-off approach).

• The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures. White, land-owning, church members could vote.

• In the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first representative government in the British colonies.

Key Concept 2.1.III

• Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

Atlantic Economy

• An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks (i.e. Triangular Trade). • European colonial economies

focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.

Impacts of Trade on Natives

• Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.• The Natives lost much of

their land, and were encouraged to adopt European ways.

Interactions between Natives and Europeans• Interactions between European rivals and

American Indian populations fostered (promoted the growth of) both accommodation and conflict.

• French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups (Pequot’s War & King Philip’s War).

• The British were able to offer more goods to the Natives, whereas the French were more tolerant of the Natives and often intermarried with them.

• During the French & Indian War, almost all Natives allied with the French with the exception being the Iroquois.

Indian Wars

• Throughout the colonial period, there were multiple conflicts involving numerous Native American groups.• Some early examples

include:• Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-

14, 1622-32, 1644-46)• Jamestown Massacre of 1622• Pequot War (1636-1638)• Beaver Wars (mid-1600s)• King Philip’s War (1675-1678)

The French and Indian Wars

• Between the years of 1689 and 1763, there were four French & Indian Wars.• These were colonial events that

were related to European dynastic wars.• All pitted Great Britain, its colonists,

and Native American allies, against France, its colonists, and Native American allies on the other.• Desire for control of the interior of

North America and domination of the fur trade were major causes of each war.

The French and Indian Wars

• The French and Indian Wars consist of the following:• King William’s War (1689-

1697)• Queen Anne’s War (1702-

1713)• King George’s War (1744-

1748)• French and Indian War

(1754-1763)

Divergent European and Colonial Interests• The goals and interests of

European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. • Colonists, especially in

British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) was an armed rebellion by Virginia settlers against the rule of Gov. William Berkeley.• The colony’s disorganized

frontier political structure helped motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley.• Berkeley had failed to address

the demands of the colonists regarding their safety from the Natives.

British and Native Conflicts

• British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England.• King Philip’s War (1675-1678) was

fought between Natives and the British colonists in New England. • King Philip’s War virtually

eliminated the Native threat to English settlement in New England.

King Philip’s War

• King Philip’s War (1675-78) was an armed conflict between the Native American and English inhabitants of New England.• The war resulted from English

expansion onto Native lands.• King Philip’s war had

devastating effects. Roughly 10% of adult English males were killed, and approx. 2/3 of the Native population died as well.

Spanish and Native Relations

• American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.• During the Pueblo Revolt (1680),

Pueblo Indians successfully overthrew the Spanish.• The Spanish regained control 12

years later, but were much more accommodating the second time around.

Key Concept 2.2

• The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

Key Concept 2.2.I

• Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

Pluralism

• The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism (multiple groups existing together) and intellectual exchange. • This was enhanced by the

first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

The Great Awakening

• In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious revival called the Great Awakening swept through the colonies.• Ministers called for a return

to the strong faith of the earlier days.• Two important ministers were

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

The Enlightenment

• By the mid-1700s, many educated colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment. • This movement spread the idea

that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society.• In the colonies, the Enlightenment

increased interest in science.• It also promoted freedom of

thought and expression, and the ideas of equality and popular government.

Anglicization

• The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time.• They developed

autonomous political communities based on English models.• They were also influenced

by inter-colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

Increased British Control

• The British government sought to increase control of its North American colonies through its pursuit of mercantilism.• Conflicts with colonists

and American Indians, however, led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts• Mercantilism was the policy by

which Britain aimed to increase their wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation’s commercial interests.• The Navigation Acts were a series

of acts that required the colonists to export specific goods only to England or English colonies.• This led to widespread smuggling

throughout the colonies.

Colonial Resistance to Authority

• Colonists’ resistance to imperial control stemmed from a variety of factors.

• Colonists (typically white, landowning males) were able to vote for colonial representatives, but had no say in Parliament.

• The colonists saw themselves as British and wanted the same rights as their British counterparts.

• Colonists were also influenced by the Enlightenment, which challenged the traditional idea of government, and encouraged limiting the power of government.

• The 1st Great Awakening challenged traditional church authority, which led to challenging authority in other areas.

• There is also a perceived corruption in the imperial system.

Spirit of Independence

• Since American colonists were far from the rules and limits of their home countries, many began to develop their own ways of doing things.• People adapted their traditions

to their new conditions of life.• Religion, education, and the

arts contributed to a new American culture.• The family formed the basic

foundation of colonial society.

Key Concept 2.2.II

• Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Slavery

• For Africans, the voyage to America usually began with a march to a European fort on the West African coast. • There they were sold to

Europeans, who loaded them on ships.• The trip across the ocean was

called the Middle Passage, as it was the middle leg of the “triangular trade” route used by European merchant ships.

The Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage was a terrible ordeal.• Prisoners were chained together for

more than a month, and they could barely sit or stand.• They received little food or water.• Those who died or became sick

were thrown overboard.• Those who refused to eat were

whipped.• Those who survived were put up

for sale as laborers to plantation owners.

Slavery in Colonial America

• All the British colonies participated in the Atlantic slave trade to some degree. This resulted from multiple factors.• There was an the abundance

of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods (such as tobacco).• There was also a shortage of

indentured servants.

Slavery by Region

• Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers.• All port cities held significant

minorities of enslaved people.• The emerging plantation

systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers.• The great majority of enslaved

Africans were sent to the West Indies to work on sugar plantations.

Race in Colonial America

• Chattel slavery in the southern colonies led to the emergence of a strict, racial system. • Interracial relationships were

prohibited (unlike in Spanish America) • Children of mothers that

were enslaved were considered slaves, regardless of the father’s status.

Slave Codes

• Many colonies had slave codes, or rules governing the behavior and punishment of slaves.• Some slave codes made it illegal

to teach enslaved people to read and write.• Punishments ranged from

whipping to hanging or even burning to death.

African Resistance

• Africans developed both overt (i.e. Stono Rebellion) and covert (i.e. breaking tools, running away, working slowly) means to resist slavery.• They also maintained their family and

gender systems, as well as their culture and religion.• Surrogate families were created for

slaves that were sold, and there was an emergence of a new language and music.• Africans also combined elements of

their native religions with Christianity.

Stono Rebellion

• The Stono Rebellion (1739) was a slave rebellion that took place in the colony of South Carolina.

• It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies.

• The leader of the uprising was a literate Kongolese slave who led up to 80 slaves to in an armed march bound for Florida.

• Along the way, they burned plantations and killed several whites.

• The slaves were ultimately intercepted by the South Carolina militia, and most of the captured slaves were executed.