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Period 2 (1607-1754)
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Period 2(1607-1754)
Because England got such a late start in the colonization game, they couldn’t just set up their colonies wherever they wanted. • Spain dominated South America, Mexico, the West Indies, the
American Southwest, and Florida• The French held sway along North America’s major waterways
In addition, the dense forests and occasionally hostile Native American tribes prevented English settlers from moving westward past the Appalachian Mountains. The early English settlements were therefore concentrated along the eastern coast of North America.
There were three types of British colonies: • Royal• Proprietary• self-governing
Each type had its own characteristics.
Early English Settlements
• Royal colonies were owned by the king, such as Virginia after 1624, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government.
• Proprietary colonies, such as Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, were basically land grants from the British government.• Individuals were awarded huge tracts of
land that they would then supervise and govern, usually in return for political or financial favors.
• These colonial governors reported directly to the king.
• Self-governing colonies, including Rhode Island and Connecticut, formed when the king granted a charter to a joint-stock company, and the company then set up its own government independent of the crown. The king could revoke the colonial charter at any time and convert a self-governing colony into a royal colony.
Early English Settlements
Why England Sets Sail
• Mushrooming population
• Enclosure movement
• Unemployment• Primogeniture
• Joint Stock Company
• By the 1600s the joint stock company was perfected, forerunner to modern capitalism
New Opportunities• A recession in the 1590s
= desperate people• Get rich quick w/ the
Virginia Company (1606)• Settles at Jamestown on
the James River (5/24/1607)
Jamestown was Founded for Economic
Reasons.
Jamestown Settlement
In May of 1607, about 100 English men established Jamestown, Virginia.
Troubles for the colony came early and often…
Forty would-be settlers died on the boat ride over.
• Problems then emerged including the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever
• “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops)
• there were zero women on the initial ship
Early Troubles
Their fortune began to change in 1608 when Captain John Smith took control and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline.
According to legend, Smith was once kidnapped by local Chief Powhatan and then his life spared at the last moment thanks to his daughter Pocahontas.
This act may well have been staged, but was intended by Powhatan to show good intentions between Indian and the whites.
John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “He who does not work, will not eat” policy.
Still, the Jamestown settlers died in droves, and resorted to eating “dogs, Cats, rats, and Mice.” One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.”Understandably, this was known as the “starving time” in Virginia.
The colonists’ next stroke of good fortune came when Lord De La Warr intercepted a ship of settlers who were abandoning the colony. He forced them to return, brought more discipline, and brought much-needed supplies.
By 1625, only 1,200 out of nearly 8,000 settlers had survived.
Captain John Smith
The Starving TimePOPULATION: 1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load
gold…
Captain John SmithThe right man for the job?
The year 1622 was a tragic one for Jamestown.• a second war with the Powhatan
tribe• a slump in tobacco prices• fraudulent practices by local
officials• high death rates from disease• all conspired to transform the
normal rigors of colonial life into extremely hard times
• Under this strain, the joint-stock company collapsed and James I revoked its charter, making Virginia a royal colony in 1624.
Transition to a Royal Colony
The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
Representative self-government came to America when Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway of self-rule.
A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia stability and a sense of permanence.
Three major things happened in 1619…
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, House of Burgesses
was able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.
House of Burgesses (1619)
House of Burgesses (1619)
Maryland• In 1632 King Charles I, granted lands bordering the Chesapeake
Bay to Catholic Aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, (Lord Baltimore).• Thus Maryland became a safe-haven or refuge for Catholics in the
New World.• In 1634, the first Catholic settlers arrived.• Disputing Lord Baltimore powers, the colony’s elected a
representative assembly.• This loss of power, encouraged Anti-Catholic, Protestants to amp up
their agitation.• This increased agitation caused Lord Baltimore to persuade the
assembly to enact The Toleration Act (1649). This Act:• Granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold
church services.• Repealed in the late 1600s by the Protestants who defeated the
Catholics in a brief Civil War, and Catholics lost the right to vote.•In Maryland as in Virginia, tobacco quickly became the main crop and that similarity rather than any religious difference, ultimately made the two colonies very much alike in their economic and social systems.
Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.
Many Protestants got angry because of religious rights given to Catholics
Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in Maryland
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]
In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed
A Haven for Catholics
Both Virginia and Maryland are referred to as the Chesapeake region because of the Chesapeake Bay that borders both states.
Plymouth and Massachusetts were Founded for Religious
Reasons.
1517, Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his “95 Theses” on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral
Luther had several challenges to the Roman church
The most basic of Luther’s ideas were• The Bible or scripture alone was
the source of God’s word (not the Bible and the church or pope).
• People are saved by grace alone from God (salvation comes as an undeserved gift from God, not by earning it or deciding to be saved).
• People are saved simply by faith in Christ alone (not by any “good works” the person might’ve done).
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
John Calvin preached Calvinism that stressed “predestination” (those going to Heaven or hell has already been determined by God).
• Basic Christian doctrine was outlined in a 1536 document “Institutes of the Christian Religion.”
• It said people were sinful.• It said only the predestined would go to Heaven.
• A Calvinist expected to see signs of predestination in a person’s life. The person was to have an outward conversion, recognized by others who’d been saved.
• An odd irony was created: predestination was very clear about Heaven and hell. But, it created a question as to who’s on what side?
• The reasoning went: if a person lives a sinful life, then obviously he’s predestined to hell. If he lives a pious life, then he’s predestined to Heaven.
• Calvinists are famous for working hard, dusk to dawn, to “prove” their worthiness.
• The impact of Calvinism has been vividly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and been called the “Protestant Work Ethic.”
Predestination
Separatists or Pilgrims
Puritans
A group of English called Puritans were moved to reform (“purify”) the Church of England. This is the point that separates Puritans from Pilgrims
• Believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership
• By contrast, the Pilgrims were Separatists. They vowed to break away from the Church of England (the Anglican Church) because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned”
• King James I harassed the Separatists out of England. His reasoning was that if this group of people were willing to defy him as their spiritual leader, they might also defy him as their political leader
• King James I is the king for whom the King James Bible is named
• There’s irony here in that the Separatists claimed King James’ Church of England had strayed from the Bible, and they likely had. Yet the “King James Bible” quickly became accepted as being a very accurate translation, and still is considered so today
The Puritans vs. the Separatists or Pilgrims
Differing Views: Puritans identified with
various religious groups advocating greater "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety.
Separatists or Pilgrims believed that they should break away from the Church of England and form there own religion.
Puritan as "A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England." The Puritans, in short, were people who wanted to reform or purify their church.
• Predestination
• Good works could not save those predestined for hell
• No one could be certain of their spiritual status
• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion”
• Puritans Goals:
• Want to reform [purify] the Church of England
• Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in EnglandPuritans also wanted to retain government control in the hands of the church—hence the rule of church membership
Gaining church membership, by the way, only occurred when the church members voted you in
All told, this meant that roughly 40% of adult men could vote
This number may seem low by today’s standards (only 40% of men and 0% of women), but it still was larger than percentages back in Europe
The Pilgrims, as Separatists, wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.
• They first moved to Holland with intentions of simply living there.• Then they decided they’d have to move since their children were growing
up Dutch. This was understandable, of course, but they wanted their kids to grow up English.
• They sought a location with English traditions where they’d be free to worship in their own way—America was the logical place.
They struck a deal with the Virginia Company and set sail from Holland aboard the Mayflower.
• One person was born on the trip and one died.• They were supposed to head to Virginia, but arrived off of the coast of New
England in 1620.• Wisely, the Pilgrims carefully surveyed for possible sites. Plymouth was
chosen.• Leadership and security against Indians would come to be provided by
Captain Myles Standish, known as “Captain Shrimp.”Since they were in a land where they had no legal right to settle, steps had to be taken.
• Before leaving the ship, the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, where they agreed to make and live by new rules.
• This was the first form of self-government in New England and laid the foundation that America would be run by Americans.
• 1620 a group of 102 people [half Separatists]
• Negotiated with theVirginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
• Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish.
• Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the Virginia Company.
• Became squatters without legal right to land and specific authority to establish a government.
The Mayflower
• Written and signed before the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth Rock
• Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a
crude govt. and submit to majority rule• Signed by 41 adult males
• Was created because there was no fair way to resolve disputes
• This was the first form of self-government in New England and laid the foundation that America would be run by Americans
The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620
• “Covenant of Grace”:• between Puritan communities and God
• “Social Covenant”:• Between members of Puritan communities
with each other
• Required mutual watchfulness
• No toleration of deviance or disorder
• No privacy
Covenant Theology
• Winter of 1620-1621
• Only 44 out of the original 102 survived
• None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back
• Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”
• Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber
• Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant
• 1691 only 7,000 people
• Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Plymouth Rock--That First Year….
The First ThanksgivingOctober 1621
• Self-taught scholar
• Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections
• Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society
William Bradford
Plymouth Colony
The New England Colonies
Massachusetts—1620
New Hampshire—1623
Connecticut—1635
Rhode Island—1636
• 1629 Puritans got a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company
• Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England
• They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities”
• 1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships
• Established a colony with Boston as its hub
• “Great Migration” of the 1630s
• Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America
• Not all Puritans 20,000 separates came to Massachusetts
The Massachusetts Bay Colonies
We shall be as a city on a hill..
Well-off attorney and manor lord in England
Became 1st governor of Massachusetts
Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there
Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years
The colony thrived and grew with an economy based on fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding.
John Winthrop
• Low mortality average life expectancy was 70 years of age
• Many extended families
• Average 6 children per family
• Average age at marriage:
• Women – 22 years old
• Men – 27 years old
Characteristics of New England Settlements
Jamestown’s salvation was found in the form of tobacco.
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Jamestown had finally found its gold.
Tobacco also had negative effects…
• Its success caused settlers to scramble for more land to cultivate. It also encouraged “land butchery”—farmers would cultivate the land ‘til it gave out, then just move on
• It boosted the plantation economy and created a demand for cheap labor. At first this labor was filled mostly by white indentured servants, and then as the 1600s turned into the 1700s, by black slaves
• It built Virginia’s economy on a single item, tobacco. Their economy was thus susceptible to the whims of having “all their eggs in one basket.”
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco
Jamestown Colonization
Pattern: 1620-1660
• Large plantations [>100 acres]
• Widely spread apart [>5 miles]
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm
economic footing
Ruinous to soil when continuously planted
Chained VA’s economy to a single crop
Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system
Need for cheap, abundant labor--Slavery
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco
Why did tobacco prices decline?
Tobacco Prices from 1620-1710
The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
Representative self-government came to America when Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway of self-rule.
A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia stability and a sense of permanence.
Three major things happened in 1619…
At first the region could not keep up with the demand in Europe for tobacco. Grow More…..
andHigh Death Rate caused from:
• Disease• Food Shortages• Battles with Native Americans
Meant that population grew slowly.
This caused a labor-shortage.
Landowners tried several ways to find the labor they needed.
Labor Shortage
Headright System: Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Indentured Servant
whose passage they paid for.
50 acres for each immigrant who paid his own passage.
More than half of colonists prior to 1776, came to America as an Indentured Servant
Early documentation from the Virginia Company seems to suggest that a landowner could receive a Headright even if the indentured servant whose trip they sponsored did not make it to Virginia alive.
The claimants to Headright’s could receive grants for men, women and children since anyone could become an indentured servant.
Labor Shortage
Slavery and the Headright system:: Plantation owners benefited from the Headright system when
they paid for the transportation of imported slaves.
This, along with the increase in the amount of money required to bring indentured servants to the colonies, contributed to the shift towards slavery in the colonies.
Until 1699, a slave was worth a Headright of fifty acres.
This number increased in the 1680s and 1690s.
Many families grew in power in colonies by receiving large tracts of land when they imported slaves.
For example, George Menefie purchased sixty slaves, and thus received 3,000 acres of land in 1638. In 1699, it was decided that Headrights would only be distributed for English citizens and that paying for the transportation of a slave could no longer guarantee land.
Labor Shortage
Indentured Servitude: 3-7 years bound to their masters.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, $]
Forbidden to marry
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts
Most came from England and Germany
During the indenture period the servants were not paid cash wages, but were provided with food, accommodation, clothing and training
Labor Shortage
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. Their status was not clear
Perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until near the end of the 17 century.
English Tobacco Seal
Black slaves began to replace white indentures as the 1600s turned into the 1700s. Notably, this trend was common in the South and especially in the Chesapeake
The reasons for the switch from white-to-black… • The main reason boils down to the desire for
a stable work force by plantation whites
• White indentures lusted for, and eventually got, land of their own to the west, which led to problems with the Indians and causing Bacon’s Rebellion
• Black slaves were permanent workers, not seven year workers
Indentured Servants BoreMost of the Work Load
As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.
Barbados Slave Codes(1661)
Chattel system
By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants
Colonial Slavery
Beginning in 1662 “Barbados Slave Codes” Made blacks [and their children]
property, or chattel for life of white masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.
Colonial Slavery
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade
The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
Population of Virginia
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion By the late 17th century (1600s), the Chesapeake had grown a generation of angry young men.
• These men were young, white, landless, jobless, womanless and frustrated.• Essentially, their goal was to get land and get married.
Nathaniel Bacon typified these men in what came to be called Bacon’s Rebellion. • In 1676, Bacon led about 1,000 men in a revolt.• Many of these men had settled on the frontier where Indian attacks were
frequent.• Because they were indentured servants, they got the plots of land, closest to
the Indians, which led to their frustrations• Their ambition was to get Gov. William Berkeley to crack down on the Indians
rather than continue his Indian-friendly fur trading. The poor men wanted land from the Indians.
• After some riotous success, Bacon suddenly died of disease• With the leader gone, Berkeley struck back and crushed the rebellion.• Bacon’s legacy was to leave a lingering fear of revolt and lawlessness in the
minds of the upper class
Bacon’s Rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion
Although it was short lived, Bacons rebellion, highlighted two long-lasting disputes in colonial Virginia
• Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers.
• Colonial resistance to royal control.
Bacon’s Rebellion caused the immediate shift from young white men from England who were mad from being screwed over by their masters to a more stable and controllable African slave.
• In such a tightly strung society, tension quickly came to Massachusetts.
• Quakers challenged Puritan authority and were given fines, floggings, or banishment.
• These banished dissidents formed settlements that would develop into Rhode Island and Connecticut.
Trouble in New England
AnneHutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was an outspoken woman who challenged predestination
Her theory, called antinomianism, argued that if there was predestination, then a person’s actions were immaterial (because the saints and sinners were already determined)
This was heresy
This struck hard at the Puritans because…
• This challenged political control—Why follow government rules/laws if it doesn’t matter?
• This challenged religious control—Why follow church rules/laws if it doesn’t matter?
• Women were not supposed to question authority and certainly not to speak out.
Trouble in New England
AnneHutchinson’s
Trial
She was put on trial in 1638, and claimed to have received these revelations from God—even higher heresy
Hutchinson was banished and founded the colony of Portsmouth and helped startup Rhode Island where religious freedom was new and favorable
Hutchinson was eventually killed by Indians in New York. John Winthrop said that “God’s hand” was involved in her death
Trouble in New England
• Young, Puritan, very popular minister in Salem
• Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church
• Condemned MA Bay Charter
• Did not give fair compensation to Indians
• Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior
• 1635 found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions and was exiled
Roger Williams
Trouble in New England
• 1636 Roger Williams fled there
• MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony
• Remarkable political freedom in Providence, Rhode Island
• Universal manhood suffrage later restricted by a property qualification
• Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all
• More liberal than any other colony!
• Paid the Native Americans for use of their lands
Rhode Island
Roger Williams’ differing religious views got him into trouble in Massachusetts
So, he started Rhode Island
“Little Rhody” grew attractive to the “otherwise minded.” That is, anyone that didn’t fit into Massachusetts’ tight-laced religious society
Rhode Island thus attracted a variety of people with nothing in common except a desire for independence. This strain of independence became their point of unity
The colony was officially chartered in 1644
The Rhode Island “Sewer”
A new colony was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1635
Reverend Thomas Hooker quickly led a group into Connecticut. This group was attracted as much by the Connecticut River’s good farmland than by religious reasons
In 1639, Connecticut settlers drew up the “Fundamental Orders,” America’s first written constitution
This document later became a model for the U.S. Constitution
In 1638, the colony of New Haven was established. It later joined Connecticut
Connecticut
• The last colony to be founded in New England
• Originally part of the Massachusetts Bay, it consisted of a few settlements north of Boston
• Hoping to increase royal control of the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor.
New Hampshire
Seventeenth-Century New
England Settlements
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was the hub of New England
All earlier colonies grew into it; all later colonies grew out of it
New England Colonies, 1650
Estimated Population of American Colonies, 1630-1780
Colony 1780 1770 1750 1740 1720 1700 1690 1670 1650 1630
Total 2780.4 2148.1 1170.8 905.6 466.2 250.9 210.4 111.9 50.4 4.6
Maine 49.1 31.3 1.0 0.4
New Hampshire 87.8 62.4 27.5 23.3 9.4 5.0 4.2 1.8 1.3 0.5
Vermont 47.6 10.0
Plymouth and Massachusetts 268.6 235.3 188.0 151.6 91.0 55.9 56.9 35.3 15.6 0.9
Rhode Island 52.9 58.2 33.2 25.3 11.7 5.9 4.2 2.2 0.8
Connecticut 206.7 183.9 111.3 89.6 58.8 26.0 21.6 12.6 4.1
New York 210.5 162.9 76.7 63.7 36.9 19.1 13.9 5.8 4.1 0.4
New Jersey 139.6 117.4 71.4 51.4 29.8 14.0 8.0 1.0
Pennsylvania 327.3 240.1 119.7 85.6 31.0 18.0 11.4
Delaware 45.4 35.5 28.7 19.9 5.4 2.5 1.5 0.7 0.2
Maryland 245.5 202.6 141.1 116.1 66.1 29.6 24.0 13.2 4.5
Virginia 538.0 447.0 231.0 180.4 87.8 58.6 53.0 35.3 18.7 2.5
North Carolina 270.1 197.2 73.0 51.8 21.3 10.7 7.6 3.8
South Carolina 180.0 124.2 64.0 45.0 17.0 5.7 3.9 0.2
Georgia 56.1 23.4 5.2 2.0
Kentucky 45.0 15.7
Tennessee 10.0 1.0
In the 1640s, the New England colonies faced the constant threat of attack from American Indians, the Dutch, and the French.
In response to these attacks, 4 colonies formed a military alliance known as the New England Confederation. • The colonies were Puritan
only (Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut settlements).
• It had limited power to act on border disputes, runaway slaves and dealings with American Indians
The New England Confederation
In 1643, the New England Confederation was set up• It consisted of 4 colonies and
held the main goal of defense• The colonies were Puritan only
(Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut settlements)
• The confederation was weak but noteworthy in that it was a large step toward American unity
• The colonies were basically allowed to be semi-autonomous commonwealths
The New England Confederation
• The New England Confederation was highly successful in terms of bonding the colonies together, and provided a basis for the further collaboration of Colonies in times such as the American Revolution.
• In the New England Confederation, each colony had two votes regardless of population.
• The New England Confederation excluded Rhode Island, as Rhode Island was thought of as anarchistic, sometimes being called "Rogue Island". Rhode Island was also more sympathetic to Native Americans.
White diseases had made their mark even before the Pilgrims’ arrival in 1620
Disease had then struck the Indians, killing an estimated ¾ of the population
Initial relations with the natives were friendly
A Wampanoag named Squanto befriended and helped the struggling settlers
A white—Wampanoag peace agreement was signed
This treaty, along with the first Thanksgiving, became the standard symbolic of good white—Indian relations and gave hope for good relations in the future
Puritans Versus Indians
• Pequot’s verypowerful tribein CT river valley
• 1636 PequotWar
• Whites, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River
• Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
• Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years
The Pequot Wars:1636-1637
• The Puritan Expansion continued until actual hostilities broke out in 1675.
• Metacom wound up leading the opponents of the English
• His goal was to stop Puritan expansion
• Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.
• Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]
• Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.
• Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.
• 1000s killed on both sides and many towns were burned.
• Eventually the colonial forces won, killing King Philip and most of the American Indian resistance in New England.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
The war ended in failure for the Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered
His son and wife sold into slavery
Never a serious threat in New England again!!
King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
Review
Break
1660s – 1730s
The Carolinas & Georgia
Planters & yeomen farmers from VA or the Sugar Islands
Note the “king” names…
Debtors & other petty criminals
Indigo and Rice top crops
Charles Town became a major port city
The Carolinas and Georgia
• In 1670, in the southern Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some planters from the Islands of Barbados founded a town named for their king.• Initially , the southern economy was based on trading furs and providing food to the West Indies.• By middle of the 18th century, South Carolina’s large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies.• 40% of all African Slaves brought over were sold in Charlestown
South Carolina
As tobacco land in the Chesapeake (Virginia) began to run out, people just walked down into Carolina.These farmers were “squatters”—they just took up the land and started farming it.
These North Carolinians began to develop their own sense of who they were…
They were independent-minded
This was typical of a small farmer who scratched his own living out of the soil
This was due to…They were geographically isolated and on their own
It’s as though they asked, “Why would I want someone telling me how to run my life, I’m making my own life right out of the ground?”
The Emergence of North Carolina
Georgia was established with the purpose that it would be a buffer zone or cushion between Spanish Florida and the British colonies along the Atlantic coast.
Florida was considered a wild, unpredictable, and dangerous land with Spaniards, runaway slaves, and Indians, all hostile to the American colonies.
James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733 and named after King George II.
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
As well as being a buffer zone, Georgia held the goal of being a place where debtors could get a second chance.
It was also a dumping ground for English criminals.
Oglethorpe fended off Spanish attacks and saved the “Charity Colony.”
Any Christian, except for Catholics, were permitted in Georgia
Missionaries tried to convert the Indians to Christianity.John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, was the best known of these missionaries.
Georgia began humbly, and grew slowly, but it did survive.
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
Slavery took place in all of the plantation colonies down South
Forests frequently stunted the growth of cities.
Schools and churches, and even towns, were often stunted since Southerners were so spread out
Crops were grown as such: Tobacco – in the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina)Rice and indigo – in the tidewater region of South Carolina and Georgia
As a general rule, the plantation South permitted a good deal of religious freedom. Southerners were more interested in making money and growing crops than worrying over church doctrine.
White vs. Indian conflicts were frequent.
The Plantation Colonies
Charles II wished to consolidate the crown's holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between the New England Colonies and the Chesapeake colonies.
This required compelling the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River,
In 1664, the Duke of York, Charles II’s brother, was granted the area New Netherland area.
Dutch Residues in New York
What might be some of the reasons that he would want to consolidate that area?
In 1664, the Duke of York, Charles II’s brother, was granted the area New Netherland area
• To solidify the claim, a British fleet appeared off of New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender without a shot
• New Netherland was over
New York was the new name for New Amsterdam
The Dutch left their mark in the forms of… • The aristocratic flavor of New Netherland/New York• Place names such as Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell
Gate (Hellegat)• Gambrel architecture (a barn shaped roof, modeled after the gambrel or
back leg of a horse)• And also, the Dutch left the traditions of Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles,
sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (kolf)
Dutch Residues in New York
New JerseyBelieving the territory of New York was too large to administer, King James split it in 1664.
He gave the section of the colony located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton.
The area was named the Province of New Jersey.
New JerseyTo attract settlers, both proprietors made generous land offers and allowed religious freedoms.
Eventually they sold their interests off and New Jersey land titles changes hands many times causing general confusion.
To settle matters, The King decided in 1702 to combine the two Jerseys into a single royal colony.
They’re called “Quakers” because they shook or quaked when moved by religious emotion.
• They clashed with religious and civil rule because they refused to pay taxes that would go to the Church of England.
• They met in simple meeting houses without a formal preacher, and simply spoke up when so moved.
• They called one another as “thee” or “thou,” like the King James Bible.
• They were peaceful people who despised war and would “turn the other cheek” to violence
• To some they appeared stubborn; perhaps they were, but they were devoted to their faith.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers
William Penn was a well-born Englishman attracted to the Quaker faith..
• In 1681, he was awarded a large tract of land by the king.
• The tract would come to be “Pennsylvania” meaning “Penn’s woodland.” Being modest, he disliked this name, but it stuck.
• Pennsylvania was the best-advertised colony. It attracted many people and prospered.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers
• Pennsylvania was very religious tolerate.• Safe haven for Quakers who were being persecuted in England.• Penn created Philadelphia, the first colonial city to have a grid pattern series of roads.• Treated the Indians fairly and would not cheat them.• Advertised in Europe promising political and religious freedom and generous land terms.• He basically gave away his land in order to get people to move there.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers
The colony officially began in 1681, but there were already thousands of squatters on the land
Philadelphia, the “city of brotherly love,” was carefully planned out, which was unusual. It enjoyed wide boulevards and planned streets
Penn tried to deal justly with the Indians. He bought large tracts from Chief Tammany, patron saint of the later Tammany Hall.
• Penn’s Indian relations were so good that Quakers could walk unarmed through Indian territory
• But, Quaker good-will would be taken advantage of. Less-idealistic folks treated the Indians as savages, most notably, the rough Scots-Irish
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers
There were good reasons for the appeal of Pennsylvania…
Freedom of religion was allowed to all except Jews and Catholics
The death penalty was allowed only for murder or treason
The Quakers didn’t like slavery. They were the first group to formally take a stand against slavery
Immigration was unrestricted and naturalization was easy. Combined with good land, a friendly attitude, free religion, etc., Pennsylvania was very attractive to a wide variety of people
Virginia was the only colony with more people and more money by 1700
Penn himself was not much appreciated in Pennsylvania.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers
There is nothing really important.
ha ha ha
Delaware
• The Middle Colonies consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania
• They all held fertile soil and large tracts of land• They all, excepting Delaware, exported grain and thus were
known as the “bread colonies”• The Middle Colonies held a mix of New England and Southern
colonies
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
• They were, of course, geographically in the middle
• Landholdings were of the midsize range—smaller than the South but bigger than New England
• They were more ethnically mixed than other colonies—more mixed than the South and much more than New England
• They had a mixed economy—agriculture like the South, and the beginnings of industry and trade as in the North
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
Benjamin Franklin, became the premier child of Philadelphia, and America. He’d come to Philly at 17, immediately felt at home, and through hard work and diligence, began to work his way up.
• Franklin’s story of rags-to-riches became symbolic of America
• Americans began to realize they weren’t just surviving, but thriving
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.
As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.
He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'.
He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
• ¾ of the English came as indentured servants. Mostly young men from the “middling classes.” They largely came to the Chesapeake to work on the plantations
• Primogeniture --first-born son inherited the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate, title or office
• Some came after being forced out by “enclosure” of the land
• An estimated 40% died before the end of their servitude—unhealthy conditions being the culprit
• By the late 1600s, a switch began from white indentured servant labor to black slave labor
• The idea was that slave labor, being permanent, was more economically sound
• Late in the 17th century, as the supply of indentured servants slowly ran out, the southerners resolved to employ black slaves
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
In New England, mostly during the 1630s, Puritans swarmed to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• The Puritans came as family units, not so much as single men.
• They brought with them the traditions or varied the flavor of their local communities, which could vary substantially.
• For instance, Marblehead, MA became an exclusive fishing village.
• Rowley, MA became a textile town (as had been their village back in England).
• Ipswich, MA saw leaders rule with an iron hand whereas Newbury, MA saw leaders rarely win a reelection.
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
Population of the New England Colonies
Life Expectancy Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake
• It could be said that the American Revolution started long before 1775—back to when colonists first came to America
• They essentially revolted from England and moved to America. And, those American colonists were growing independent
• Crossing the ocean took 6 to 8 weeks, one way
• The Americans felt separated from England; The Americans were developing their own brand of politics. Think…
• The Americans were embracing republicanism, that is a society where citizens elect representatives to govern for them
• The “radical Whigs" of England” influenced American thinking. They criticized how the king would appoint relatives to positions, accept bribes, or such corruption. These were a threat to liberty
The Deep Roots of Revolution
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
• The British colonies began haphazardly by various groups. Only Georgia was started by the British government
• Still, Britain had an overall economic ideology in the form of mercantilism
• In mercantilism, a nation's wealth and power is measured by its treasury of gold or silver
• Thus, gold was sought after either by (a) finding or digging it, (b) stealing or winning it, or (c) earning it by exporting more than importing (by obtaining a "favorable balance of trade")
• A favorable balance of trade was easier if a country had colonies. The colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and also buy the finished products
• This setup meant America was being used for England's benefit in the form of shipbuilding, naval stores, lumber, tobacco, sugar, etc
• Mercantilism placed restrictions on economic activity
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
• The Navigation Laws, first passed in 1650, set rules to carry out mercantilist ideas
• These laws said American goods could only be shipped on British ships (the Americans would rather go with the cheapest shipper, like the Dutch)
• These laws said goods heading from Europe to America had to stop in England first to pay duties. This jacked up the price for the Americans
• To ensure British monopoly in certain areas, Americans were restricted in what they could produce (wool and beaver hats were off limits). I asked a question…
• The Americans' “Hard” money was constantly being funneled to England. Many turned to barter instead. Eventually the colonies printed paper money which quickly became worthless
• The Privy Council in Britain could void American laws. Although it was ruled rather sparingly (only 469 times out of 8,563 laws), the principle bothered the Americans
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
The merits of mercantilism…
• The Navigation Laws were despised by Americans but weren't enforced (until 1763). This non-enforcement was called "salutary neglect" and effectively let the Americans do their own thing for a century
• Salutary neglect was the result of wide geography, British apathy, and American smuggling. John Hancock made a fortune and was called the "King of Smugglers“
• Tobacco merchants were restricted to selling within the British Empire, but they did have a monopoly there
• The Americans enjoyed the free protection of the powerful British Army and Navy
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
The menace of mercantilism…
• Mercantilism hindered America's economic growth. Worse, it was to keep America in a state perpetually subordinate to England
• The Americans felt exploited and humiliated by the system, unable to come of age as a people
• Teddy Roosevelt later commented that revolution broke out because Britain failed to recognize an emerging nation when it saw one
Chattel Colonial Slavery• Roughly a half million slaves
were brought to America. Ten Million to the “New World”.
• Most slaves were from West Africa.
• By 1750 African Slaves are very populous in the Southern colonies.
• Slave Codes created hereditary slavery (matriarchal).
• Some slaves purchased their freedom and became slaveholders themselves.
Things were changing in the late 1600s however, as indentured servitude was being replaced by black slaves.
• In 1670, black slaves made up of 7% of the Southern population.
• By 1680, the circumstances reached the tipping point. • Wages in England went up, so fewer young men came
to America.• Colonialists were fearful of another Bacon-like revolt.• In the mid-1680s, black slaves coming to America
outnumbered white immigrants for the first time.• Simply put, in the 1680s, the African slave trade
quickened considerably because they became cheaper and produced less hassles than Indentured Servants
• By 1750, black slaves made up almost ½ the population of Virginia.
Chattel Colonial Slavery
The Triangular Trade
• A ship would leave New England with rum and go to the Gold Coast of Africa and trade it for African Slaves
• Then travel on the middle passage to the West Indies where slaves would be exchanged for molasses, which in turn would be sold /traded in New England to make the rum.
• On the Middle Passage the death rate was very high.
Life for a slave in the Deep South was harsh. Health conditions and labor drained life.
• Rice and indigo plantations, such as in South Carolina, were even more brutal than tobacco.
Despite hardship, a unique African-American culture emerged as a mix of African-and-white cultures.
• Blacks evolved their languages, for example Gullah (a variation of Angola). Certain words joined English: goober (peanut), gumbo (okra), and voodoo (witchcraft).
• Music was unique too with rhythmic beats, the banjo, and bongo drums. These were the ancestors of jazz.
Some slaves became exceptionally skilled in their trade such as carpentry, bricklaying, or tanning leather. Most slaves were simply hard laborers in the fields though.
Africans in America
Early slave revolts• Slave protests took many
forms. These included outright rebellion or subtle attempts to harm masters. For example, working slower, getting sick, or sabotaging food.
• Outright revolts occurred. Examples would be in 1712 in New York City, or at the Stono River rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina.
Punishments for slaves were harsh and cruel
• For disobeying one’s master slaves were whipped, hung, skinned or cat hauled.
• Slave families were often disbanded by sale.
• Rape occurred often from white masters.
Estimated Population of American Colonies, 1630-1780
Colony 1780 1770 1750 1740 1720 1700 1690 1670 1650 1630
Total 2780.4 2148.1 1170.8 905.6 466.2 250.9 210.4 111.9 50.4 4.6
Maine 49.1 31.3 1.0 0.4
New Hampshire 87.8 62.4 27.5 23.3 9.4 5.0 4.2 1.8 1.3 0.5
Vermont 47.6 10.0
Plymouth and Massachusetts 268.6 235.3 188.0 151.6 91.0 55.9 56.9 35.3 15.6 0.9
Rhode Island 52.9 58.2 33.2 25.3 11.7 5.9 4.2 2.2 0.8
Connecticut 206.7 183.9 111.3 89.6 58.8 26.0 21.6 12.6 4.1
New York 210.5 162.9 76.7 63.7 36.9 19.1 13.9 5.8 4.1 0.4
New Jersey 139.6 117.4 71.4 51.4 29.8 14.0 8.0 1.0
Pennsylvania 327.3 240.1 119.7 85.6 31.0 18.0 11.4
Delaware 45.4 35.5 28.7 19.9 5.4 2.5 1.5 0.7 0.2
Maryland 245.5 202.6 141.1 116.1 66.1 29.6 24.0 13.2 4.5
Virginia 538.0 447.0 231.0 180.4 87.8 58.6 53.0 35.3 18.7 2.5
North Carolina 270.1 197.2 73.0 51.8 21.3 10.7 7.6 3.8
South Carolina 180.0 124.2 64.0 45.0 17.0 5.7 3.9 0.2
Georgia 56.1 23.4 5.2 2.0
Kentucky 45.0 15.7
Tennessee 10.0 1.0
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