Period 31754-1800

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the

British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation,

the United States.”

• French and Indian War 1754-1763

• Causes: • American expansion into Ohio R. Valley= conflicts with

natives and French• Iroquois ally with British• FR determined to protect against BR intrusion with a

line of forts

Attempts at Colonial Unity

• Albany Congress• Reps from 7 of 13 colonies• Goals- colonial unity; keep natives on side

• Albany Plan of Union• Benjamin Franklin

French and Indian War• Effects:

French and Indian War• Effects:• Debt= ending salutary neglect= more taxes (colonists

need to pay for own defense)• Tightened market control, taxes, government• Colonial Resistance • Stamp Act Congress- response to Stamp Act; tarred and

feathered tax collectors• Committees of Correspondence- Spread information and

propaganda about BR policies

• Increase in colonial confidence• Shattered myth of BR invincibility

French and Indian War

• Natives• Lost trading partner in FR• BR colonists expanded onto Native land• Pontiac’s Rebellion= Proclamation of 1763

French and Indian War• Pontiac’s Rebellion• Chief Pontiac led several tribes against colonists in

Ohio

• Proclamation of 1763• No settlement past the

Appalachian Mtns. • To prevent further conflict

with natives• Colonists upset and ignore

“In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other

new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.”

• Protestant Evangelical Religious Fervor= The Great Awakening• New American identity• “New Lights” and “Old Lights”• Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry

God”• George Whitefield

New Thought Challenges to Old World Traditions

• Thomas Paine- Common Sense• Absurdity of little island controlling huge continent

• Enlightenment• Challenged traditional authority• Legal and political equality • End of special privileges for elites• John Locke- defended displacement of ruler who did not

protect citizen's liberties

• History of self-governing

Revolution

• Declaration of Independence• Enlightenment ideas• List grievances, justify type of gov’t, declare independence

• Independence• Rights of British subjects- reject “Virtual representation”• Rights of individuals• Enlightenment thought- “Life, liberty, and property”

• Colonists win due to:• Knowing the land• Military leadership• Commitment to cause• French aid

Articles of Confederation

• Weaknesses:• Economy:• Tariffs on differing states• Each state could coin own $• Fed. Gov’t had no power to tax

• Political: • Unicameral Congress• No executive• No nat’l army or navy• No judicial• Weak trading systems w/ other nations

• Shay’s Rebellion-MA farmers demanded debt relief, attacked court houses= realize need for stronger nat’l gov’t

Constitution

• Great Compromise• Combined VA and NJ plan• Bicameral legislature – House of Reps based on pop.; Senate

equal rep.

• 3/5 Compromise• Slave would count as 3/5 person in state pop.• In general ignored slavery (too divisive of an issue)

• Federalism- division of power between state and federal gov’t

• Debates over Constitution• Federalists (pro-Const.) / Anti-federalists (anti-Const.)• Main issue- no Bill of Rights• Federalists promised to add (1st 10 amendments)

Political Parties• Central government• Federalists-strong central gov’t• Democratic-Republicans- weak central gov’t, more states’ power• VA and KY Resolutions- belief that states could nullify federal laws

• Economics• Federalists- Bank of US (not in Constitution)• Alexander Hamilton argued necessary and Proper “Elastic Clause” (Loose

Interpretation)

• Anti-Feds• Strict interpretation- if not allowed in Const. then forbidden; if forbidden

at national level then passes down to state

• Foreign affairs• Feds favor BR• DemReps favor FR

“Ideals of liberty reverberated around the world…”

• Abolition• Quakers- Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law• Northwest Territory

• Women’s rights• Abigail Adams “Remember the ladies…”

• Inspired revolutions• French Revolution 1789• Haiti- Toussaint L’Ouverture

“Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations,

and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.”

• Westward Migrations and conflicts• Paxton Boys- Scot-Irish group angry about Penn’s

Indian policy being too lenient; murdered 20 Indians; marched to Philly

Backcountry cultures• Scots-Irish- frontier; displaced Indians

• Shay’s Rebellion- farmers demanded debt relief

• Tensions b/w poor backcountry and wealthy coastal

U.S. Encouraged Westward Migrations

• Northwest Land Ordinance-• Process to admit new states• Guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury• Slavery forbidden• Under Articles of Confed.

• Did not recognize Indians as a foreign nation

Republican Motherhood

• Duty of mothers to raise good citizens of the republic

• Women have key role in society teaching values and citizenship

• Women gain more access to educaiton

Important Documents form Period 3

“The Bloody Massacre in King Street, March 5 1770”Paul Revere

Shape public opinion- war propaganda• BR lined up in formal formation• BR faces sharp and angular• Sky seems to shed light on BR

atrocity• Crispus Attucks in lower left

corner• Distressed woman in crowd

Important documents from period 3

• Phyllis Wheatly’s poem on tyranny

• Sold into slavery as a child

• Wrote comparing colonies’ relationship with England to that of slavery

Important documents from period 3

• George Washington’s Farewell Address• Warned of foreign alliances • Warned against political parties