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Period 5 – Part 2
Period 5 – Part 2
Abraham Lincoln Elected President – Nov. 1860 – promised
free soil – no slavery expansion
South Carolina – secedes – 12/20/1860
Confederate States of America – 7 slave states started a new
country by February 1861
Jefferson Davis selected as president
Lincoln Elected, States Secede
Feb. 4, 1861– Confederacy formed
Confederates begin taking over forts, government buildings
Fort Sumter – one of 4 forts on Confederate Soil as of Lincoln’s
inauguration day
Confederate Takeovers
Evacuate fort – risk acknowledging Confederacy as a
legitimate nation
Attack Charleston Harbor and assert self risk making more
slave states leave union
Lincoln’s Choices at Fort Sumter
Confederate President Jefferson Davis – orders attack of Fort
Sumter– April 12, 1861
Confederates take fort
Confederate attack unites north; military enlistments surge; War!
Fort Sumter – Confederacy Attacks
4 April 1861 – Virginia Convention votes to stay in Union
17 April 1861- after Fort Sumter – Virginia secedes -
unwilling to fight southern states
Major blow to Union
Virginia – most populated & industrialized southern state
Virginia Secession
By May – Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee join Virginia
Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky (4 remaining slave
states) stay in Union
Eleven Confederate States
Western Counties of Virginia were Anti-Slavery; SECEDED
FROM VIRGINIA
West Virginia admitted to Union - 1863
West Virginia
North – tremendous advantages – resources, industry,
people, food production, railroads
South – disadvantaged – but had cotton profits, first-rate
generals, home field advantage
Uneven Match
South expected a quick defensive war
North expected a quick offensive war
A Short, Glorious War
South’s Plan – Wear down the North at home; Attack
and invade the North if possible
North’s Anaconda Plan:
Use the navy to block the South’s coast from foreign
trade
Split the South into 2 by controlling Mississippi River
Capture Richmond, Virginia (Confederate Capital)
Two Plans
Union army marching to Confederate Capital
Both inexperienced – back and forth fighting
Union retreated to DC
**confidence for the South
First Bull Run – 7/21/1861
Called for 800,000 volunteers for 3 years!
Appointed Gen. George McClellan to lead army – formed
Army of the Potomac (a risk averse General)
“All Quiet on the Potomac” –McClellan
Superb trainer, well-liked by men
Afraid to lose men
Suffered from bad intelligence
Lincoln’s Response to Bull Run
Confederate Response to Bull Run
Perhaps too much confidence – many deserted armies,
enlistments fell off – Generals Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee
Enlistments and Drafts
March 1863 – Union Congress passed Federal Conscription Law
Draft Riots; anti-black, urban; pejorative - $300 men
Bounties for joining
April 1862 – Confederate Conscription law
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Exemptions for owners of 20 or more slaves
Foreign Affairs Confederacy sought recognition and or support from
European Powers; Union sought to prevent this
Trent Affair – Nov. 8, 1861 – Union Warship captured British
mail ship transporting 2 CSA diplomats near Cuba; Lincoln
gave in to Brit demands to release captives – feared 2nd war
The Alabama – Confederate Commerce Raider – British built –
harassed Union ships throughout Civil War
Laird Rams – 2 Confederate warships being constructed in
1863 Britain; Britain never finished sale – Union pressure
Violation of the Monroe Doctrine
Napoleon III invaded Mexico during Civil War – clear
violation of Monroe Doctrine – Emperor Maximilian
Economics Confederates crashed; Union boomed
CSA – 4000% inflation; Union – 80% inflation
Union – National Banking System; CSA – no such thing
Union – Morril Tariff Act, Homestead Act of 1862
Union – benefitted from European needs for grain
CSA – suffered from lower European demand for cotton
Minie Ball (a more deadly bullet)
Rifles (more accurate than muskets)
Grenades and landmines
Use of Trench Warfare (later used in World War I)
Iron-clad ships
Union – 360,000 Dead, 275,00 wounded
Confederacy – 270,000 dead, 260,000 wounded
Weapons advance quickly; Medicine Does not
Forts Henry and Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant – Feb.
1862 – captured 2 Confederate Forts – on way to taking
Mississippi River
Union Armies in the West
6 April 1862 – Grant’s men camped near Shiloh (church)
in western Tennessee – ambushed
Grant reorganized and pushed confederates back
Deadly – 25,000 deaths; Confederate General Johnston killed
greater need for planning; possibility to split Confederacy
Battle of Shiloh – 6 April 1862
Union Admiral – David Farragut – led takeover of lower
Mississippi River w/ ironclad ships – May 1, 1862
Lower Mississippi
Spring 1862, - Anaconda plan almost in effect (blockade,
Mississippi R. almost taken)
US General George McClellan failed to capture Richmond
(confederate capital) – too cautious
June/July 1862 – General Robert E. Lee forced McClellan to
retreat
Cautious General McClellan
South won a decisive victory at Second Battle of Bull
Run – 8/29-30/1862; pushed North
McClellan forced confederate retreat at Battle of
Antietam – 9/17/1862– 26,000 casualties in one day –
bloodiest day in US history
South Pushed out of Maryland – turning point
Southern Victories, High Casualties
After Antietam – Lincoln issued Emancipation
Proclamation – freed slaves in areas in rebellion against
United States
Antietam – Turning Point
Lincoln maintained that his goal was to save Union, not
necessarily to free slaves (CSA used slave labor)
Emancipation Proclamation – freed all slaves, areas in
rebellion against US (1 January 1863)
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation – lessened chance Britain or France would
help Confederacy
Emancipation – Affects Foreign Affairs
Blacks were freed as Union Army advanced
By War’s end, 10% of Union Army was black (North was
only 1% black at time)
Blacks in the Union Army
Lincoln – suspended habeas corpus – court orders that
require a judge to determine if a jailed person’s
imprisonment is legal
Expansion of executive powers
Dealing with Dissent
Confederates won victories at Fredericksburg, VA (Dec.
1862), Chancellorsville, VA (May 1863)
Confederacy marches North
Confederates march to Gettysburg, PA July 1863
Confederates ambushed – reinforcements come for both sides
Confederates sent into retreat – Turning Point
Gettysburg – Turning Point
MEANWHILE… Vicksburg Mississippi fell to U.S. Grant – South
now divided at Mississippi River
Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address – November 1863 - emphasized
goal of preserving the Union, CAME OUT in favor of human
equality
Gettysburg and Vicksburg, July 1863
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Draft Riots
Andersonville Riots
Morale in the South began to collapse after Gettysburg and Vicksburg – many
southerners wanted end to war, some now fought for Union
The South Crumbles
March 1864 – Lincoln appointed U.S. Grant commander of Union armies – Grant
made William Tecumseh Sherman head of Mississippi Division
Grant and Sherman waged Total War
Grant and Sherman
Sherman burned Atlanta (Fall 1864); went north on a path of destruction in Spring
1865
Surrender at Appomattox - Confederates under Robert E. Lee surrendered to
Union under Ulysses S. Grant (9 April 1865)
Sherman’s Path of Destruction
Lincoln ordered for generous terms of surrender at Appomattox
Lincoln assassinated on 14 April 1865
Resistance collapsed within month of Appomattox
Civil War Ends (1865)
Ensured supreme authority of federal government
Saved the Union but at great cost (lives, money, and resources)
Reconstruction – period after Civil War – how do we deal with South, 4
million freed slaves?
Civil War – What it Meant
Aftermath
North won
South left in horrible shape
Slaves freed (13th amendment), blacks made citizens (14th
amendment) Black men given right to vote (15th amendment)
Key Concept 5.3 I-III – The Civil War changed
and destroyed a lot of things and society had
to attempt to rebuild Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested
Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
I. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
II. The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns.
III. The constitutional changes of the Reconstruction period embodied a Northern idea of American identity and national purpose and led to conflicts over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding therights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
Reconstruction (1865-77) and its Effects
Reconstruction
• Period when U.S. began to rebuild after Civil War
• Also refers to process the federal gov’t used to readmit
the defeated Confederate states to Union.
Lincoln’s Plan
Ten percent plan
• Gov’t would pardon all Confederates except high ranking
officials and war criminals
• As soon as ten percent of those who had voted in 1860
took this oath of allegiance, a Confederate state could
form a new state government.
Radical Republicans Wanted to destroy political power of former slaveholders.
Wade-Davis Bill – 1864 -much stricter requirements for
readmission
wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and right
to vote.
Lincoln Assassinated
John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln – Fords theater – 15 April 1865
Andrew Johnson becomes President
Johnson’s Plan For Reconstruction
Excluded high-ranking Confederates, wealthy southern
landowners from oath needed to vote
Pardoned 13,000 former Confederates because he
believed “White men alone must manage the South.”
Johnson’s Plan (continued)
Congress refused to admit new Southern legislators.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave African Americans
citizenship, forbade passing discriminatory laws
Johnson vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Black Codes take hold in South
Congressional Reconstruction
Overrode the president’s vetoes of the Civil Rights Act
and Freedmen’s Bureau Act.
14th Amendment stopped states from denying rights and
privileges to any U.S. citizen - “all persons born or
naturalized in the United States”
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
• former Confederate states = 5 military districts.
• states required to give blacks right to vote and ratify 14th
amendment to reenter the Union.
• “Radical Regimes” emerge
African Americans in Reconstruction
First time holding office in local, state, and fed. gov’t.
Hiram Revels - first black Senator.
Gen. Sherman – promised former slaves who followed his
army 40 acres per family, use of army mules.
Johnson Impeached
Johnson’s removal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from
office, broke Tenure of Office Act.
House Impeached Johnson
Senate voted not to convict.
U.S. Grant Elected - 1868
9 out of 10 southern blacks voted for Grant (500,000 total).
15th Amendment, no voting restrictions based on “race color
or previous condition of servitude.”
Reconstructing Society
• Republican gov’ts began public works programs to repair
physical damage and provide social services.
Politics in the Postwar South
Scalawags - white Southerners who joined the Republican Party.
Carpetbaggers - Northerners who moved to South after war for
profit
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
Founded their own churches.
First public schools established by Reconstruction governments.
Universities for blacks
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Sharecropping
Landowners divide their land and assigned each head of
household a few acres, along with seed and tools.
Opposition To Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
Southern vigilante group. Goal to destroy Republicans
Throw out the Reconstruction governments.
Prevent African Americans from exercising rights.
Support for Reconstruction Fades
Panic of 1873
bank failures - 5 year depression.
Election of 1876 – troops removed from South
Democrats “Redeem” the South
Election 1876, Democrat Samuel Tilden won popular vote
but was one vote short of electoral victory.
Southern Democrats in Congress agreed to accept Hayes if
federal troops were withdrawn from the South.
Election of 1876
