PERIOD 7

1890-1945

2/6/2015

An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound

domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of

government activism, and sought to define its

international role

• Key Concept 7.3:

• Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world, while simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international military, political, cultural, and economic position

I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late 19th century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific

Becoming A World Power:America Claims an Empire

Chapter 20

Objectives Students will be able to:

1. Define

• Industrial revolution• Colonialism• Imperialism

2. Explain the relationship between the Industrial revolution and Imperialism

• The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to the Continent and then the USA

– Gross National Product (GNP)

• USA has been the most powerful country in the world ______________ since after the Civil War

• ___________________in the late 19th century, ___________, and an ____________ work force enabled us to gain this position

In 1890, the USA lagged behind in ______________________

• Imperialism –

• Colonialism –

• The British Empire: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, India, Bermuda, The Bahamas, Jamaica, Belize

• The French Empire: French Indochina, French West Africa, Madagascar, Haiti and French Guiana

• The German Empire: Southwest Africa, East Africa, Indonesia, Suriname

A. The perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was “closed,” economic motives, competition with other European imperialist ventures of the time, and racial theories all furthered arguments that Americans were destined to expand their culture and norms to others, especially the nonwhite nations of the globe.

Causes *Growth of Imperialism in Europe and Asia*Economic Factors*Nationalism*Military*Humanitarian Factors*Adventure/Pioneer Spirit

United States Expansion

Economic Factors

• _______________• _______________• US already had economic

interests abroad that they wanted protected

_______________

• Extreme Patriotism• Belief that your nation is the

best and other countries are inferior

Military• Military is superior and growing

stronger – why not use them?• Secure bases around the world

Humanitarian Factors

• _______________• __________________• ________________

Humanitarian Factors• ________________

–American culture is superior–We are obligated to share it–We can take over other

territories because we are ‘better’

Adventure• New Frontiers – Turner and

Roosevelt’s theory that Americans need new lands to conquer to keep the ‘pioneer spirit’ alive

Previous American Expansion• 1776 – 1830s: Bought land from France

and Spain• 1830 – 1850s: _______________

• Annexed Texas• Mexican American War

• 1867: Bought Alaska ($7.2M) & took Midway (uninhabited)

• 1875: Treaty with Hawaii for exclusive trade

• Strategically located in the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and China

• Americans traded there for decades• Christian missionaries reformed the

natives• American businessmen bought or

traded large tracts of land for sugar plantations

Hawaii• (1875) Agreements between USA and

King Kalakaua

• (1891) Queen Liliuokalani resisted American control

• (1893) _________ and ___________US marines took over the country and declared it an independent republic without permission of Congress

• President Grover Cleveland apologized and refused to annex Hawaii (Dole became president of Hawaii)

• (1898) President McKinley ordered Hawaii annexed and it became an American territory

• Hawaii became our 50th state in 1959

• Americans gradually accepted the idea of American Imperialism but assumed it would be done peacefully and at no expense to them

The Spanish American War

April, 1898 – December, 1898

____________________

B. The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories, an expanded economic and military presence in the Caribbean and Latin America, engagement in a protracted insurrection in the Philippines, and increased involvement in Asia.

Causes:

Review of the Monroe Doctrine

• Issued in 1823 by Monroe’s Secretary of State, _________________

• Stated that the USA would prevent any foreign intrusion in the __________ _______________

• In return, the USA would not interfere in European Affairs

Monroe Doctrine• In 1823, USA had no power to enforce it

– enforced it to keep markets open• did not want France & Spain re-colonizing areas

they lost

• USA built navy/marines by mid-century• Result was US control of the Western

Hemisphere• Remains the cornerstone for our foreign

policy in Latin America

Monroe Doctrine

• Examples:– 1821 Mexico became independent from Spain– USA would not allow Spain to recolonize it– French occupied Mexico during our Civil War– After 1865, USA supported the rebels that

overthrew the French

• (1891) USA successfully demanded reparations from Chile for the deaths of 2 American sailors

• (1893) USA prevented a revolt in Brazil

• (1895) USA arbitrated a border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela

• (1891) USA successfully demanded reparations from Chile for the deaths of 2 American sailors

• (1893) USA prevented a revolt in Brazil

• (1895) USA arbitrated a border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela

The Cuban Revolt

• Cubans wanted independent rule from Spain

• Revolt began in 1868 but they reached a truce 10 years later

• Revolt began again in 1895• Spain was not interested in a truce

The Cuban Revolt• Spain sent their military

________________to forcefully deal with the insurrection

• Cubans were placed in concentration camps, where over ____________ died of disease and malnutrition (out of ______________population)

The Cuban Revolt• USA refused to get involved

• US businessmen urged a military response, but Presidents Cleveland and McKinley refused

Yellow Journalism

• Competition between the 2 papers led to spectacular headlines and a loose concern for the truth

• Possibility of war increased circulation for both of them

_________________• Name came from a British song –

“We don’t want to fight, yet By Jingo!.....”

• Term came to represent national pride that was expressed as contempt for inferior nations

• ______________

“Spark”

• Cuban unrest was still threatening US citizens and property

• President McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to Havana Harbor for protection

• World and Journal demanded war

Spanish American War• President McKinley gave Spain one last

ultimatum

• Spain refused to grant Cuban independence

• USA declared war on Spain in April, 1898

• War would take place in the Spanish colonies

Spanish American War• The Philippines

–Before the planned attack on Cuba took place, Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the Spanish Pacific Fleet

–Aided by the Filipinos–Complete and total victory over

the Spanish in Manila Bay

Spanish American War• Cuba

–American navy destroyed their Atlantic Fleet at Santiago

–led the attack in Cuba

Spanish American War• Puerto Rico

–American navy bombarded San Juan

–US troops landed in July but met little resistance

Spanish American War• Victory was assured by July

• Official treaty was signed in December, 1898

Results of the Spanish American War

1.

2.

Results of the Spanish American War

3.

4.

5.

• (1898 – 1902) Cuba under military rule• Cuba drafted a constitution similar to

the US Constitution• ________________was attached to

Cuban Constitution

• _________________– Cuba became an American protectorate– Cuba could not sign any treaties with

foreign countries without US approval– Cuba would lease land to the USA for

naval bases• USA intervened in Cuba several times• In effect until 1934

Puerto Rico• Foraker Act in 1900 removed military

control• Became US territory• • Became Commonwealth in 1952• Representatives to Congress but they

can not vote• Statehood could be imminent

• “When I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess that I did not know what to do with them..I walked the halls of the White House night after night….and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance…And one night, it came to me this way…

–1. that we could not give them back to Spain, that would be cowardly and dishonest

–2. that we could not turn them over to France or Germany..that would be bad business and discreditable

–3. that we could not leave them to themselves..they were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s war

–4. that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellow men for whom Christ also died

Filipino Insurrection• Filipinos fought with the USA against

Spain in 1898

Filipino Insurrection

• Filipino losses were staggering

On March 7, 1906, US troops under the command of Major General Leonard Wood massacred as many as 1,000 Filipino Muslims, known as Moros, who were taking refuge at Bud Dajo, a volcanic crater on the island of Jolo in the southern Philippines. US soldiers pose for the camera in the aftermath of the massacre. (Photo from The National Archive)

The Philippines

• The Philippines would remain under American control until ____________

• The USA sent billions of dollars in economic aid until the 1990s

• USA was asked to give up Clark Air Force Base – still maintained a force of approximately 15,000 people there

• June 1991 – _________________

________________• 1899

– Divided between Great Britain, Germany and USA

– Great Britain withdrew

– Germany lost all colonies/territories in WWI

_________________• 1899

– Unoccupied _____________

– Located halfway between Hawaii and the Philippines

_________________• Did citizenship follow the flag? Were

occupants of US territories automatically US citizens, entitled to all rights of the Constitution

• Series of Supreme Court cases known as Insular Cases– Decision that the right to determine status,

including citizenship, resided with Congress

China–Chinese products included

silk and spices

–Huge population meant new markets for manufactured goods

‘_______________’

• Russia, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, and France all controlled major Chinese ports

• USA sent Open Door notes in 1899 and later in 1908 to insure open trade in China

China• (1900) __________________resulted

in the deaths of 300 foreigners• Rebellion was put down (brutally) by

Chinese and European troops• USA did not want the European

countries to use that as an excuse to obtain complete control in China

• Insisted on “___________________”

• Within a period of 10 years the USA had become a world power

• While proving we had economic power decades earlier, we now proved that we had military and political power as well

A New Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy after the Spanish-American War

Big Stick Diplomacy

PanamaCanal

DollarDiplomacy

Moral Diplomacy

Encouraged Revolution in Columbia

Leased Canal Zone from Panama

Influenced relations in L. America

US Navy used to back diplomacy

Open Door in China & stability in L. America

Economic assistance

USA in Mexico for

moral reasons

USA backs a stable

government

Panama Canal

• Voyage from New York to San Francisco around Cape Horn – approximately 15,000 miles– dangerous

• Railroad route across Central America was unreliable and slow

• Land routes were dangerous due to rugged terrain and disease

Panama Canal

• Shortest route was through the Panama area of Columbia

• _______________• Leased right of way to the French • French attempted but failed to build a

canal• Offered the lease to the Americans

Panama Canal

• President Roosevelt tried to negotiate a treaty with Columbia

Panama Canal

• USA began construction in 1906• Spread of disease was limited because of

isolation of victims and destruction of mosquito's habitat

Panama Canal

• The Panama Canal officially opened in 1914

• It remained an American territory until 1977

• Gradually control was turned over to the Panamanians

• Completed on December 31, 1999

“___________________”

• President Roosevelt added a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• USA would become an international police force

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Big stick was • Invaded and occupied many nations in the

19th & 20th centuries

_________________

• Taft• Financial support to regimes that

supported the USA government and industry– Protect US financial interest with the

military if necessary

“…United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad. “ William Howard Taft

________________• Wilson

– condemn – spread – stay out of foreign affairs– reverse previous mistakes

• The Philippines – Jones Act 0f 1916 – Granted territorial status and step toward future

independence• Puerto Rico – Jones Act of 1917

– Puerto Ricans became naturalized citizens, granted by Congress, not the Constitution. They do not have full rights. (Amended in 1940 to full citizenship)

• Panama Canal – ended free tolls for American companies

Mexico• Experienced many revolts between the

1820’s and the 1930’s• The USA generally did not interfere until

1911, when President Diaz was overthrown

• A dictator, Huertes took control of the country

• President Wilson felt it was our moral responsibility to support his opposition

Foreign Policy - Mexico:– Background

– (1810 – 1866) Conflicts with Spanish, French, and their own governments – power changed hands several times

– (1876 – 1911) President Porfirio Diaz assumed power

– *repressive regime

– *increased industrial strength and foreign investment

– *

Madero – Wealthy landowner that ran for office and lost – started the Mexican Revolution that toppled Diaz; Madera became President.

Victoriano Huerta and others overthrew Madera in a coupe 1913

Rebel leaders Venustiano Carranza, Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Alvaro Obregon continued to fight

Zapata – Native American Revolutionary in the south

Mexico:

US Intervention (1913-1914)

Wilson refused to recognize Huerta

Tampico Incident – US sailors from the USS Dolphin were arrested in the port of Tampico and released unharmed. Infuriated Americans.

Germany sent an arms supply to Mexico to aid Huerta; ____________________________

Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) organized a proposal for a provisional government and Huerta was ousted in 1914.

• Mexico:

– Revolution Winds Down – 1915

– After Huerta fled, Villa and Zapata controlled 2/3 of Mexico

– Venustiano Carranza returned to Mexico and became “1st Chief”

– The US recognized Carranza

Mexico:

10 civilians, 8 soldiers died; town was destroyed; 100 Mexicans died

General Pershing entered Mexico to apprehend Villa

After searching for almost a year, Wilson recalled him.

• Mexico:

– 1916 - V. Carranza called a constitutional convention and re-organized the government

– Called for placing public welfare above individual interests

–

– 1917 – received Zimmerman Note from Germany

Moralistic Diplomacy Failures

– – invaded & occupied for 19 years; 10,000 Haitians died resisting (1915-1934)

• USA sent navy to Haiti 26 times between 1849 and 1913

– – invaded and occupied for 8 years (1916-1924)

– – Chasing Pancho Villa (1917)– – could not maintain a

biased neutrality

Debating America’s New Role

C. Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists.

Anti-Imperialism

Arguments:

America’s New Role – Imperialism Viewed from Abroad• Countries began to depend on the USA for

military and economic assistance• “Yankee go home” became a familiar refrain,

particularly in Latin America• The same issues that arose in 1900 still

plague us today– What right do we have to interfere in foreign

nations– What responsibilities do we have toward foreign

nations

The End!