Introduction to Introduction to the Periodic Tablethe Periodic Table

Atomic Number ● Symbol ● Atomic WeightAtomic Number ● Symbol ● Atomic Weight

Element ● Compound ● MixtureElement ● Compound ● Mixture

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MDU 11

I am Dmitri Mendeleev!I am Dmitri Mendeleev!

I made the PERIODIC TABLE !I made the PERIODIC TABLE !22

What is the PERIODIC What is the PERIODIC TABLE?TABLE?

o Shows all known Shows all known elements in the elements in the universe.universe.

o Organizes the Organizes the elements by chemical elements by chemical properties.properties.

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How do you read the How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?PERIODIC TABLE?

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What is the SYMBOL?What is the SYMBOL?

o An abbreviation An abbreviation of the element of the element name.name.

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How do I find the number of How do I find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element using the periodic in an element using the periodic

table?table?

o # of PROTONS# of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER= ATOMIC NUMBER

o # of ELECTRONS# of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER= ATOMIC NUMBER

o # of NEUTRONS# of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC= ATOMIC _ ATOMIC WEIGHT WEIGHT NUMBERNUMBER

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Now you are almost as smart Now you are almost as smart as I am!as I am!

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Atomic NumberAtomic Number

This refers to how This refers to how many protons an many protons an atom of that atom of that element has.element has.

No two elements, No two elements, have the same have the same number of number of protons.protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model99

Atomic MassAtomic Mass Atomic Mass refers Atomic Mass refers

to the “weight” of to the “weight” of the atom.the atom.

It is derived at by It is derived at by adding the number adding the number of protons with the of protons with the number of number of neutrons. neutrons. H

This is a helium atom. Its atomic mass is 4

(protons plus neutrons).

What is its atomic number?

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View CD-ROM Atoms and Elements View CD-ROM Atoms and Elements

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Atomic Mass and IsotopesAtomic Mass and Isotopes While most atoms have While most atoms have

the same number of the same number of protons and neutrons, protons and neutrons, some don’t.some don’t.

Some atoms have more Some atoms have more or less neutrons than or less neutrons than protons. These are protons. These are called isotopes. called isotopes.

An atomic mass number An atomic mass number with a decimal is the with a decimal is the total of the number of total of the number of protons plus the protons plus the averageaverage number of neutrons.number of neutrons.

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Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

The number of valence The number of valence electrons an atom has electrons an atom has may also appear in a may also appear in a square.square.

Valence electrons are Valence electrons are the electrons in the the electrons in the outer energy level of an outer energy level of an atom.atom.

These are the electrons These are the electrons that are transferred or that are transferred or shared when atoms shared when atoms bond together.bond together.

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Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

Metals are good Metals are good conductors of heat and conductors of heat and electricity.electricity.

Metals are shiny.Metals are shiny. Metals are ductile (can be Metals are ductile (can be

stretched into thin wires).stretched into thin wires). Metals are malleable (can Metals are malleable (can

be pounded into thin be pounded into thin sheets).sheets).

A chemical property of A chemical property of metal is its reaction with metal is its reaction with water which results in water which results in corrosion.corrosion.

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Properties of Non-MetalsProperties of Non-Metals Non-metals are poor Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat conductors of heat and electricity.and electricity.

Non-metals are not Non-metals are not ductile or malleable.ductile or malleable.

Solid non-metals are Solid non-metals are brittle and break brittle and break easily.easily.

They are dull.They are dull. Many non-metals are Many non-metals are

gases.gases.

Sulfur1616

Properties of MetalloidsProperties of Metalloids

Metalloids (metal-like) Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both have properties of both metals and non-metals.metals and non-metals.

They are solids that They are solids that can be shiny or dull.can be shiny or dull.

They conduct heat and They conduct heat and electricity better than electricity better than non-metals but not as non-metals but not as well as metals.well as metals.

They are ductile and They are ductile and malleable.malleable.

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Families PeriodsFamilies Periods Columns of elements are Columns of elements are

called groups or families. called groups or families. Elements in each family have Elements in each family have

similar but not identical similar but not identical properties.properties.

For example, lithium (Li), For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.metals.

All elements in a family have All elements in a family have the same number of valence the same number of valence electrons.electrons.

Each horizontal row of Each horizontal row of elements is called a elements is called a period.period.

The elements in a period The elements in a period are not alike in properties.are not alike in properties.

In fact, the properties In fact, the properties change greatly across change greatly across even given row.even given row.

The first element in a The first element in a period is always an period is always an extremely active solid. The extremely active solid. The last element in a period, is last element in a period, is always an inactive gas.always an inactive gas.

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HydrogenHydrogen

The hydrogen square sits atop The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, but it is not a member of Family AI, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.its own.

It’s a gas at room temperature.It’s a gas at room temperature. It has one proton and one electron in It has one proton and one electron in

its one and only energy level.its one and only energy level. Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to

fill up its valence shell.fill up its valence shell.3333

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

The alkali family is found The alkali family is found in the first column of the in the first column of the periodic table.periodic table.

Atoms of the alkali metals Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in have a single electron in their outermost level, in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence other words, 1 valence electron.electron.

They are shiny, have the They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.are easily cut with a knife.

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Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals They are the most They are the most

reactive metals.reactive metals. They react They react

violently with violently with water.water.

Alkali metals are Alkali metals are never found as free never found as free elements in nature. elements in nature. They are always They are always bonded with bonded with another element.another element.

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What does it mean to be What does it mean to be reactive?reactive?

We will be describing elements according to their We will be describing elements according to their reactivity. reactivity.

Elements that are reactive bond easily with other Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to make compounds.elements to make compounds.

Some elements are only found in nature bonded Some elements are only found in nature bonded with other elements. with other elements.

What makes an element reactive?What makes an element reactive?– An incomplete valence electron level.An incomplete valence electron level.– All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in

their very outermost energy level (This is called the rule their very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)of octet.)

– Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.bonding.

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Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals They are never found uncombined in nature.They are never found uncombined in nature. They have two valence electrons.They have two valence electrons. Alkaline earth metals include magnesium Alkaline earth metals include magnesium

and calcium, among others.and calcium, among others.

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Transition MetalsTransition Metals Transition Elements Transition Elements

include those include those elements in the B elements in the B families.families.

These are the metals These are the metals you are probably most you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.and silver.

They are good They are good conductors of heat conductors of heat and electricity.and electricity.

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Transition MetalsTransition Metals

The compounds of transition metals are usually The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly colored and are often used to color paints.brightly colored and are often used to color paints.

Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when they form bonds with other which they lose when they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons in their next-to-outermost level.electrons in their next-to-outermost level.

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Transition ElementsTransition Elements Transition elementsTransition elements have properties have properties

similar to one another and to other similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family. in with those of any other family.

Many transition metals combine Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides. compounds called oxides.

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Boron FamilyBoron Family

The Boron Family is The Boron Family is named after the first named after the first element in the family.element in the family.

Atoms in this family have Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons.3 valence electrons.

This family includes a This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals.rest are metals.

This family includes the This family includes the most abundant metal in most abundant metal in the earth’s crust the earth’s crust (aluminum).(aluminum).

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Carbon FamilyCarbon Family

Atoms of this family have 4 Atoms of this family have 4 valence electrons.valence electrons.

This family includes a non-This family includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals.and metals.

The element carbon is called The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There is an the “basis of life.” There is an entire branch of chemistry entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon devoted to carbon compounds called organic compounds called organic chemistry.chemistry.

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Nitrogen FamilyNitrogen Family

The nitrogen family is named The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.up 78% of our atmosphere.

This family includes non-This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals, metalloids, and metals.metals.

Atoms in the nitrogen family Atoms in the nitrogen family have 5 valence electrons. have 5 valence electrons. They tend to share electrons They tend to share electrons when they bond.when they bond.

Other elements in this family Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic, are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.antimony, and bismuth.

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Oxygen FamilyOxygen Family

Atoms of this family have Atoms of this family have 6 valence electrons.6 valence electrons.

Most elements in this Most elements in this family share electrons family share electrons when forming compounds.when forming compounds.

Oxygen is the most Oxygen is the most abundant element in the abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is earth’s crust. It is extremely active and extremely active and combines with almost all combines with almost all elements.elements.

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Halogen FamilyHalogen Family

The elements in this family The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Halogens have 7 valence Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains why electrons, which explains why they are the most active non-they are the most active non-metals. They are never found metals. They are never found free in nature.free in nature.

Halogen atoms only need to

gain 1 electron to fill their outermost

energy level.They react with alkali

metals to form salts.

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Noble GasesNoble Gases

Noble GasesNoble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive. are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive. One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are

inactive because their outermost energy level is full. inactive because their outermost energy level is full. Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form

compounds, the noble gases are called inert.compounds, the noble gases are called inert. The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon,

and radon. and radon. All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's

atmosphere. atmosphere.

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Rare Earth ElementsRare Earth Elements

The thirty rare earth The thirty rare earth elements are elements are composed of the composed of the lanthanide and lanthanide and actinide series.actinide series.

One element of the One element of the lanthanide series and lanthanide series and most of the elements most of the elements in the actinide series in the actinide series are called trans-are called trans-uranium, which means uranium, which means synthetic or man-synthetic or man-made.made.

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MendeleevMendeleev

In 1869,In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeléev created the first Mendeléev created the first accepted version of the periodic accepted version of the periodic table. table.

He grouped elements according to He grouped elements according to their atomic mass, and as he did, their atomic mass, and as he did, he found that the families had he found that the families had similar chemical properties.  similar chemical properties. 

Blank spaces were left open to Blank spaces were left open to add the new elements he add the new elements he predicted would occur.  predicted would occur. 

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MatterMatter All matter is composed of atoms and All matter is composed of atoms and

groups of atoms bonded together, called groups of atoms bonded together, called molecules.molecules.– Substances that are made from one type of Substances that are made from one type of

atom only are called pure substances.atom only are called pure substances.– Substances that are made from more than one Substances that are made from more than one

type of atom bonded together are called type of atom bonded together are called compounds.compounds.

– Compounds that are combined physically, but Compounds that are combined physically, but not chemically, are called mixturesnot chemically, are called mixtures..

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Elements, Compounds, Elements, Compounds, MixturesMixtures

Sodium is an element.Sodium is an element. Chlorine is an Chlorine is an

element.element. When sodium and When sodium and

chlorine bond they chlorine bond they make the compound make the compound sodium chloride, sodium chloride, commonly known as commonly known as table salt.table salt.

Compounds have different properties than the elements

that make them up.Table salt has different

properties than sodium, an explosive metal, and chlorine, a

poisonous gas.

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Elements, Compounds, Elements, Compounds, MixturesMixtures

Hydrogen is an element.Hydrogen is an element. Oxygen is an element.Oxygen is an element. When hydrogen and When hydrogen and

oxygen bond they make oxygen bond they make the compound water.the compound water.

When salt and water are When salt and water are combined, a mixture is combined, a mixture is created. Compounds in created. Compounds in mixtures retain their mixtures retain their individual properties.individual properties. The ocean

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Elements, compounds, and Elements, compounds, and mixturesmixtures

Mixtures can be separated by physical Mixtures can be separated by physical means.means.

Compounds can only be separated by Compounds can only be separated by chemical means.chemical means.

Elements are pure substances. When the Elements are pure substances. When the subatomic particles of an element are subatomic particles of an element are separated from its atom, it no longer separated from its atom, it no longer retains the properties of that element.retains the properties of that element.

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What is an ELEMENT?What is an ELEMENT?o A substance A substance

composed of a composed of a single kind of single kind of atom.atom.

o Cannot be broken Cannot be broken down into another down into another substance by substance by chemical or chemical or physical means.physical means.

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What is a COMPOUND?What is a COMPOUND?

o A substance in A substance in which two or which two or more different more different elements are elements are CHEMICALLY CHEMICALLY bonded bonded together.together.

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What is a MIXTURE?What is a MIXTURE?

o Two or more Two or more substances that substances that are mixed are mixed together but together but are NOT are NOT chemically chemically bonded.bonded.

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?Mixture?

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You are still not as You are still not as handsome as the great handsome as the great

Mendeleev!Mendeleev!

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Thanking you