PERIODISATION OF PERIODISATION OF MULTI-YEAR TRAINING MULTI-YEAR TRAINING [MYT/LTAD] OF YOUNG [MYT/LTAD] OF YOUNG

SWIMMERSSWIMMERS

A.R.Vorontsov A.R.Vorontsov PhD, ASA, BSCTA, PhD, ASA, BSCTA,

Russian State Academy of Physical Education Russian State Academy of Physical Education

© A. R. Vorontsov, last upgrade - 2005

Prime Objectives of MYT/LTAD:

To maximize physical growth and functional To maximize physical growth and functional development of juvenile athletes before the development of juvenile athletes before the age of full biological maturityage of full biological maturity

To form a body build and composition To form a body build and composition matching to specific requirements of sport matching to specific requirements of sport swimmingswimming

To develop specific structure of swimming To develop specific structure of swimming abilitiesabilities

To learn specific competitive skills and To learn specific competitive skills and variety of training skills.variety of training skills. development development

of personalityof personalityand motivation !!!and motivation !!!

++

17-18-199 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-19-20

Growth and Development

Growth and Development

LTAD/MYT ♂

LTAD/MYT ♀

Framework of MYT/LTAD superimposed onprocess of Growth and Development

Programmes of MYT/LTAD should incorporate Programmes of MYT/LTAD should incorporate the models of development describing:the models of development describing: Rate of the growth and development of functional Rate of the growth and development of functional and motor abilities at different ages and motor abilities at different ages Morphological & physiologicalMorphological & physiological differences differences between boys and girlsbetween boys and girls Effect of individual and gender differences in Effect of individual and gender differences in maturationmaturation Age periods of maximal response to different Age periods of maximal response to different types of training and workloads (sensitive periods)types of training and workloads (sensitive periods)

AGE BOUNDARIES OF MYT/LTAD AGE BOUNDARIES OF MYT/LTAD in swimming in swimming

Children may start swimming as early as at the age Children may start swimming as early as at the age 6-76-7 years. Future swimmers should learn basics of swimming years. Future swimmers should learn basics of swimming technique technique [1-2 years of preliminary preparation in [1-2 years of preliminary preparation in Learn-to-Swim program]. Optimal age to start – Learn-to-Swim program]. Optimal age to start – 8-98-9 years years

The optimal age to begin specialized training – The optimal age to begin specialized training – 9-109-10 years for girls and years for girls and 10-1110-11 years for boys years for boys

The age of first performance of the National Senior Standards in swimming – soon after young individuals

achieve full biological maturity =♀14-16/♂16-18 YO Age

The “age of peak performance” [APP] - for males is 20-22 years, and 18-20 years for females

PERIODISATION OF GROWTH AND PERIODISATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Late ChildhoodLate Childhood - - the age of 6-9 yearsthe age of 6-9 years

Slow growth. No significant differences in growth Slow growth. No significant differences in growth patterns and physical development between boys and girlspatterns and physical development between boys and girls

Pre-Pubescent Period Pre-Pubescent Period 8-11/12 years of age for girls/ 10-13 years for boys8-11/12 years of age for girls/ 10-13 years for boys

1st phase of Pubescent Period – 1st phase of Pubescent Period – PubertyPuberty 12-14 years of age for girls/13-16 for boys12-14 years of age for girls/13-16 for boys

22ndnd phase of Pubescent Period – phase of Pubescent Period –

Post-pubertyPost-puberty – –14-18/16-20 years14-18/16-20 years

Maximal rate of growth

Rapid maturation, +

fastest rate of gain of muscle

mass & strength

Completion of maturation, stunt

of the growth

Pre-pubescent period Pre-pubescent period (“hypophisial (“hypophisial

stage”)stage”):: Individual growth and development is Individual growth and development is

controlled by hGH. controlled by hGH. Growth acceleration Growth acceleration beginsbegins: : in girls in girls height spurtheight spurt occurs in occurs in average two years earlier than in boys average two years earlier than in boys (respectively at the age 11-12 (respectively at the age 11-12 ♀ and 13-14 and 13-14

yearsyears♂) ) peak of the weight increasepeak of the weight increase occurs 1-1.5 occurs 1-1.5

years after height spurt - years after height spurt - between 12-13 between 12-13 ♀ /14-15 years of age /14-15 years of age ♂]]

GROWTH SPURTGROWTH SPURT starts starts BEFORE onset of pubertyBEFORE onset of puberty It involves an increase of:It involves an increase of:Height, systolic volume, Height, systolic volume, cardiac output, VC, Vcardiac output, VC, VEE

Weight spurt marks the beginning of pubertyWeight spurt marks the beginning of puberty

Rapid rise in production of sex hormones Rapid rise in production of sex hormones accelerates the growth of muscle mass, accelerates the growth of muscle mass, increases secretion of adrenaline/nor-increases secretion of adrenaline/nor-adrenaline and glycogen stores adrenaline and glycogen stores Peak of increase of maximal powerPeak of increase of maximal power and other and other strength abilities - 1-2 years after peak gain of strength abilities - 1-2 years after peak gain of body mass (at the age of 13-15 girls/15-17 years body mass (at the age of 13-15 girls/15-17 years - boys)- boys) An optimal biological background for An optimal biological background for development of anaerobic energy system, development of anaerobic energy system, maximal power, specific muscular endurance, maximal power, specific muscular endurance, and speed-strength abilitiesand speed-strength abilities

Pubescent period (puberty)Pubescent period (puberty) – “ – “gonadial” gonadial” stage - stage - rapid maturation controlled by sex hormonesrapid maturation controlled by sex hormones

Beginning - in girls at 11-12 years Beginning - in girls at 11-12 years Me+ at the age of 13/14 Me+ at the age of 13/14 Establishing of regular menstrual cycle - at the Establishing of regular menstrual cycle - at the age 14.5-15 years (12-18 month after Me+)age 14.5-15 years (12-18 month after Me+) Short growth spurt is altering by rapid Short growth spurt is altering by rapid deceleration of growth caused by action of deceleration of growth caused by action of estrogens: estrogens:

1) closing of growth zones in tubular bones 1) closing of growth zones in tubular bones

2) fat accumulation2) fat accumulation

GIRLS

Pubescent period (puberty)Pubescent period (puberty) – – gonadial stage - gonadial stage - rapid maturation controlled by sex hormonesrapid maturation controlled by sex hormones

Up to the age of Me+ girl achieves 97-98% Up to the age of Me+ girl achieves 97-98%

of adult height and muscle mass of adult height and muscle mass Establishing of regular Me cycleEstablishing of regular Me cycle means for means for

girl girl the end of her natural growth and the end of her natural growth and

motor developmentmotor development

Further increase of motor abilities and Further increase of motor abilities and

performance – only due to the training !!!performance – only due to the training !!!

In boys acceleration of the growth starts In boys acceleration of the growth starts later but lasts longer then in girls with later but lasts longer then in girls with greater growth rategreater growth rate Peak annual increase of weight and Peak annual increase of weight and muscle mass - between 14-15 years of agemuscle mass - between 14-15 years of agePeak of increase of maximal force and Peak of increase of maximal force and majority of strength abilities - at the age of majority of strength abilities - at the age of 15-17 years15-17 years

BOYS

Pubescent period (puberty)Pubescent period (puberty) – – gonadial stage - gonadial stage - rapid maturation controlled by sex hormonesrapid maturation controlled by sex hormones

Post-Pubescent periodPost-Pubescent period – deceleration of growth – deceleration of growth and achieving of full maturity and achieving of full maturity Maximal difference between males and females in Maximal difference between males and females in physical development is establishedphysical development is established

Gender Dimorphysm:Gender Dimorphysm: Males continue growth and development, although at Males continue growth and development, although at decelerating rate, up to 20-22 years of agedecelerating rate, up to 20-22 years of age They surpass females in height, weight, muscle mass, motor They surpass females in height, weight, muscle mass, motor abilities, aerobic and anaerobic powerabilities, aerobic and anaerobic power Females may have better extensive endurance, buoyancy and Females may have better extensive endurance, buoyancy and flexibility, but have more body fatflexibility, but have more body fat After the age of 15-16 females, if are not trained, lose After the age of 15-16 females, if are not trained, lose significant amount of aerobic and anaerobic capabilities and significant amount of aerobic and anaerobic capabilities and strengthstrength

Boy-swimmers aged 11-13(Pre-pubescent!)years may be inferior to girl-swimmers of the same age (pubescent!) in height, weight, VO2 max, but still superior in pulling force at V=0. After growth spurt boys are taller, heavier, have higher aerobic power than girls

Vorontsov, Chebotareva, Solomatin, 1986, 1989

Boy-swimmers aged 11-13(Pre-pubescent!)years may be inferior to girl-swimmers of the same age (pubescent!) in height, weight, VO2 max, but still superior in pulling force at V=0. After growth spurt boys are taller, heavier, have higher aerobic power than girls

Vorontsov, Chebotareva, Solomatin, 1986, 1989

Particularities of LTAD for girl-swimmers:

Girls enter the puberty earlier and are more mature than boys at every age between 11 and 16 years

They need more volume and intensity at every age than boys (“Break-point volume” – 2100-2400 km - at the age of 13-14 years)

Before 13-14 years of age - focus on specific, functional strength and core body strength, after 14-16 maximal strength, power and speed-strength

After puberty the volume of strength training for girls may be 20-25% higher than for boys

Weight control + diet = better body composition

FAST TRACK FOR GIRLS-FAST TRACK FOR GIRLS-SWIMMERS SPECIALISED IN SWIMMERS SPECIALISED IN

BREASTSTROKEBREASTSTROKE

Many female Olympic and World Champs Many female Olympic and World Champs winners and finalist in 200 m Breaststroke event - winners and finalist in 200 m Breaststroke event - girls aged 14-16 yearsgirls aged 14-16 years Yuliya Bogdanova won 100-200 BR at World Champ in 1978 at the age of 13. At the age of 15 she won bronze medal at Moscow Olympics 1980. M.Koshevaya - Olympic Champ at the age of 16 (1976) More recently – Mirna Jukic, Liesel Jones (2000)

Strong possibility for the “fast track” exists in Strong possibility for the “fast track” exists in female BR. Girls may start specialization in BR at female BR. Girls may start specialization in BR at the age 11-12the age 11-12

Average Chronological Borders Average Chronological Borders

of the periods are conditional (of the periods are conditional (++1-2(3) years)1-2(3) years) Biological age is one of the major Biological age is one of the major

criteria of individual’s criteria of individual’s

readiness to different types readiness to different types

of endurance and strength trainingof endurance and strength training

and predictor of swimming and predictor of swimming

performanceperformance

Individual variations in maturity result in Individual variations in maturity result in variations in motor abilities and performancevariations in motor abilities and performance

The human growth follows a predictable course The human growth follows a predictable course all individuals all individuals pass through the same stages pass through the same stages

Each individual has Each individual has a unique growth pattern in a unique growth pattern in respects to duration of each stage and growth raterespects to duration of each stage and growth rate

Pubescent boys and girls of the same age Pubescent boys and girls of the same age demonstrate demonstrate notable individual variation in notable individual variation in growth rate and maturitygrowth rate and maturity

The greatest variation in maturity and motor The greatest variation in maturity and motor abilities: abilities: in girls - at the age of 11-13, in boys - 13-in girls - at the age of 11-13, in boys - 13-15 years15 years

Distribution of girls aged 13 and boys aged 14 Distribution of girls aged 13 and boys aged 14 years into the TYPES of MATURATION (%)years into the TYPES of MATURATION (%)

in “normal” population (schoolchildren)in “normal” population (schoolchildren)

TYPE of GIRLS BOYS Development (n=224) (n=218)

R - retardants 16.5 17.9 N - normotypes 57 56 A - accelerants 25.5 21.6 Transitional 1 4.5Due to performance based Due to performance based

selectionselection in sportin sport““EARLY DEVELOPERS” (A) EARLY DEVELOPERS” (A)

may compose may compose 50 to 80 %50 to 80 % of of young swimming young swimming

champions champions

Effect of biological age on motor development Effect of biological age on motor development and sport performanceand sport performance

Early Developers Early Developers [“A”][“A”] demonstrate demonstrate

higher levels of physical abilities and performance higher levels of physical abilities and performance

than their peers with Normal Maturity Levelthan their peers with Normal Maturity Level[“N”][“N”]

or Late Developers or Late Developers [“R”][“R”] ““SUPERIORITY” of early developers disappears to the age SUPERIORITY” of early developers disappears to the age

when their less mature mates achieve full maturity.when their less mature mates achieve full maturity.

Early growth spurt = early stop of the growth Early growth spurt = early stop of the growth

and developmentand development

50-80% of age-group champions “disappear” from 50-80% of age-group champions “disappear” from

sport horizon before the optimal age of top achievementssport horizon before the optimal age of top achievements

T y p e of M a t u r i t y Characteristics A (n= 4) N (n= 7) R (n=14) Difference Height, cm X 168.33 165.16 160.66 A>R p<0.05 +SD 4.50 5.45 5.74 Weight, kg X 55.33 52.51 44.80 A>R p<0.01 +SD 6.80 5.22 6.01 N>R p<0.05 PFLAND , N X 280.57 272.05 236.28 A>R p<0.01 +SD 10.98 23.22 28.52 N>R p<0.05 PF V=0, N X 151.21 135.34 134.36 A>R p<0.05 full stroke +SD 13.98 17.34 16.37 PF V=0, N X 136.51 123.97 110.74 A>R p<0.05 pull only +SD 7.54 5.49 17.05 PF V=0, N X 108.09 104.96 95.78 kick only +SD 10.78 8.72 13.23 Peak force, N X 128.09 133.28 115.25 A>R p<0.05 power setting "0"

+SD 13.92 12.74 11.46

Peak force, N X 70.07 67.72 57.72 A>R p<0.01 power setting "5"

+SD 5.88 10.97 6.76 N>R p<0.01

Peak force, N X 38.61 31.46 22.93 A>R p<0.001 power setting "9"

+SD 2.74 8.72 6.66 N>R p<0.05

Endurance Index X 18672 16715 15919 A>N p<0.01 3-min test, c.u. +SD 863 810 1465 A>R p<0.01

Differences in body build and strength abilities in girl-Differences in body build and strength abilities in girl-swimmers 13 years of age in respect to maturity levelswimmers 13 years of age in respect to maturity level

In pubescent girls the difference In pubescent girls the difference

in body build, power and strengthin body build, power and strength

may be explainedmay be explained

by difference in maturity levelby difference in maturity level

(similar results obtained for boys)(similar results obtained for boys)

(Vorontsov, Binevsky, Korobova, Filonov, 1998)(Vorontsov, Binevsky, Korobova, Filonov, 1998)

Participation at All time Top 100 in 100 Freestyle Age 17-18 (Boys)

Top 100 Age 17-18

2% 6% 11% 29%

2 swimmers 6 swimmers 11 Swimmers 29 Swimers

Top 100 Top 100 Top 100 Top 100 Age under 10 Age 11-12 Age 13-14 Age 15-16

Participation at All time Top 100 in 100 Freestyle Age 17-18 (Girls)

Top 100 Age 17-18

2% 13% 27% 45%

2 swimmers 13 swimers 27 swimmers 45 swimmers

Top 100 Top 100 Top 100 Top 100 Age under 10 Age 11-12 Age 13-14 Age 15-16

Sourse: USA Swimming TOP 100 statistics © Sokolovas, 1999

What are the reasons of high performances What are the reasons of high performances at early ages? at early ages?

50% - high anaerobic training volume48% - early biological maturation

2% - talent

Why do young champions disappear after Why do young champions disappear after high performances at early ages - ???high performances at early ages - ???

Due to insufficient skill development and low insufficient skill development and low volume of aerobic trainingvolume of aerobic training

© G.Sokolovas, US Swimming, 2002

THEORY THEORY OF “HORMONAL SCISSORS”OF “HORMONAL SCISSORS”

(“(“reproductive postponement state”) reproductive postponement state”)

This theory assumes that extensive This theory assumes that extensive aerobic training in pre-pubescent and aerobic training in pre-pubescent and pubescent athletes delays the onset of pubescent athletes delays the onset of puberty and thus benefits to growth puberty and thus benefits to growth

If we can do anything about that ?..

D. Adams, 1984; A. Rylov 1985

Theory of “hormonal scissors”

– During lengthy periods of stress the organism reduces total energy output in order to save an energy needed for coping stress and growth Reproductive system is cut from OReproductive system is cut from O22-supply first-supply first

Theory of “hormonal scissors”

– Extensive aerobic trainingExtensive aerobic training suppresses an suppresses an activity of gender glandsactivity of gender glands & promotes release of promotes release of “stress hormones”“stress hormones” (including hGH)hGH)

– These hormonal changes may slow down the These hormonal changes may slow down the process of maturation in pre-pubescent and process of maturation in pre-pubescent and pubescent individuals pubescent individuals

– Delayed puberty will results in longer somatic Delayed puberty will results in longer somatic growth and higher functional developmentgrowth and higher functional development

ST ET ST ETage of Me+ 14 yrs 9 m 13 yrs 4 m age of Me+ 14 yrs 9 m 13 yrs 4 m

Age Height cm Age Heart Rate beat/min12 160 156 12 217 19813 164 162* Me+ 13 211 197*14 168 164 14 206 197

Me+ 15 175.5* 166 15 201* 19716 176.5 166 16 201 196

ST ET ST ETAge 200 m Breaststroke 200 m IM

12 2.55.1 2.53.2 2.44.12 2.40.3013 2.42.82 2.36.03 Me+ 2.32.23 2.25.90

before Me+ 14 2.32.36 2.36.30 before Me+ 14 2.20.82 2.25.67 Me+ 15 2.32.26 2.39.82 Me+ 2.18.84 2.26.27

16 2.32.82 2.41.33 Gold 2.16.96* 2.24.6317 2.31.65

Effect of training & maturation on physical development and Effect of training & maturation on physical development and swimming performance in two girl-swimmers swimming performance in two girl-swimmers

(both born in February 1989, both started Specialized training at the age 12 years 7 month)

26 month9 month

EYOF2 gold

Swimming Swimming sessions Age Volume, km per week11.5-12.6 estimate 620 per season 3-5 sessions a week

12.7-13.5 1683 per season 6-8 sessions a week

13.6-14.5 2118 per season 9 sessions a week

14.6-15.5 2035/2331 per season 9 sessions a week

15.6-16.2 1154* *6.5 month 9 sessions a week

If Multi-Year Training can significantly modify the If Multi-Year Training can significantly modify the growth and development ? ? ?growth and development ? ? ?

Within genetic limits MYT definitely can modify Within genetic limits MYT definitely can modify the output of the growth and developmentthe output of the growth and development

Without purposeful MYT it would not be possible Without purposeful MYT it would not be possible to achieve full individual potential of the motor abilitiesto achieve full individual potential of the motor abilities

Without MYT it would be not possible to form highly Without MYT it would be not possible to form highly specific structure of abilities and specific performing skillsspecific structure of abilities and specific performing skills

The differences in physical and motor development of young swimmers and non-athletes result of both

selection (pre-training) and MYT

Surpass (in %) of boy swimmers over their peers non-athletes at the ages 11 and 18 years (Vorontsov, 1989)

Impact of MYT upon functional development

Differences between well Differences between well trained young swimmers trained young swimmers aged 16-17 years and their aged 16-17 years and their peers non-athletes in Vpeers non-athletes in VE maxE max, , VOVO2max 2max , La , La max max in standard in standard laboratory exercises = 40-laboratory exercises = 40-60% 60% (Timakova, 1985, Solomatin, 1988) (Timakova, 1985, Solomatin, 1988)

EFFECT OF MYT IN SWIMMING ON EFFECT OF MYT IN SWIMMING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (facts)RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (facts)

–… swimmers achieved greater lung volumes than either distance runners or control subjects

by developing physically by developing physically wider chests, containing an increased wider chests, containing an increased number of alveoli,number of alveoli, rather than alveoli rather than alveoli of increased size...of increased size...Armour J., Donnelly P.M., Bye P.T., 1993Armour J., Donnelly P.M., Bye P.T., 1993

Anthropometrical and functional Anthropometrical and functional

development of young swimmers development of young swimmers

should be seen as specific adaptive should be seen as specific adaptive

response to requirements of the aquatic response to requirements of the aquatic

training training (breathing restrictions, hyperventilation (breathing restrictions, hyperventilation

plus training volumeplus training volume

and intensity)and intensity)

What kind of training would beWhat kind of training would bemost efficient to maximize themost efficient to maximize the

outcome of the growth???outcome of the growth???

SKILL FOCUSED, PREDOMINANTLY SKILL FOCUSED, PREDOMINANTLY EXTENSIVE AEROBIC TRAINING AT EXTENSIVE AEROBIC TRAINING AT

EARLY EARLY STAGES OF MYT/LTAD IN SWIMMING STAGES OF MYT/LTAD IN SWIMMING

Aerobic energy systemAerobic energy system is the most is the most important for normal growth & development important for normal growth & development

and coping with stress and coping with stress ItIt matures earlier in individuals’ life matures earlier in individuals’ life

than anaerobic systemthan anaerobic system

Endurance training in swimming Endurance training in swimming before and during early pubertybefore and during early puberty

produces a greater produces a greater increase in size of the organs of increase in size of the organs of cardio-vascular & respiratory cardio-vascular & respiratory

systemsystem than training later in lifethan training later in life

Astrand, P. O. et al., 1963. Girl swimmers. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica,Supplement 147;

Eriksson, B. O., 1972. Physical training, oxygen supply and muscle metabolism in 11-13 year old boys.

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplement 384.

THEORY OF MOTOR-VISCERAL AND THEORY OF MOTOR-VISCERAL AND VISCERA-MOTOR REFLEXESVISCERA-MOTOR REFLEXES

(Mogendovich, 1961, 1963, Arshavsky, 1966,1968)(Mogendovich, 1961, 1963, Arshavsky, 1966,1968)

Hypothesis:Hypothesis:

Signals (neural impulses) from acting musclesSignals (neural impulses) from acting musclesto CNS and back - from CNS to acting musclesto CNS and back - from CNS to acting muscles

and internal organs help to establish and internal organs help to establish

specific relationship between muscle activity specific relationship between muscle activity and activity of functional systemsand activity of functional systems

The role of visceral-motor reflexes in facilitating of physical growth and development

In the process of training CNS establishes In the process of training CNS establishes specific “communication channels” specific “communication channels” between performing muscles and between performing muscles and cardiovascular, respiratory and other cardiovascular, respiratory and other systemssystems

CNS selects parameters of physiological CNS selects parameters of physiological response matching the level of specific response matching the level of specific motor performance, stores this motor performance, stores this information in memory and releases on information in memory and releases on demand (mechanism of conditional demand (mechanism of conditional reflexes)reflexes)

Aerobic training of moderate Aerobic training of moderate intensity intensity - results in larger size of heart, - results in larger size of heart, lungs, diameters of major blood lungs, diameters of major blood vessels, etc.vessels, etc.- harmonizes the work of - harmonizes the work of muscular system and cardio-muscular system and cardio-vascular and respiratory systemvascular and respiratory systemThe earlier “communication channels” The earlier “communication channels”

between motor apparatus and physiologicalbetween motor apparatus and physiologicalsystems will be established systems will be established

- the greater progress in growth and - the greater progress in growth and physical development may be achieved.physical development may be achieved.

EARLY PREDISPOSITION TO EARLY PREDISPOSITION TO AEROBIC TRAINING (facts)AEROBIC TRAINING (facts)

– VOVO2 2 max/kg body massmax/kg body mass is similar in age is similar in age

groupers and adults groupers and adults

– VOVO2 2 max/kg of muscle massmax/kg of muscle mass in pre- in pre-

pubescent children significantly higher than in pubescent children significantly higher than in adults (!!!) –adults (!!!) –

Particularities of cardio-vascular response to training of different intensity in children and adolescents

Before growth acceleration children are Before growth acceleration children are predisposed towards extensive aerobic training predisposed towards extensive aerobic training

of low intensityof low intensity

Maximal Maximal growth rate of heart, blood vessels,growth rate of heart, blood vessels, lungs lungs at the age of 13-15 years at the age of 13-15 years

in boys and 11-13 in girlsin boys and 11-13 in girlsIt’s the best time for development of intensiveIt’s the best time for development of intensive

aerobic endurance (VOaerobic endurance (VO2 max2 max) )

Development of anaerobic system in young swimmers

Possible reasons of lower anaerobic lactic Possible reasons of lower anaerobic lactic endurance in pre-pubescent childrenendurance in pre-pubescent children

low lactate abilitieslow lactate abilities ((glycogenglycogen stores in muscle and stores in muscle and rate of their rate of their mobilisation - adrenaline/mobilisation - adrenaline/ noradrenalinenoradrenaline/testosterone, lower concentration of MCT-1, /testosterone, lower concentration of MCT-1, MCT-4)MCT-4)

• low lactate tolerance (local fatiguelow lactate tolerance (local fatigue**) ) • protecting activity of the CNS (central protecting activity of the CNS (central fatiguefatigue**))• lack of training experience and specific lack of training experience and specific adaptationsadaptations * - Age groupers of 9-12 years usually stop intensive exercise long before exaustion

Reduced anaerobic abilities in pre-pubescent children

A 2- to 3-fold lower blood lactate concentrationA 2- to 3-fold lower blood lactate concentration after both sub-maximal and maximal exercise

in children compared with untrained and trained adults is consistent with lower anaerobic enzyme activity in children

(Eriksson, 1972; Williams, Armstrong, Kirby, 1990)

Base Excess (-BE) were found significantly lowerBase Excess (-BE) were found significantly lower in boys versus young adults and after

repeated super-maximal exercise (Ratel S, Duche P, Hennegrave A, Van Praagh E, Bedu M 2002)

Reduced anaerobic abilities in pre-pubescent children

Children have 3.5-fold lower LDH activity

(Eriksson et al., 1973; Boisseau N., Delamarche P.2000)

PFK 8.4 mmolgˉ¹min ˉ¹ – which is at least ½ adult value(LDH & PFK are rate-limiting enzymes of anaerobic glycolysis)

Lower LDH and PFK activity in children compared with adultsare partially accounted for reduced lactate generation capacity

Blood lactate after maximal swimming testBlood lactate after maximal swimming test 4x50 m4x50 m freestyle freestyle (rest 45”/30”/15”) (rest 45”/30”/15”) in

boy-swimmers 11-18 years of age (Solomatin, Vorontsov, Sidorov, 1990)

Age, years 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Lactate, mmol · l¯¹ X 7.1 8.3 9.1 9.2 12.0 12.2 14.6 14.3SD 2.0 2.7 2.4 2.7 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.7

Total time 4x50 m, s X 156.4 150.1 139.1 131.1 126.2 123.9 118.1 114.4SD 8.9 8.1 8.0 5.9 5.1 4.6 4.4 3.9

Lactate/t4x50 m X 0.045 0.055 0.065 0.070 0.095 0.098 0.124 0.125mmol· l̄ ¹ · s¯¹ SD 0.014 0.020 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027

Slow increase of lactic capacity and power from 11 to 14 years. 2 peaks – at the age of 14-15 and

16-17

Lactate values found in AG swimmersLactate values found in AG swimmersduring VOduring VO2 2 max assessment in swimming max assessment in swimming

step-teststep-test

Author AG Lactate, mmol/lAuthor AG Lactate, mmol/l Åstrand Åstrand ♀ 10-11 Lact= 10-11 Lact= 9.339.33 ++ 0.77 0.77

1963 1963 14-15 Lact=10.04 14-15 Lact=10.04 ++ 0.530.53

CunnCunniinghamngham♂ 10 Lact= 10 Lact= 9.009.00 ++ 2.90 2.90 1973 1973 14.9 Lact= 12.0614.9 Lact= 12.06 ++ 1.961.96

Namura Namura ♀ 10 Lact= 6.63 10 Lact= 6.63 ++ 1.86 1.86 1985 14 Lact= 1985 14 Lact= 8.068.06 ++ 2.782.78

Tendency Tendency of increasedof increased

lactate lactate productionproduction

with the agewith the ageat VOat VO2 max 2 max levellevel

LACTATE, AMMONIA AND CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS AFTER ANAEROBIC TRAINING

L.S. PRADO, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Constance

The study investigated the effects of 6 week The study investigated the effects of 6 week

specific anaerobic swimming training specific anaerobic swimming training

3x[4x25 m maximal sprints, 5 s between sprints3x[4x25 m maximal sprints, 5 s between sprints]

5 min rest between sets 5 min rest between sets 3 times per week3 times per weekon lactate, ammonia and catecholamines concentrations in blood lactate, ammonia and catecholamines concentrations in blood

after different anaerobic exercise bouts in waterafter different anaerobic exercise bouts in water

(100 m and 45 s). (100 m and 45 s).

Twelve male children, aged 10.8 ± 0.7 years, Twelve male children, aged 10.8 ± 0.7 years,

and 12 male adults, aged 24.1 ± 5.7 years, were and 12 male adults, aged 24.1 ± 5.7 years, were

investigated before and after the training periodinvestigated before and after the training period

Table 1.

Lactate mmol.L-1 Ammonia µmol.L-1

Test Children Adults Children Adults

100 m pre 5.3+1.0 11.9+4.2 48.2+13.1 149.2+37.6

100 m post 5.0+1.9 12.5+3.4 50.0+8.7 125.6+41.6

45-s pre 3.8+1.2 11.0+2.6 68.7+25.8 158.0+38.1

45-s post 4.9+1.8 10.1+2.1 49.6+12.4 114.0+43.7

Lactate and ammonia concentration pre and post training

Both before and after training lactate, ammonia and Both before and after training lactate, ammonia and

Catecholamine Catecholamine concentrations were lower in children concentrations were lower in children

following all exercise testsfollowing all exercise tests

before and after training. Parameter/test Children Adults Adrenaline 100 m pre 0.44+0.32 5.38 ± 3.08 Adrenaline 100 m post 0.55 ± 0.51 7.17 + 4.01 Noradrenaline 100 m pre 7.37 ± 3.21 27.12 + 11.96 Noradrenaline 100 m post 7.06 ± 4.23 33.13 ± 12.04 Testosterone 100 m pre 0.22 ± 0.96 6.53 + 2.02 Testosterone 100 m post 0.17 ± 0.09 6.16 ± 3.13

Ability to mobilize Ability to mobilize glycogen stores glycogen stores

rapidly/anaerobic rapidly/anaerobic powerpower

Results on catecholamines and testosterone Results on catecholamines and testosterone indicate a reduced sensitivity indicate a reduced sensitivity

to anaerobic training before pubertyto anaerobic training before puberty. . Maturation is believed to trigger the Maturation is believed to trigger the

development of anaerobic capacity up to adult levels.development of anaerobic capacity up to adult levels.

STRUCTURE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MYT/LTADMYT/LTAD

STRUCTURE OF THE MYT/LTADSTRUCTURE OF THE MYT/LTAD

THEORY OF THEORY OF SENSITIVE PERIODSSENSITIVE PERIODS IN IN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR

LEARNINGLEARNINGSUGGESTION: maximal effect of physical training on growth and developmental patterns of motor abilities may be achieved by: 1) exposing juvenile athletes to specialized training during the periods of rapid growth 2) changing training accents and content in accordance with the rhythm of the growth& level of maturation

Age "landmarks" for structuring of MYT/LTAD for young swimmersGirls Boys

Height Spurt 11--12 13--14 before puberty

Weight Spurts 12--13 14--15 during puberty

Peak of strength gain 14--15 15--16 after puberty

Me+ 13--14

Periods of intensive development (age in years)Aerobic Capacity 10--14 12--15 before & during puberty

Aerobic Power (VO2) 12--14 14--17 during puberty

Anaerobic Power/Cap. 13-16 14-18 after puberty

Maximal Strength 14--16 15--18 after puberty

Pulling Force 11--15 12--17 before & during puberty

Strength Endurance 9--13 11--15 before & during puberty

Speed/Strength 13--16 15--18 after puberty

Flexibility 9--12 11--13 before puberty

STRUCTURE OF MYT/LTADSTRUCTURE OF MYT/LTADMYT is sub-divided into stages in accordance with

particularities of growth and development. Each stage has specific objectives and content

Lower stages of MYT aim to build functional foundation of aerobic endurance and basic sport skills, assist to health improvement and develop in young athletes an interest and commitment to the sport swimming

Higher stages of MYT aim to develop specific abilities and functions, limiting the level of achievements in elite athletes, develop specialized technical skills to the highest level of perfection, create strong and stabile sport motivation

Stages of MYT/Long Term Athletic DevelopmentCategories Preliminary Basic Profound Towards Sport Peakof Swimmers Preparation Training Specialisation Excelence PerfomanceFemales 1-2 year 3-4 years 3-4 years 2-3 years 3-5+ years

Sprinters 7-9/8-10 9-10/12-14 12-14/15-17 15-17/17-20 20+Distance 7-9/8-10 9-10/12-13 12-13/14-16 14-16/16-18 18+

Males 1-2 years 3-4 years 3-4 years 2-3 years 2-5+ years

Sprinters 8-9/9-11 10-11/13-15 13-15/16-18 16-18/19-21 21+Distance 8-9/9-11 10-11/13-14 13-14/16-17 16-17/18-19 19+

Periods of the Growth and DevelopmentLate Childhood Pre-Pubescent Pubescent Post-Pubescent Full Maturity

Age Groupers and JuniorsAge Groupers and Juniors

MYT -- LTADMYT -- LTAD

Content of this stage:Content of this stage: - learning of basic swimming - learning of basic swimming

techniques while employing a large number of preparatorytechniques while employing a large number of preparatory

and special exercises/gamesand special exercises/games

The frequency of practices gradually increases The frequency of practices gradually increases

from 3 to 4-6 per weekfrom 3 to 4-6 per week

Duration of sessions increases from 30’Duration of sessions increases from 30’ 45’ 45’ 60’ 60’

Latter automatically increases the total training load Latter automatically increases the total training load

and enhances both swimming and general physical fitnessand enhances both swimming and general physical fitness

1. THE STAGE OF PRELIMINARY SPORT PREPARATION1. THE STAGE OF PRELIMINARY SPORT PREPARATION

Optimal age to start MYT in swimming - 7-9 years for girls/8-10 years for boys. The duration of this preliminary sport preparation is 1-2 years

Physical abilities in children aged 5-7(8) Physical abilities in children aged 5-7(8) grow up very slowly. – Too early beginning of MYT grow up very slowly. – Too early beginning of MYT

in swimming makes it longerin swimming makes it longer without substantial without substantial progress in swimming resultsprogress in swimming results

Many young swimmers who began training Many young swimmers who began training at very early age leave the sport due toat very early age leave the sport due to

psychological ‘’wearing’’ and tirednesspsychological ‘’wearing’’ and tiredness

N.B.!

Accent on enjoyment!!!Accent on enjoyment!!!

1.1.

2. THE STAGE OF BASIC TRAINING2. THE STAGE OF BASIC TRAININGAverage age of the beginning - 9-10 for girls Average age of the beginning - 9-10 for girls

and 10-11 years for boys and 10-11 years for boys Average duration of the stage - 3-4 yearsAverage duration of the stage - 3-4 years

Focus of this stage – building of functional foundations:Focus of this stage – building of functional foundations:development of aerobic capacity & efficiencydevelopment of aerobic capacity & efficiency,,

mastering specific swimming skills in all strokesmastering specific swimming skills in all strokes, , Core body strength, flexibility, mobility, stabilityCore body strength, flexibility, mobility, stability

progressive annual increase of a total swimming volume and volume of land training.

Total swimming volume in the last year of this stage: 1300-1600 km for girls and

1100-1400 km for boys

Practical Recommendations:

Late event specialisation: all age group swimmers should age group swimmers should be considered as middle distance and IM swimmers be considered as middle distance and IM swimmers (except girls breaststroke swimmers)

Accent on aerobic training before and during puberty 65--75% of total swimming volume – steady state extensive 75% of total swimming volume – steady state extensive aerobic training at 70% of VOaerobic training at 70% of VO2 2

Skill and stroke efficiency development (SR/SL ratio): Skill and stroke efficiency development (SR/SL ratio): first within a range of low aerobic velocities, first within a range of low aerobic velocities, then at fast aerobic velocities and at race pace then at fast aerobic velocities and at race pace

Development of efficient leg kick since early ages - 80% of kick – time controlled

Peak increase of the volume - before onset of puberty Peak increase of the volume - before onset of puberty Gradual/consistent increase of intensity – during & Gradual/consistent increase of intensity – during & after pubertyafter puberty

3. THE STAGE OF PROFOUND SPECIALIZATION3. THE STAGE OF PROFOUND SPECIALIZATION

For girls this stage begins at the age between 12-14 years For girls this stage begins at the age between 12-14 years For boys, due to later maturation, -- between 13- For boys, due to later maturation, -- between 13-15 years15 years Duration of this stage is 3-4 years

The readiness of young swimmers for The readiness of young swimmers for increased training demands is decided on increased training demands is decided on individual’s biological age and actual individual’s biological age and actual performanceperformance

3.3.

Total swimming volume in the final year of this stage may reach

1800-2100 km for boys / 2200-2400 for girls

comprised of 65-85% aerobic swimming, 15-30% of race specific training (lactate & VO2 max),

and 5-6% of alactic (sprint) training

More specific training: development of the functionalpower and capacity via training in swimming

Transfer of endurance developed in exercises like running, skiing, rowing onto swimming decreases

after the age of 13-15 years

EXPOSURE TO COMPETITIONS AT EXPOSURE TO COMPETITIONS AT SENIOR NATIONAL AND JUNIOR SENIOR NATIONAL AND JUNIOR

INTERNATIONAL LEVELINTERNATIONAL LEVEL

Practical Recommendations:

Develop every Age Grouper 13-15 years as 200-400 IM swimmer, then specialize him/her into specific strong events and specific training for those events Prepare 2-3 “spare” events in case if performance plateau will occur during maturation These events should be middle or long distances Maintain the consistency of average volumes of swimming over an extended period (4-6 weeks) followed by recovery/adaptation weekrecovery/adaptation week (rest on demand!) Introduce RACE MODELSRACE MODELS into functional and skill training

The average age to start training to swimming excellence is 15-16 years for girls/ 16-18 years for boys

4. THE STAGE OF SPORT EXCELLENCE4. THE STAGE OF SPORT EXCELLENCE

Possibility of further increase of the annual training Possibility of further increase of the annual training volume and intensity in girls 15-16 and boys 16-18 volume and intensity in girls 15-16 and boys 16-18 years of age – is an important factor of years of age – is an important factor of performance improvement performance improvement

The primary training goal at the Stage of Excellence The primary training goal at the Stage of Excellence is mastering maximal swimming volume: is mastering maximal swimming volume:

1800-2200 km per year for sprinters, 1800-2200 km per year for sprinters,

2200-2600 km for middle distance swimmers2200-2600 km for middle distance swimmers

2600-3000 km for distance swimmers2600-3000 km for distance swimmers

Individualization and specialization of training programmes based on race models

Further perfection of swimming skills, start & turns

Consistent increase of Quality Training --

Race pace, Race speed, maximal speed Maximal & Functional Strength training Specific Strength training Use of competitions as an important form of

specific training (2-3 stage meets before main event)

Practical Recommendations:

QUESTIONS ???QUESTIONS ???

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