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Periods of HistoryB.C.B.C.E.C.E.A.D.Broad periods
PrehistoryAncient historyMiddle AgesModern history
Get out your study guide for
the exam.
Broad periods of historyPrehistory
time before written languageAncient history
roughly 4000 years between written language and the fall of Roman EmpireMiddle Ages
500 AD – 1500 Modern history
1500 to present
Paleolithic age Neolithic age
Cultural elements:What is present in every culture
ShelterFood/Clothing
EconomicsGovernment
ReligionArt
Family / society
Characteristics of the Paleolithic / Old Stone Age
Yes or No?fire
spoken languagewritten language
clothing
Life in Paleolithic times:How did they get their food?
Hunting and gatheringNomadic people
What started the Neolithic Age?Neolithic revolution:
Farming and domestication of animalsPeople settled in villages.
Effects of Neolithic Revolution
Permanent homesVillagesAgricultural surplusTradeSpecialization
of labor
Cultural civilization
Shelter citiesFood agricultural surplusGovernment organized governmentReligion complex religionEconomics writing
specialization of laborArt monumental architectureFamily, society social classes
What is significant about the river valleys?
Floods > fertile soilWater for irrigation > agricultural surplusMeans of transportation > tradeOpportunities for jobs > specialization of labor
Significance of agricultural surplus:Bigger populationMore timeAbility to stay in one place
Why did governments first develop?
Protect food supplies
Food to people in cities
Organize workers for big projects
MesopotamiaHow did geography affect civilization?
Tigris and Euphrates
Unpredictable floods
open plains; not many mountains
Fertile Crescent
Cuneiform
first form written language
used to keep records
Hammurabi’s codeCharacteristics
written downreflect what was right and wrongspells out crime and punishmentjudges could not change the lawsdifferent punishments for different
classes of people
Mesopotamiareligion/architecturelegacies
wheel, plow, languagesailboat, written law codes
EgyptGift of the Nile? (24)How did Nile protect and make
civilization in Egypt possible? (25)How did geography make civilization
possible? (31)
PapyrusPyramidsMummification
why was embalming beneficial?
China
Who? What? Why?
King Tut
Hatshepsut
Rosetta Stone
Indus Valley
Also known as Harrapan
MonsoonsSeasonal winds – helped farming
Add to the list of key terms:
primary source – object/person from a specific time periodsecondary source – source of info based on primary sourcesirrigation – to bring water to cropsArtisan – skilled worker; skilled with handsHereditary – given from one generation to anotherScribe – someone who reads and writesArtifact – an object that provides informationSpecialization – very skilled in one job or tradePolytheistic – belief in many godsMonotheistic – belief in one godSurplus – more than enough
Ancient ChinaHow did geography positively affect the Chinese civilization?
Mountains kept out invaders – stable, isolatedNegative effect –
limited farmland; terraces necessaryOf four social classes, which is poorest?
farmersOf four social classes, which is least respected?
merchants
What did govt workers need to know during the Han dynasty? Why?
What was the Silk Road?
Mandate of HeavenConfucianismDaoismLegalismCivil service examsFilial pietySilk RoadGreat Wall Terra Cotta Soldiers
Ancient GreeceHow did geography affect the civilization of Greece
isolated city states; not a central gov’tconflicts over farmlandtrade by sea; expand with colonies
Why did Greece not develop a strong central govt?
Polis – the Greek word for cityDark Age – no culture, literature, agri surplus, tradePolitical involvement:
who was a citizen?who had political rights? (vote)
Famous GreeksSocrates – socratic method/questionsHippocrates – “father of medicine” Pythagorus, Euclid – math conceptsAristotle – great teacher; classified knowledge
What are differences amongmonarachyoligarchytyrannydemocracy
Difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?
Pelopponesian War betweenAthens and Sparta
Alexander the Great?Macedonian king; conquered huge empire
Pelopponesian war weakened Greece so Alexander could take Greece
Roman civilization
2 social classes? Characteristics?Patricians – upper class/wealthyPlebeians – common people
Both had the right to vote, pay taxes
Plebeians could nothold officemarry patricians
12 Tables
Law written on 12 plaquesAll could readApplied to allBasis for American law
Tripartite Govtconsuls, senate, assembly
Consuls - lead govt, lead armySenate –make laws, decisions on moneyAssembly – watch out for rights of commoners
Punic wars – Rome vs. ____________Result – domination of western MediterraneanJulius Caesar = great consul
reforms to help the poorOctavian = Augustus Caesar = first emperor
Romans were builders.practical problem solvers
Inventions –aqueductvaultdomeconcrete
Reasons for the rise of the empireReasons for the fallLast emperor thrown off throne – 476 A.D.