Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology...

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

TechnologyBy R. Thomas Wright

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Tinley Park, Illinoiswww.g-w.com

PowerPoint Presentations for


Technological System

Components

Section 2


Chapter 4

Inputs to Technological Systems


Learning Objectives

• Identify inputs to technological systems.• Describe the types of skills and knowledge

various groups of people bring to technological systems.

• Identify the types of tools and machines used as inputs to technological systems.

• Describe the types and properties of materials that are inputs to technological systems.

• Identify the types of information that are inputs to technological systems.


Learning Objectives

• Identify the major types and sources of energy as inputs in technological systems.

• List the sources of finances that are used as inputs to technological systems.

• Explain the importance of time with regard to technological systems.

• Explain why we need to use and conserve intelligently the resources that are inputs to technological systems.


Inputs

• Inputs can be grouped into seven major categories:– People.– Tools and machines.– Materials.– Information.– Energy.– Finances.– Time.


People• Scientists develop

knowledge.• People design, operate,

and use technological systems.

• Engineers design.• Production workers,

technicians, mechanics, entrepreneurs, managers, and support staff operate.

• Consumers are the users of the systems.

(Northern Telecom)


Creativity

• Creativity is a key part to production and technology in general.

• A renowned example of a creative person is Art Fry, the developer of Post-it® notes.

• 3M has continued to make many useful and innovative products due to its creative production teams.

http://www.3m.com/


Tools

• Every technology uses a common set of hand tools to produce, service, and maintain products and equipment.– Specifically used for measuring, cutting,

drilling, gripping, pounding, and polishing tools.


Machines

• Machines can be simple or complex, with complex machines being comprised of simple machines.

• Simple machines operate on two basic principles:– The principle of the lever:

• Machines such as the lever, wheel and axle, and pulley.

– The principle of the inclined plane:• Machine such as the inclined plane, wedge, and the

screw.


Lever Mechanisms

• A lever has a lever arm that rests and turns on a fulcrum.

• Three categories:– First-class levers like a pry bar.– Second-class levers like a wheelbarrow.– Third-class levers are like a person

moving dirt with a shovel.


Lever Usage

• Like all machines, either force multiplier or distance multiplier.

• Both wheel and axles and pulleys, second-class levers, can be used as force or distance multipliers.

• Pulleys can also change direction of force.


Inclined Plane Mechanisms


Discussion

What are some simple machines you use daily?

See how machines work (http://www.flying-pig.com/mechanisms/index.html)

Elements of Machines (http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/InventorsToolbox.html)


Classification of Materials


Classification of Materials

• Materials can be classified as natural, synthetic, or composite; organic or inorganic; exhaustible or genetic; gas, liquid, or solid.

• Solids can then be subdivided into metals, plastics, ceramics, or composites.

• Grouping the materials helps when choosing what materials to use for what purpose.

• All materials have different but similar properties.


Solids


Properties of Materials

• Seven properties:– Physical: size, shape, density, moisture

content, and porosity.– Mechanical: strength, plasticity, elasticity,

ductility, and hardness.– Chemical: chemical activity and corrosion

resistance.


Properties of Materials

• Seven properties (cont’d):– Thermal: thermal conductivity, thermal

shock resistance, and thermal expansion.– Electrical and magnetic: electrical

conductivity and magnetic permeability.– Acoustical: acoustical transmission and

acoustical reflectivity.– Optical: color, optical transmission, and

optical reflectivity.


Information

• Facts and figures we call data can be organized.

• When data is organized, it is then called information.

• Information includes scientific and technological information, as well as humanities.

• Knowledge is best described as learning and applying information.


Types of Energy


Sources of Energy

• Sources of energy are grouped in terms of supply.– The sun is inexhaustible energy.– Renewable energy would be living matter,

like trees.– Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all

sources of exhaustible energy.


Finances

• Money to develop and operate technological systems can be obtained in two ways:– Equity financing:

• Sole proprietorship, individually financed businesses.

• Partnership, co-owned businesses.• Corporation, shares.

– Debt financing:• Borrowing money.


Time

• Time was at first measured by the sun and then by harvesting and planting periods (months).

• New technological advances measure days, hours, seconds, and nanoseconds.

(OutdoorDecor.com, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder Laboratories, U.S. Department of Commerce)


Career Corner

• Construction laborers.– Perform wide range of tasks involving building and

maintaining constructed works.– Requires heavy lifting.– Does not usually require experience or training.

Job Search (http://www.careersinconstruction.com/)

Construction Careers Information (http://www.constructmyfuture.com/choose.html)


Review

What are the seven inputs common to all technological systems?

People, tools and machines, materials, information, energy, finances, and time.


Review

What kind of people are involved with technological advancements?

Creative scientists, engineers, production workers, managers, support staff, technicians, and consumers.


Review

Name the six simple machines.Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.


Review

What are the seven properties ofmaterials?

Physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical and magnetic, acoustical, and optical properties.


Review

How is information grouped?Information is categorized by scientific, technological, or humanities information.


Review

What are the six major types of energy?

Chemical, electrical, thermal (heat), radiant (light), mechanical, and

nuclear.


Review

What two sources of finance are there?Equity or debt financing.


Review

Why is time important to technological advances?

We judge things on how fast they are, how much time they take. Time is essential so we don’t like to “waste” it.


Review

Why do we need to use our resources carefully?

Many inputs have a limited supply.


Key Terms

• Composite materials– combinations of natural and synthetic materials that

are used to create items with other desirable properties.

• Consumer– a person who financially supports a technological

system by spending money on products or services.

• Corporation– a legal entity people form to own an operation. It is a

business in which investors have purchased partial ownership in the form of shares of stock.


Key Terms

• Creativity– the ability to see a need or a way of making life

easier and design systems and products to meet the need or desire.

• Data– the raw, unorganized facts and figures collected

by people and machines.

• Debt financing– raising money by borrowing money from a

financial institution or private investors.


Key Terms

• Distance multiplier– a simple machine that increases the amount of

movement applied to the work at hand.

• Engineer– a person who conducts research and applies scientific

and technological knowledge to the design and development of products, structures, and systems.

• Entrepreneurs– people with very special talents who look beyond

present practices and products and create businesses.


Key Terms

• Equity financing– raising money by selling a portion of ownership in

a company.

• Exhaustible– capable of being entirely used up.

• Exhaustible materials– materials that, once depleted, cannot be replaced

by human action or nature.


Key Terms

• First-class levers– the class of levers in which the fulcrum is between

the load and the effort.

• Force multiplier– a simple machine that increases the force applied

to the work at hand.

• Fulcrum– the support on a lever on which the lever arm

rests and turns.


Key Terms

• Gases– materials that easily disperse and expand to fill any

space.

• Genetic materials– organic materials that have life cycles and can be

regenerated. They are obtained during the normal life cycles of plants or animals.

• Hand tools– simple, handheld artifacts that require human

muscle power, air, or electric power to make them work.


Key Terms

• Inclined plane– an application of the principle that it is easier to

move up a slope than a vertical surface.

• Inexhaustible– unable to be entirely used up or consumed.

• Information– facts and figures, called data, that have been

sorted and arranged for human use. It is vital to taking an active part in society.


Key Terms

• Inorganic materials– materials that do not come from living organisms.

• Knowledge– information learned and applied to a task.

• Lever– a simple machine that multiplies the force applied

to it. It changes the direction of a linear force.


Key Terms

• Lever arm– a rod or bar on a lever that rests and turns on the

fulcrum.

• Liquids– visible, fluid materials that will not normally hold

their size and shape.

• Machines– artifacts that amplify the speed, amount, or

direction of a force. They transmit or change the application of power, force, or motion.


Key Terms

• Manager– a person who organizes and directs the work of

others in a business, by setting goals, structuring tasks to be completed, assigning work, and monitoring results.

• Mechanics– skilled workers in service operations.

• Natural material– a material that occurs naturally on earth.


Key Terms

• Organic materials– materials that come from living organisms.

• Partnership– a form of private ownership in which businesses

are owned and operated by two or more people.

• Production workers– people who process materials, build structures,

operate transportation vehicles, service products, or produce and deliver communication products.


Key Terms

• Pulleys– grooved wheels attached to an axle that can be

used to change the direction of a force, multiply force, or multiply distance.

• Renewable– capable of being used up, but replaceable with the

normal life cycle of the energy source.


Key Terms

• Scientists– people who generally develop a basic knowledge

of physics, materials science, geology, or chemistry to help create products and processes.

• Screw– an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.

• Second-class levers– levers in which the load is between the effort and

the fulcrum.


Key Terms

• Sole proprietorship– a business or operation owned by one person.

• Solids– materials that hold their size and shape and can

support loads.

• Support staff– nonmanagerial workers who carry out such tasks

as keeping financial records, maintaining sales documents, and developing personnel systems.


Key Terms

• Synthetic materials– human-made materials.

• Technicians– skilled workers in laboratories and product-testing

facilities. They work closely with production workers, but do more specialized jobs.

• Third-class levers– levers in which the effort is placed between the

load and the fulcrum.


Key Terms

• Tools– artifacts humans use to expand their capabilities.

• Wedge– a device used to split and separate materials and

to grip parts.

• Wheel and axle– a shaft attached to a disk.

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