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8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
1/22
Niha`; 5-53-54
QGIPA@ RPEPAR BMQTP MN EVVAEHR
NMT PLA NMQTPL BITBQIP
Gm' 54/56>3
Pla Lmgmtedha Tibj Vatty(
Vheigpinn/Evvahhegp/Om~egp
Pla Lmgmtedha Gasp Cigctibl( Pla Lmgmtedha Kmg
Lqgproeg( Kt'( eg` pla Lmgmtedha Tibj Regpmtqo(
Igpat~agmt/Vheigpinnr(
~'
Blethar Kq``( Jiodathy Dmsatr( eg` @mg Vehoat(
oaodatr mn pla ^itcigie Dmet` mn Ahabpimgr( ig
plait mnnibieh bevebipiar(
@anag`egpr/Evvahhaar/Tarvmg`agpr'
MT@AT
SIHJIGRMG( ECAA( eg` @IE[( Bitbqip Kq`car;
Pla Lmgmtedha Tibj Vatty ,lataigenpat Om~egp) ler tauqarpa`
plir bmqtp ig eg aoatcagby ompimg pm irrqa eg igkqgbpimg
mt`atigc Om~egpr geoa pm evvaet ehmgcri`a mplatr mg pla dehhmp
nmt pla Tavqdhibeg vtioety nmt pla Bmoomgsaehpl mn ^itcigie( mt
ig pla ehpatgepi~a( plep plir Bmqtp irrqa eg igkqgbpimg mt`atigc
pla Tarvmg`agpr gmp pm mt`at( vtigp( mt oeih dehhmpr vtimt pm
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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pla Bmqtpr nigeh bmgri`atepimg mn plir evvaeh'5 Mg Kegqety 52(
4654( pla `irptibp bmqtp `agia` pla Om~egpr aoatcagby ompimg
nmt e paovmtety tarpteigigc mt`at eg` vtahioigety igkqgbpimg'
Plir bmqtp ir tauqita` pm ebp sipl pla qpomrp a|va`ipimg ig
tqhigc qvmg pla aoatcagby ompimg nmt igkqgbpi~a tahian dabeqra
qg`at pla Qginmtoa` eg` M~atraer Bipi{agr Edragpaa ^mpigc Ebp(
tarvmg`agpr oqrp oeih tauqarpa` edragpaa dehhmpr pm oihipety eg`
m~atraer ~mpatr dy Repqt`ey( Kegqety 45( 4654' Raa 04 Q'R'B'
5932nn/5,e),
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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Vtari`agp slm jgas pla tauqitaoagpr eg` neiha` pm repirny plao
pm raaj ep e pet`y eg` dahepa` lmqt pm blegca pla tqhar mn pla
ceoa' Plir smqh` gmp da neit pm pla rpepar mt pm mplat
beg`i`epar slm `i` bmovhy sipl pla vtarbtida` vtmbarrar ig e
pioahy oeggat eg` ip smqh` pltms pla vtari`agpieh gmoigepigc
vtmbarr igpm e``a` pqtomih'
I'
E'
Hija oegy rpepar( ^itcigie ler e bmovtalagri~a tacqhepmty
rblaoa cm~atgigc ipr ~etimqr ahabpimgr( igbhq`igc vtari`agpieh
vtioety bmgparpr' Qg`at pla Bmoomgsaehplr ahabpimg hesr( e
beg`i`epa raajigc pm vetpibivepa ig e ^itcigie vtari`agpieh
vtioety ir tauqita` pm niha sipl pla ^itcigie Rpepa Dmet` mn
Ahabpimgr ,pla Dmet`) vapipimgr ricga` dy ep haerp 56(666
uqehinia` ~mpatr( igbhq`igc ep haerp 066 uqehinia` ~mpatr ntmo
aebl bmgctarrimgeh `irptibp ig pla Bmoomgsaehpl( slm epparp plep
play igpag` pm vetpibivepa ig pla vtioety mn pla reoa vmhipibeh
vetpy er pla beg`i`epa ' ' ' dy pla vtioety nihigc `ae`higa'
^e' Bm`a Egg' 40'4101,D)'
Ig e``ipimg pm tauqitigc 56(666 ricgepqtar ntmo uqehinia`
~mpatr( ^itcigie hes vhebar tarptibpimgr mg slm beg bitbqhepa
vapipimgr' Ebbmt`igc pm rabpimg 40'4/145 mn pla ^itcigie Bm`a(
e beg`i`epa nmt gmoigepimg dy vtioety nmt egy mnniba rlehh da
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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tauqita` pm niha sipl lir `abhetepimg mn beg`i`eby e vapipimg
nmt lir geoa pm da vtigpa` mg pla mnnibieh vtioety dehhmp( eg`
aebl ricgepqta mg plep vapipimg oqrp le~a daag sipgarra` dy e
vatrmg slm ir liorahn e uqehinia` ~mpat( mt uqehinia` pm
tacirpat pm ~mpa( nmt pla mnniba nmt slibl la ir bitbqhepigc pla
vapipimg' I`' 40'4145' Eomgc mplat tauqitaoagpr( mga oqrp
da e tari`agp mn pla Bmoomgsaehpl pm da uqehinia` pm ~mpa ig
^itcigie' I`' 40'4565' Bmgrauqagphy( mghy ^itcigie
tari`agpr beg rat~a er vapipimg bitbqhepmtr nmt pla vqtvmrar mn
e ^itcigie vtioety ahabpimg beoveicg'
^itcigie hes ehrm vtm~i`ar plep pla tauqitaoagpr
evvhibedha pm e vetpyr vtioety rlehh da `apatoiga` ep haerp 96
`eyr vtimt pm pla vtioety `epa eg` ' ' ' evvtm~a` dy ' ' ' pla
Rpepa Dmet`' I`' 40'4101,E)' Pla Dmet` ig pqtg ir
aovmsata` pm oeja tqhar eg` tacqhepimgr eg` irrqa igrptqbpimgr
eg` vtm~i`a ignmtoepimg plep ir bmgrirpagp sipl pla
Bmoomgsaehplr ahabpimg hesr' I`' 40'4/562' Ig jaavigc sipl
plara vtm~irimgr( pla Dmet` e`mvpa` e `mbqoagp agpipha`
@ae`higar( @qpiar eg` Dehhmp Ebbarr Tauqitaoagpr nmt
^itcigier 4654 vtari`agpieh vtioety bmgparp mg Oey 41( 4655'
Pla `mbqoagp oe`a bhaet plep beg`i`epar sata tauqita` pm niha
plait Bmgragp-@abhetepimg mn Beg`i`eby er sahh er vapipimgr dy
@abaodat 44( 4655' Ig ipr Vapipimg Tauqitaoagpr( pla `mbqoagp
ehrm taipatepa` plep e beg`i`epa oqrp vtm~i`a mg aebl veca mn
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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pla vapipimgr eg enni`e~ip ricga` qg`at mepl dy pla vatrmg slm
bitbqhepa` ip plep ' ' ' r-la ir tacirpata`( mt ahicidha pm da
tacirpata`( pm ~mpa ig ^itcigie'
Qg`at plir tacqhepmty rblaoa( e si`a ettey mn beg`i`epar
ler oegeca` pm ebbarr pla ^itcigie vtioety dehhmp' Ig 466( 4655' Mg @abaodat 44( 4655( la rqdoippa` lir ^itcigie
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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@abhetepimg mn Beg`i`eby eg` lir vapipimg ricgepqtar'
Igpat~agmt Cigctibl bheior plep la rqdoippa` 55(616 ricgepqtar(
dqp pla Dmet` rpepar plep harr pleg 56(666 mn pla rqdoippa`
ricgepqtar sata ~ehi`'
Igpat~agmt Lqgproeg niha` lir Rpepaoagp mn Beg`i`eby sipl
pla NAB mg Kqga 4( 4654'
Igpat~agmt Regpmtqo niha` lir NAB Rpepaoagp mn Beg`i`eby mg
Kqga >( 4655' Pla vetpiar `irectaa er pm slaplat la rqdoippa`
lir ^itcigie @abhetepimg mn Beg`i`eby' Igpat~agmt bheior plep
la rqdoippa` omta pleg
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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igkqgbpi~a tahian eceigrp `anag`egpr/tarvmg`agpr Blethar Kq``(
Jiodathy Dmsatr( eg` @mg Vehoat( oaodatr mn pla Dmet`( er sahh
er Oqhhigr' Mg Kegqety 0( 4654( Igpat~agmtr Cigctibl( Lqgproeg(
eg` Regpmtqo niha` e ompimg pm igpat~aga( slibl pla `irptibp
bmqtp ctegpa`' Om~egp eg` Igpat~agmtr ,bmhhabpi~ahy(
vheigpinnr) ehhaca` plep pla Bmoomgsaehplr tari`agby
tauqitaoagp nmt bitbqhepmtr eg` ipr 56(666 ricgepqtar
tauqitaoagp ~imhepa` plait Nitrp Eoag`oagp ntaa`mor mn rvaabl
eg` errmbiepimg eg` rmqclp e vtahioigety igkqgbpimg mt`atigc pla
`anag`egpr pm batpiny plao er beg`i`epar nmt pla vtioety dehhmp'
B'
Nmhhmsigc eg a~i`agpiety laetigc( pla `irptibp bmqtp `agia`
vheigpinnr ompimg nmt e vtahioigety igkqgbpimg mg Kegqety 52(
4654' Pla bmqtp nitrp `apatoiga` plep pla auqipedha `mbptiga mn
heblar detta` plait tauqarp nmt tahian' Ip nmqg` plep
vheigpinnr bmqh` le~a dtmqclp plait bmgrpipqpimgeh blehhagca pm
^itcigier tari`agby tauqitaoagp nmt vapipimg bitbqhepmtr er
rmmg play sata edha pm bitbqhepa vapipimgr ig pla rqooat mn
4655( dqp igrpae` blmra pm seip qgpih enpat pla @abaodat 44(
4655 `ae`higa danmta raajigc tahian' Pla `irptibp bmqtp
bmgbhq`a` plir `ahey `irvheya` eg qgtaermgedha eg` iga|bqredha
hebj mn `ihicagba mg vheigpinnr vetp plep ler ricginibegphy
letoa` pla `anag`egpr' Rvabinibehhy( ip `apatoiga` plep pla
`aheya` gepqta mn plir rqip le` ehtae`y ptegrnmtoa` pla Dmet`r
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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1 Q'R' 4>1( 45)' Sa dahia~a plep pla
Dmet` ser edha pm repirny dmpl ahaoagpr mn plir `anagra'
E'
Sa rlehh nitrp bmgri`at pla uqarpimg mn Om~egpr hebj mn
`ihicagba' Om~egp etcqar plep pla `irptibp bmqtp atta` ig
bmgbhq`igc plep la ser gmp `ihicagp ig vqtrqigc lir Nitrp
Eoag`oagp blehhagca pm ^itcigier ~etimqr ahabpimg hesr' Pm
vtm~a e hebj mn `ihicagba( pla Dmet` oqrp rlms plep Om~egp
`aheya` iga|bqredhy mt qgtaermgedhy ig nihigc rqip( Slipa ~'
@egiah( 969 N'4` 99( 564 ,0pl Bit' 5996)( eg` plep ir
qguqarpimgedhy slep levvaga` lata'
@arvipa pla nebp la ser edha pm dtigc plara bmgrpipqpimgeh
blehhagcar nmt m~at nmqt omgplr danmta pla nihigc `ae`higa mn
@abaodat 44( 4655( Om~egp seipa` qgpih pla aha~agpl lmqt pm
vqtrqa lir bheior' Er pla `irptibp bmqtp nmqg`( Om~egpr
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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bmcgi{edha igkqty mbbqtta` gm hepat pleg Eqcqrp 52( 4655( pla
`ey mg slibl la `abheta` lir beg`i`eby nmt Vtari`agp' Ep plep
vmigp( pla Bmoomgsaehplr tari`agby tauqitaoagp vta~agpa` lio
ntmo qrigc gmg/^itcigieg vapipimg bitbqhepmtr' Er e oeppat mn
hes( plep tauqitaoagp ser tiva nmt Nitrp Eoag`oagp blehhagca'
Raa( a'c'( Oihhat ~' Dtmsg( 0>4 N'2` 254( 259 ,0pl Bit' 466>)
,lmh`igc plep e vta/agnmtbaoagp Nitrp Eoag`oagp blehhagca pm
^itcigier mvag vtioety hes vtaragpr e vqtahy haceh uqarpimg
eg` ir plqr nip nmt ta~ias)' Omtam~at( Om~egp le` a~aty
igbagpi~a pm blehhagca pla tauqitaoagp ep plep pioa' Rqbbarr ig
eg aethy bmgrpipqpimgeh blehhagca smqh` le~a ehhmsa` Om~egp pm
oe|ioi{a pla gqodat mn lir vapipimg bitbqhepmtr eg` oigioi{a pla
eomqgp mn pioa ip pmmj pm ebuqita pla tauqiripa 56(666
ricgepqtar' Ga~atplaharr( la blmra pm rip mg lir ticlp pm
blehhagca plir vtm~irimg qgpih enpat la le` daag `agia` e vheba
mg pla dehhmp' Plir `ahidatepa `ahey vtabhq`ar pla vmrridihipy
mn auqipedha tahian' Nmt auqipy oigirpatr pm pla ~icihegp( gmp
pm plmra slm rhaav qvmg plait ticlpr' Pa|ebm V'T'( Igb' ~'
@avp mn Bmgrqoat Enneitr( >6 N'2` 3(
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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vtioety dehhmp( ^e' Bm`a Egg' 40'4/145 ,aovlerir e``a`)( eg`
plep Zr_qbl vapipimgr rlehh da niha` sipl pla Rpepa Dmet` dy
pla vtioety nihigc `ae`higa' I`' 40'4/101,D)' Pla Dmet` rap
@abaodat 44( 4655 er pla nihigc `ae`higa nmt plir vtioety mg Oey
41( 4655' Nqtplatomta( Za_ebl ricgepqta mg pla vapipimg rlehh
le~a daag sipgarra` dy e vatrmg slm ir liorahn e uqehinia`
~mpat( mt uqehinia` pm tacirpat pm ~mpa( nmt pla mnniba nmt
slibl la ir bitbqhepigc pla vapipimg' I`' 40'4/145 ,aovlerir
e``a`)'
Eoag`a` ig 4666( pla bitbqhepmt tari`agby tauqitaoagp ler
daag ig vheba nmt m~at e `abe`a eg` ler cm~atga` oqhpivha
vtari`agpieh vtioetiar' Eg` vheigpinnr msg a|lidipr
`aomgrptepa plep pla Dmet` e`mvpa` e `mbqoagp agpipha`
@ae`higar( @qpiar eg` Dehhmp Ebbarr Tauqitaoagpr mg Oey 41(
4655( slibl rpepa` plep Zb_eg`i`epar sirligc pm vetpibivepa ig
pla vtari`agpieh vtioety oqrp nmhhms pla vtmba`qtar mqphiga`
dahms( igbhq`igc pla Vapipimg TauqitaoagpZ_ plep play oqrp
vtm~i`a eg enni`e~ip ricga` qg`at mepl dy pla vatrmg slm
bitbqhepa` ip plep ' ' ' r-la ir tacirpata`( mt ahicidha pm da
tacirpata`( pm ~mpa ig ^itcigie' ,aovlerir ig mticigeh)'
^itcigie ler `mga gmpligc pm hae` egymga erptey sipl tarvabp pm
plir tauqitaoagp' Pla tari`agby tauqitaoagp nmt vapipimg
bitbqhepmtr ser qgeodicqmqr eg` e~eihedha nmt ehh pm raa' Psm
beg`i`epar le` gm `innibqhpy `irbatgigc mt nqhnihhigc plara
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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tauqitaoagpr( gmt `i` oqhpivha beg`i`epar ig vtari`agpieh
vtioetiar ig pla verp' In Om~egp dahia~a` plir vtm~irimg
~imhepa` pla Bmgrpipqpimg( la bmqh` eg` rlmqh` le~a ebpa`
a|va`ipimqrhy'
In sa sata pm nig` Om~egpr `ahey a|bqredha( sa smqh`
agbmqteca beg`i`epar pm seip qgpih pla herp oigqpa pm dtigc
bmgrpipqpimgeh blehhagcar pm rpepa ahabpimg hesr' Mgba e
beg`i`epa haetga` la le` daag `agia` e vheba mg pla dehhmp( la
smqh` peja lir `irevvmigpoagp pm pla bmqtplmqra eg` levharr
rpepa ahabpimg dmet`r smqh` da nmtba` pm lehp plait rbla`qha`
ahabpimg vtmbarrar pm seip nmt e tqhigc' Blehhagcar plep beoa
iooa`iepahy danmta mt iooa`iepahy enpat pla vtavetepimg eg`
vtigpigc mn dehhmpr smqh` da vetpibqhethy `irtqvpi~a eg` bmrphy
nmt rpepa cm~atgoagpr' Raa @mdrmg ~' @qghev( 13> N' Rqvv' 4`
5
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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Slep ir omta( dy vatoippigc beg`i`epar pm seip qgpih enpat
pla dehhmp ler daag rap pm dtigc plait blehhagcar( sa smqh`
vatnmtba hae~a pm qppat rvabqhepimg pla uqarpimg mn slaplat egy
haceh nmqg`epimg a|irpr nmt pla qhpioepa taoa`y mn e``igc e
beg`i`epar geoa pm pla dehhmp' Pla dahepa` gepqta mn Om~egpr
rqip( nmt igrpegba( oejar ip ehh pla omta `innibqhp pm `apatoiga
sipl egy bmgni`agba slaplat e vetpibqhet igkqty ir a~ag
ptebaedha pm pla ehhaca`hy qgbmgrpipqpimgeh tari`agby
tauqitaoagp' Raa Hqkeg ~' @anag`atr mn Sih`hina( 160 Q'R' 111(
196 ,5994) ,lmh`igc plep ig mt`at pm `aomgrptepa rpeg`igc( e
vheigpinn oqrp ehhaca plep ipr igkqty ir neithy ptebaedha pm
pla `anag`egp#r ehhaca`hy qghesnqh bmg`qbp)' Om~egp neiha` pm
rqdoip vapipimgr bmgpeigigc ep haerp 56(666 ricgepqtar pm pla
Dmet` qg`at rabpimg 40'4101,D) mn pla ^itcigie Bm`a( e
tauqitaoagp pla `irptibp bmqtp gmpa` smqh` verr oqrpat a~ag
qg`at pla rptibp rbtqpigy rpeg`et`' Sliha Om~egp mn bmqtra
vta`ibpr plep la smqh` le~a oap pla 56(666 ricgepqta pltarlmh`
in mghy la le` daag ehhmsa` pm qra gmg/^itcigie tari`agpr pm
ceplat ricgepqtar( rqbl bmqgpatnebpqeh rvabqhepimg ir gmp pla
mnniba mn pla na`ateh kq`ibiety' Sa le~a gm igjhigc er pm
slaplat Om~egp smqh` le~a ebpqehhy daag edha pm rabqta 56(666
ricgepqtar( a~ag in gmg/^itcigie tari`agpr sata edha pm
bitbqhepa lir vapipimgr' Ig~ipigc `aheya` blehhagcar hija pla
mga danmta qr pm`ey smqh` hae~a plir bmqtp sipl mghy pla omrp
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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ignito a~i`agpiety derir qvmg slibl pm ctegp pla tahian
tauqarpa`'
Regbpimgigc Om~egpr `ahey smqh` gmp mghy gabarripepa rqbl
rvabqhepimg( ip smqh` ehrm tauqita na`ateh bmqtpr pm rahabp
slibl beg`i`epar pm vheba mg rpepa ahabpimg dehhmpr siplmqp
evvtmvtiepa haceh cqi`egba' Lata( Om~egp eg` Igpat~agmtr eta
gmp rioihethy ripqepa` sipl tarvabp pm pla gqoatib ricgepqta
tauqitaoagp' Ig pla `irptibp bmqtp vtmbaa`igcr( Om~egp bheioa`
pm le~a rqdoippa` omta pleg >(666 ricgepqtar( slataer Igpat~agmt
Regpmtqo bheioa` pm le~a rqdoippa` omta pleg
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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arpedhirla` ahabpimg tauqitaoagpr neihr pm a|lidip pla gabarrety
`ihicagba' Raa( a'c'( Nqhegi ~' Lmcrapp( 953 N'4` 564
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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545 N'4`
8/3/2019 Perry et al v. Judd et al Court of Appeals Opinion
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le~a `aomgrptepa` plep play sata vtakq`iba` dy Om~egpr hebj mn
`ihicagba' Bmgrauqagphy( pla `irptibp bmqtp `i` gmp att ig
bmgbhq`igc plep heblar detr Om~egpr ompimg nmt e vtahioigety
igkqgbpimg'
III'
Sa nig` gm edqra mn `irbtapimg mg pla vetp mn pla `irptibp
bmqtp ig `agyigc plir ompimg nmt e vtahioigety igkqgbpimg mg pla
derir mn pla auqipedha `mbptiga mn heblar' Ip ir pmm hepa ig
pla `ey pm ctegp Om~egpr tauqarpa` aoatcagby tahian qvmg
evvaeh' Sa `m gmp e``tarr ig egy nerlimg pla oatipr mn Om~egpr
bmgrpipqpimgeh blehhagca pm ^itcigier bitbqhepmt tari`agby
tauqitaoagp dabeqra er pla `irptibp bmqtp gmpa`( e `abirimg mg
heblar tarmh~ar pla ompimg `qa pm pla nebp plep ip mvatepar er
eg ennitoepi~a `anagra' Nmt a~ag in sa errqoa` nmt vqtvmrar mn
etcqoagp plep pla tari`agby tauqitaoagp ~imhepa` pla Nitrp
Eoag`oagp( heblar smqh` rpihh vtabhq`a qr ntmo ctegpigc pla
aoatcagby tahian plep Om~egp raajr' Nmt pla taermgr a|vtarra`
lataig( pla bmqtp `agiar Om~egpr tauqarp nmt eg igkqgbpimg
mt`atigc tarvmg`agpr aiplat pm vheba lir geoa mg pla dehhmp mt
pm tanteig ntmo vtigpigc mt oeihigc dehhmpr qgpih pla bmgbhqrimg
mn plara vtmbaa`igcr' Pla ompimg ir ebbmt`igchy latady
@AGIA@'