Personal, Social, and Personal, Social, and Emotional Emotional

DevelopmentDevelopment

Personal, Social, and Personal, Social, and Emotional Emotional

DevelopmentDevelopment

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

• Developmental crisis

• Eight stages

Erikson’s Stages: Preschool Years

• Trust/Mistrust

• Autonomy/Shame & Doubt

• Initiative/ Guilt

Elementary School Years & Adolescence

• Industry/Inferiority

• Identity/ Role Confusion

Implications of Erikson’s Theory for

Teachers

• Initiative

• Industry

• Identity

Identity Status

Commitment

Exploration

Yes No

Yes Achievement

Moratorium

No Foreclosure Diffusion

Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being

• Identity achieved or still exploring – Positive outcomes

• Foreclosed individuals– Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant

• Long-term diffused– Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and

abuse drugs

Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development

• Stage 1– Unexamined ethnic identity

• Stage 2– Ethnic identity search

• Stage 3– Ethnic identity achievement

Bicultural Individuals

• Achieved identity• Higher self-esteem• Greater sense of mastery• Positive relations with other

groups

Understanding Ourselves & Others

Who are you?

Clarifying the Difference

• Self-concept – A person’s view of herself or himself.

• Self-esteem– A person’s evaluation of herself or

himself.

Changes in Self-Concept

• Childhood Concrete terms, related to traits

• Adolescence Trait-focused, more abstract, personality characteristics

Changes in Self-Esteem• 1st years of elementary school

drops• 4th- 6th grade rises• Transition to adolescence mixed

findings

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

• Link with achievement• Gender and self-esteem• Personal & collective self-esteem

Levels of Moral Development

Preconventionalconsequences of behavior

Conventionallaws and rules of society

Postconventional

abstract principles and values

Preconventional Reasoning

• Externally controlled– 1: Avoid punishment– 2: Personal gain

Conventional Reasoning

• Conformity to social rules – 3: Good boy/Nice girl– 4: Law & order

Postconventional Reasoning

• Morality is defined by abstract principles – 5: Social contract– 6: Universal ethical principles

Alternatives to Kohlberg

• Criticism– Stage approach– Moral issues versus social

conventions– Western male cultural bias

• Morality of Caring (Carol Gilligan)

Aggression

• Hostile Aggression goal is to harm

• Instrumental Aggression goal is to gain access

Gender Differences in Aggression

• Overt aggression physical and verbal insults

• Relational aggression covert aggression

Developmental Trends in Aggression

• Preschool– Physical & instrumental

• Middle childhood– Decline in physical & instrumental– Increase in hostile

• Adolescence– Aggression continues to decline

Family

• Changes in family– Divorce rate– Single parent households– Dual-earner families

Consequences of Divorce

• Transition is stressful lots of changes

• Negative effects in short run– Academic achievement– Social development

Long-Term Consequences of

Divorce

• 70-80% no long-term effects

• Serious adjustment difficulties more likely for– Boys– Difficult temperaments

Peers

• Gender differences• Rejected children• Friends’ influence/ peer pressure