PERSONALITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL Prof. Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS.

PERSONALITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL

Prof. Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS

Doç. Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS

Personality• Personality can be defined as «sum total of

psychological and physical properties that seperates people from all others».

• Personality is a unified whole composed of past,present and future.Individual is evaluated with physical properties and social relations when a psychologic analysis is required.

• Personality is solely dependent upon neither physical properties nor social patterns and events in society.Personality is the all of individual differences created by all these cases.


Basic Factors Composing Personality

• Physical factors

• Social factors

• Family factors

• Social structure and Social class factors

• Geographical and Physical factors

• Other factors


Factors determinig personality:• Physical Appearance: Physically

distinguished from others.(Heredity, physical stature, 46 chromosome)

• Roles / mission : comes up after a certain age.

• Potential Abilities: Intelligence, energy, morals so on. (Sensible, emotional, reliable.)

• Social Properties: Culture, ethos, religion, social and cultural values,family.


Three Aspects of Personality:• Temperament: Represents the sensuality and liveliness

features of personality.It is a state of emotional balance. It is about arousing and the depth of senses.It is inherited and affected by learning and culture. (senseless and rigid), (pretty, cheerful), melancholic (in love, glum, emotional), irritable (offensive, excited)...

• Character: the abstraction of an observable physical or biochemical trait of an organism. It is within personality and innate. It is all the tendencies that emerge by the effect of environment.

• Ability: Individual’s all mental and physical capacity.


Ability: • Mental: Comprehend relations, analysis,

solving, conclude, numerical, technical interest, memory, abstract thinking, finding relations, comparing, learning, comprehend. Complience with society.

• Physical: Perform certain cases through sense organs.Walking, standing, runing, see-vision, pick up colours, distinguish colours, depth, voice and tones, taste and smell, hand-arm coordination, eye-hand coordination and so on…


Type A Personality• Competitive • Ambitious in the social field and profession• Punctual• Powerful and impressive personality• Impatient• Like to do several jobs simultaneously.• Have quick temper towards people and events.• Waits to be approved• Has a problematic way of relaxation.• Always in a hurry.• There is very little interest outside the home and business.• Hides his/her feelings.• Force him/herself and others to finish work.


Type B Personality• Does not like competition. • Satisfied with the social position and profession• Incidental about time• Calm personality.• Patient• Slow• Likes to give himself to another job at a time• Does not wait to be approved.• Likes to rest periodically.• Never in hurry.• Has sufficient interest outside the home and business • Can show his/her feelings.• Sets him/herself free at work.


Personality Theories• Sigmund Freud

• Alfred Adler

• Carl Gustav Jung

• Eric Berne

• Karen Horney

• Erich Fromm

• Hans Jurgen Eysenck

• J. E. Kretschner

• Chris Argyris


Sigmund FreudFreud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three

parts: Id, ego, and super-ego• The id is the impulsive, child-like portion of the psyche that

operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences. Tendencies, love. Natural senses.

• “Ego”, is the division of personality developing after birth by education. Plays a requlatory role between id and outer world.Traditions, regulations. Controller part.

• As mental-device develops; a self composes on sub-memory. As the disperse of a part «super ego» occurs. Morality, justice, fairness, conscience, integrity, honesty, intangible, and virtuous behavior occurs here.Controls id and ego. (Alturism)


Alfred Adler• According to Adler’s theory; personality develops as a

product of individuals’ attitudes towards him/herself, other people and society.Perception of events by individuals are more important than real events in formation of behaviors.

• According to «will to power theory» basic source for human motivation is struggling for superiority. In other words purpose of life is «perfection».All motives of humanbeings is devoted to this aim.People search for behaviors that makes them more powerfull in society.(Effort of a student to be successful in social sciences who is unsuccessful in maths.)


Carl Gustav Jung Jung examined personality in four dimensions. • Introversion-Extraversion• İntroverts: Introverted, composed and less talking. Shy, Like

being alone, reading and thinking.• Extroverts: Have strong social relations,realistic,reactive,neat

and pay attention to details.• Sense and Intuition• Thinking and Feeling • Judgement and Comprehend

Developed the concept «racial unconscious» which carries the specialities of races and continues through the races by genes. Humanbeings are born with certain thinking,feeling, perception and behavior trained.These issues are experienced by their ancestors (to be afraid of snakes.)


Eric Berne• Berne mapped interpersonal relationships

to three ego-states of the individuals involved

• A)Child (immature)

• B)Adult (majortity)

• C)Parent(advise)


Karen Horney• Horney also influenced by psychoanalysis and adressed

anxiety and fear as basic elements in psychological analysis of perception. These are the alternative behaviors to cope with anxiety and fear:

• Sympathetic-Extroverted• Antipathetic-Introverted• Offensive and Angry


Erich FrommFromm,emphasizes two points in the formation of

personality; • a)Accultration• b)Concern of Individualization• ESCAPE FROM FREEDOM:As child grows up he/she

gets rid of the control of his/her parents and the group he/she belongs to but; as individual retrieve freedom disconnects from others and falls into loneliness. Individual who can not stand this pain escapes from freedom and searches for the new and full filling trust of other people and groups. Trust > Freedom


Hans Jurgen EysenckPersonality, appears in the last phase of the four-stage

construction.• First level is the lowest level of personality and

specific biological responses that person show against specific stimuli should be sought at this level(Biological responses are determined to certain stimuli).

• Second level indicates the structure shaped by environment individual live in(affected by society and environment, organizing responses)

• Third level is the level in which individuals’ habits and behaviors are organized.

• Last level is the level in which types of personality are evident.


E. Kretschner • Pyknic: Extroverted and cheerful. Physical

appearance: Short neck, medium height,narrow shoulder, plane and wide face and swollen belly.

• Asthenic: Romantic and emotional.Have narrow shoulders and tall height.

• Athletic: Visionary and apathetic, have strong build bones and muscles, wide shoulders, wasp waist and tight hips.

• Diplastik : Others


Chris Argyris • Employee matures from childhood thus gains personality

traits in organizations.• Immaturity/Maturity Theory: Employees to mature,

organizations must have conducive environment.Close supervision founded on employees pushes them to depression.Such an close supervision process should be removed or transformed into a character that would not force employees.

• According to this theory, it is impossible to reconcile the objectives of an bureaucratic organization and an employee’s needs-expectations. Thus, organization and employee is in a constant conflict.

• A bureaucratic organization is acceptable for people who are not matured or living his/her childhood era.A bureaucratic organization can not satisfy an employee’s high degree requirements. Dissatisfied employee tends to self-defence and reduces organizational effectiveness.


Personality Assessment• Anamnesis : Should include individual’s family history, family structure,

nature of relations within family, socio-economic characteristics of environment in which individual was born and grown up, education life and information about individual’s social life.

• Surveys and Interviews: Subjects are asked to respond the many questions designed to reveal a variety of personal traits.Interview is to expose one’s feelings and attitudes by making him/her talk about way of life.

• Free Association: Individuals asked to say whatever comes to mind while lying down or sitting in a comfortable and relaxed state.It can be applied by giving a key symbol and asking the first word come to mind.Sun (light, hope, wealth, space, life, force,power, fire, love), Fire (glitter,light, love), Land (abundance, wealth, safety).

• Projective Tests : Techniques that allow reflection of subject’s unconscious thoughts and feelings by giving an uncertain stimuli and request to interpret it. For example subjects are demanded to invent a story about a picture given among 20 pictures.


Causes Affecting Individual Differences• Objectivity: Behaving according to situations.(An superior

reprehending his/her subordinate.) Subjective behavior will cause the elemination of many talents.

• Spirit of Enterprise: Attempt to handling relations with others, tendency to be dominant on situations.

• Ambitiousness: Always deal with personal position and promoting.Very sensetive to changes in rank ,wage and personal status.Methods for encouraging staff are very incentive for these people.Decides quickly and do not give up their decisions.

• Collectivism: Individual’s sensitivity towards people he/she is in touch with.They consider themselves as a part of the group.Loyal to norms and values.Disciplined, can easily blend his/her personality to group and organization.Value given to group> Value given to own personality.


Basic Personality Traits Affect Organizational Behavior• Locus of Control: Internal - External • Need of Achievement /nAch: Tendency to middle-diffucllty tasks.• Authoritarian Personality: Has strict rules, judge people, hides

his/her face from superiors, oppress subordinates, untrustworthy, resistance to change. (Dogmatic)

• Machiavellism: Pragmatic, puts distance between people, goes by results. Employ others, earns more, successful in face-to-face situations (negotiations).

• Self Confidence: Degree of self-liking/dislike.Those with low self-confidence is more dependent on what others say and their praise.Seek support from others, try to make them happy and have low satisfaction.

• Self-Projection: To adopt similar behaviors of others.People with high self-reflection, regulate their behaviors according to external conditions better.

• Risk taking: Managers with high tendency of risk taking,decide quickly and require little information while taking decisions.Managers with low tendency of risk taking require detailed knowledge and more time to make decisions.


Personality-Job Fit(John Holland)TYPE

REALISTIC Prefers physical activities that require skill,strength and coordination.

INVESTIGATIVE Prefers activities that involve thinking,organizing and understanding.

SOCIAL Prefers activities that involve helping and developing others.

CONVENTIONAL Prefers rule-regulated,orderly and unambiguous activities.

ENTERPRISING Prefers verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain power.

ARTISTIC Prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression.


PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

REALISTIC Shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, practical

INVESTIGATIVE Analytical, original, curious, independent.

SOCIAL Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding.

CONVENTIONAL Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible.

ENTERPRISING Self-confident, ambitious,energetic,domineering.

ARTISTIC Imaginative,disorderly,idealistic,emotional,impractical.


CONGRUENT OCCUPATIONS

REALISTIC Mechanic,assembly-line worker, farmer

INVESTIGATIVE Biologist,economist, mathematician, news reporter.

SOCIAL Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist.

CONVENTIONAL Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk.

ENTERPRISING Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manager.

ARTISTIC Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator.


Thank You…

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PERSONALITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL Prof. Dr. Rana ÖZEN KUTANİS.

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