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Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting
reality.1. Repression2. Regression3. Reaction Formation4. Projection5. Rationalization6. Displacement7. Denial
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Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
make up stories about ambiguous scenes.
Lew M
errim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
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Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results)
and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).
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The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her
personality.Examples of Traits
HonestDependable
MoodyImpulsive
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Exploring Traits
Each personality is uniquely made up of multiple traits.
Allport & Odbert (1936), identified almost 18,000 words representing traits.
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Factor AnalysisHans and Sybil Eysenck reduced
personality down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion
and emotional stability-instability.
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Biology and Personality
Personality dimensions are influenced by genes.
1. extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
2. Differences in children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to autonomic nervous system reactivity.
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MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all
personality tests.
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Questions about the Big Five
These traits are common across cultures.3. How about other
cultures?
Fifty percent or so for each trait.2. How heritable are they?
Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development.
1. How stable are these traits?
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The Person-Situation Controversy
Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation may be different, but average behavior remains the same. Therefore,
traits matter.
Jaydon lacks any recognition that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family are leading to the destruction of both
family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a:
A. strong ego.
B. weak id.
C. strong superego.
D. weak ego.
El Salvadorans have a saying: “The thief thinks everyone else is a thief.”
This most clearly relates to the defense mechanism of:
A. displacement.
B. rationalization.
C. projection.
D. regression.
Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is
actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
A. reaction formation.
B. projection.
C. displacement.
D. rationalization.
Children who have witnessed a parent’s murder report memories
that most clearly challenge Sigmund Freud’s concept of:
A. rationalization.
B. the Oedipus complex.
C. displacement.
D. repression.