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HumanAbrahMaslow,

RogeChapter

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Abraham Maslow

Born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New Mother had schizophrenia and

cruel to him

Studied at University of Wiscoreceiving his Ph.D. in 1934

Taught at Brooklyn College foryears; went to Brandeis Unive1951

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Human Motivation: A HierarchicalApproach

Human beings are interested in

growing rather than simplyrestoring balance or avoidingfrustration

Motivation refers to reducingtension by satisfying deficit states

or lacks (D-needs) Metamotivation refers to growth

tendencies (B-needs)

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1. I do not feel ashamed of any of my emotions.

2. I feel I must do what others expect of me.

3. I believe that people are essentially good and can be trusted.

4. I feel free to be angry at those I love.

5. It is always necessary that others approve of what I do.6. I dont accept my own weaknesses.

7. I can like people without having to approve of them.

8. I fear failure.

9. I avoid attempts to analyze and simplify complex domains.

10. It is better to be yourself than to be popular.11. I have no mission in life to which I feel especially dedicated.

12. I can express my feelings even when they may result in undesirable consequ

13. I do not feel responsible to help anybody.

14. I am bothered by fears of being inadequate.

15. I am loved because I give love.

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The Study of Self-Actualized Persons

Self-actualized persons fulfill their own

needs and do the best that they arecapable of doing

Studied friends and acquaintances, publicfigures living and dead, and selectedcollege students to develop definition ofoptimal mental health

Peak experience - an intensification ofany experience to the degree that thereis a loss or transcendence of the self

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Characteristics of Self-Actualize

Awareness

Accurate perception of reality Appreciation without

preconceptions Peak Experiences Clear ethical awareness (not

necessarily conventional)

Honesty Humour Kinship with Humanity

accepting of all Deep interpersonal relations

Freedom

Need for Privacy

Independent thinke(Resistance to confo

Creativity, Spontane

Trusting the Self

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Transpersonal Psychology

Transpersonal Psychology

Concerned with those states andprocesses in which people experience adeeper or wider sense of who they areand a sense of greater connectednesswith others, nature, and a spiritualdimension

Emphasizes human potential, seeking abalance of the whole person: intellectual,emotional, spiritual, physical, social, andcreative

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Wrapping up Maslows Theory

Points away from pure science towardphilosophy

Believes science may not permitresearch into important humanquestions

Should Psychologists Study Spirituality?

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Carl Rogers

Born in 1902 in Oak Park, Illino

Completed psychology degree Columbia University Teachers C

Faced opposition to psychologperforming psychotherapy

Worked to reconcile psychiatrypsychology as two professions common goal

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Rogers Theory of Personality

Phenomenology = the study of human awareness and perce

Each individual exists at the center of a phenomenal field (thsum of experiences an organism has)

We all strive to actualize

Self-concept is a portion of phenomenal field that gradually differentiatedhow we perceive ourselves

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Congruence and Incongruence

Congruence exists when a personssymbolized experiences reflectactual experiences

Incongruence exists when apersons symbolized experiences donot reflect all their actual

experiences; there is denial ordistortion

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The Total Personality

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Development of Personality

Need for positive regard by others

Unconditional positive regard

Conditional positive regard

Positive self regard

Positive development leads to a fully-functioning pers

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The Fully Functioning Person

Remind you of anything?

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Psychotherapy

Person-centered therapy

Formerly referred to as client-centered or

nondirective-therapy

Roger demanded empirical validation ofpsychotherapy

Conditions for therapeutic change

Necessary attitudes of therapist:

empathy, acceptance, genuineness Responses to emotional

communications

Supportive versus reconstructivepsychotherapy

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Response to Emotional Communicat

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Thinking Critically

Friendlier Arguments: Using Ref

Deal with Conflicts The next time you become dengrossed in a conversationargument obey the followin

Each person is allowed toafter accurately reflectinthoughts and feelings of speaker to that persons

WIN Situation

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Assessment in Rogerss Theory

Open to empirical test of histheories

Audio and videotaped therapeuticsessions

Studied sessions themselves as wellas performance on researchinstruments pre and post therapy

Q-sort technique

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Rogers Theory in Perspective

Careful to distinguish between philosophical assumption

his scientific hypotheses Emphasis on subjectivity made scientific research difficu

View of development and actualization of self may be higculture-bound

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Positive Psychology

Positive Psychology

Seeks to study and understand the complex positivebehavior of people in order to emphasize the systematibuilding and amplifying of human strengths and virtues

Research topics include

Positive experience

Positive personality Positive social context

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Classification of Strengths and Virt

Wisdom

Courage

Kindness and Generosity

Justice

Self-Control Modesty

Gratitude

Optimism

Resilience

Humour