Persons and Family Relations 1-18

7/25/2019 Persons and Family Relations 1-18

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F.F. CRUZ & CO., INC.,

Petitioner,

- versus -

HR CONSTRUCTION CORP.,

Respondent.

G.R. No. 18!"1

Pro#u$%ted'

(r)* 1+, "1"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/CISION

R/0/S, .'

T*is is petition 2or revie3 on )ertiorriunder Ru$e +! o2 t*e Ru$es o2 Court 4$ed56 petitioner F.F. Cru7 & Co., In). FFCCI9ssi$in% t*e e)ision:1; dted Fe5rur6 pri$ 1?,"= issued 56 t*e Court o2 >ppe$s C>9in C>-G.R. SP No. =18nte)edent F)ts

So#eti#e in "+, FFCCI entered into )ontr)t 3it* t*e eprt#ent o2 Pu5$i)

@orAs nd Hi%*36s P@H9 2or t*e)onstru)tion o2 t*e (%s6s6 Bidu)t,Ano3n s t*e o3er >%usn eve$op#entProDe)t. On >u%ust =, "+, FFCCI, in turn,entered into Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent:?;3it* HR Constru)tion Corportion HRCC92or t*e supp$6 o2 #teri$s, $5or,eEuip#ent, too$s nd supervision 2or t*e)onstru)tion o2 portion o2 t*e sid

proDe)t )$$ed t*e /st nA evee ndCut-O C*nne$ in ))ordn)e 3it* t*espe)i4)tions o2 t*e #in )ontr)t.

T*e su5)ontr)t pri)e %reed upon 56 t*eprties #ounted to P?1,"=?,!?".".Pursunt to t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent,HRCC 3ou$d su5#it to FFCCI #ont*$6pro%ress 5i$$in% 3*i)* t*e $tter 3ou$dt*en p6, su5De)t to stipu$ted dedu)tions,3it*in ? d6s 2ro# re)eipt t*ereo2.

T*e prties %reed t*t t*e reEuests o2HRCC 2or p6#ent s*ou$d in)$ude pro%ress))o#p$is*#ent o2 its )o#p$eted 3orAs s

pproved 56 FFCCI. >ddition$$6, t*e6%reed to )ondu)t Doint #esure#ent o2t*e )o#p$eted 3orAs o2 HRCC to%et*er3it* t*e representtive o2 P@H nd)onsu$tnts to rrive t )o##onEuntit6.

T*ere2ter, HRCC )o##en)ed t*e)onstru)tion o2 t*e 3orAs pursunt to t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent.

On Septe#5er 1, "+, HRCC su5#ittedto FFCCI its 4rst pro%ress 5i$$in% in t*e#ount o2 P","=,81.!= )overin% t*e)onstru)tion 3orAs it )o#p$eted 2ro#>u%ust 1< to Septe#5er 1!, "+.:+;Ho3ever, FFCCI sserted t*t t*e P@H3s t*en 5$e to ev$ute t*e )o#p$eted3orAs o2 HRCC on$6 unti$ u$6 "!, "+.

T*us, FFCCI on$6 pproved t*e %ross#ount o2 P+"?,!".88 2or p6#ent.Pursunt to t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent,

FFCCI dedu)ted 2ro# t*e sid %ross#ount P+",?!."= 2or retention ndP,.! 2or epnded 3it**o$din% t$evin% net p6#ent in t*e #ount o2P??,+!".!+. T*is #ount 3s pid 56FFCCI to HRCC on e)e#5er ?, "+.:!;

Persons nd F#i$6 Re$tions Cses >rt 1-189


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FFCCI nd t*e P@H t*en Doint$6ev$uted t*e )o#p$eted 3orAs o2 HRCC2or t*e period o2 u$6 "< to Septe#5er "!,"+. FFCCI )$i#ed t*t t*e %ross#ount due 2or t*e )o#p$eted 3orAsdurin% t*e sid period 3s P",8,8?.!".

Fro# t*e sid %ross #ount due, FFCCIdedu)ted t*ere2ro# P",88?.! 2orretention nd P?


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p6#ent o2 t*e $tters pro%ress 5i$$in%s,i.e. Doint #esure#ent o2 t*e )o#p$eted3orAs, nd, *en)e, it 3s Dusti4ed in notp6in% t*e #ount stted in HRCCspro%ress 5i$$in%s.

On une 1C s 2o$$o3s'

1. @*t is t*e )orre)t #ount o2:HRCCs; unpid pro%ress 5i$$in%

". id :HRCC; )o#p$6 3it* t*e)onditions set 2ort* in su5pr%rp* +.? o2t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent 2or t*esu5#ission, ev$utionJpro)essin% ndre$ese o2 p6#ent o2 its pro%ress 5i$$in%s

?. id :HRCC; stop 3orA on t*e proDe)t

?.1 I2 so, is t*e 3orA stopp%e Dusti4ed

?." I2 so, 3*t 3s t*e per)ent%e ndv$ue o2 :HRCCs; 3orA ))o#p$is*#ent tt*e ti#e it stopped 3orA on t*e proDe)t

+. @*o 5et3een t*e prties s*ou$d5er t*e )ost o2 r5itrtion or in 3*tproportion s*ou$d it 5e s*red 56 t*eprties:1?;

iAe3ise, durin% t*e sid Pre$i#inr6Con2eren)e, HRCC 2urt*er redu)ed t*e#ount o2 overdue o5$i%tion it )$i#ed2ro# FFCCI to P",


4/185

t*e 3rded #ount s*$$ *ve 5een#de .

SO OR/R/.:1!;

T*e CI>C *e$d t*t t*e p6#ent #et*oddopted 56 FFCCI is )tu$$6 3*t isAno3n s t*e 5)A-to-5)A p6#ents)*e#e 3*i)* 3s not %reed upon undert*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent. >s su)*, t*eCI>C ru$ed t*t FFCCI )ou$d not i#poseupon HRCC its v$ution o2 t*e 3orAs)o#p$eted 56 t*e $tter. T*e CI>C %ve)reden)e to HRCCs v$ution o2 its

)o#p$eted 3orAs s stted in its pro%ress5i$$in%s. T*us'

urin% t*e tri$, :FFCCIs; >%non d#ittedt*t :HRCCs; ))o#p$is*#ents rein)$uded in its o3n 5i$$in%s to t*e P@Hto%et*er 3it* su5stnti$ #rA-up to)over over*ed )osts nd pro4t. He2urt*er d#itted t*t it is on$6 3*enP@H pproves its Respondents9 5i$$in%s)overin% :HRCCs; s)ope o2 3orA nd p6s2or t*e#, t*t :FFCCI; 3i$$ in turn p6:HRCC; 2or its 5i$$in%s on t*e su5-)ontr)ted 3orAs.

On )$ri4)tor6 Euestionin% 56 t*eTri5un$, :FFCCI; d#itted t*t t*ere is no5)A-to-5)A provision in t*e su5-)ontr)ts 5sis 2or t*is seEuenti$ p6#entrrn%e#ent nd, t*ere2ore, :FFCCIs;i#position t*ereo2 56 3it**o$din% p6#ent

to :HRCC; unti$ it is 4rst pid 56 t*e proDe)to3ner on t*e (in Contr)t, )$er$6vio$tes sid su5-)ontr)t. It :is; t*isunut*ori7ed i#p$e#enttion o2 5)A-to-5)A p6#ent s)*e#e t*t is seen to 5et*e reson 2or :FFCCIs; non-p6#ent o2t*e t*ird pro%ress 5i$$in%s.

It is ))ordin%$6 t*e *o$din% o2 t*is >r5itr$Tri5un$ t*t :FFCCI; is not Dusti4ed in3it**o$din% p6#ent o2 :HRCCs; t*irdpro%ress 5i$$in% 2or t*is s)*e#e t*t:HRCC; *s not %reed to in t*e su5-)ontr)t %ree#ent .

T*e tot$ retention #one6 dedu)ted 56:FFCCI; 2ro# :HRCCs; t*ree pro%ress5i$$in%s, #ounts to :P;?=!,=+!.1+ .

T*e retention #one6 is prt o2 :HRCCs;pro%ress 5i$$in%s nd #ust, t*ere2ore, 5e)redited to t*is ))ount. T*e t3o #ounts

dedu)tions nd net p6#ents9 tot$:P;?,8


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$3, pu5$i) order, pu5$i) po$i)6, #or$s or%ood )usto#s. T*e tri5un$ )nnot seen6 su)* vio$tion in t*is )se.

:FFCCIs; o#ission to en2or)e t*e)ontr)tu$$6 reEuired )ondition o2p6#ent, *s $ed :HRCC; to 5e$ieve it to5e true t*t indeed :FFCCI; *s 3ived t*e)ondition o2 Doint Eunti4)tion nd,t*ere2ore, :FFCCI; #6 not 5e per#itted to2$si26 su)* resu$tin% position.:1;

iAe3ise, t*e CI>C *e$d t*t FFCCIs non-p6#ent o2 t*e pro%ress 5i$$in%s su5#itted56 HRCC %ve t*e $tter t*e ri%*t tores)ind t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent nd,))ordin%$6, HRCCs 3orA stopp%e 3s

Dusti4ed. It 2urt*er opined t*t, in ee)t,FFCCI *d rti4ed t*e ri%*t o2 HRCC tostop t*e )onstru)tion 3orAs s it did not4$e n6 )ounter)$i# %inst HRCC 2or$iEuidted d#%es risin% t*ere2ro#.

FFCCI t*en 4$ed petition 2or revie3 3it*C> ssi$in% t*e 2ore%oin% disposition 56t*e CI>C.

T*e C> e)ision

On Fe5rur6 in its Reso$ution:";dted >pri$ 1?, "=.

Issues

In t*e instnt petition, FFCCI su5#its t*e2o$$o3in% issues 2or t*is Courts reso$ution'

:I.;

First, :d;oes t*e )t o2 :FFCCI; in)ondu)tin% veri4)tion surve6 o2:HRCCs; 5i$$in%s in t*e $tters presen)e#ount to 3iver o2 t*e ri%*t o2 :FFCCI;to veri26 nd pprove sid 5i$$in%s @*t,i2 n6, is t*e $e%$ si%ni4)n)e o2 sid )t

:II.;

Se)ond, :d;oes t*e p6#ent o2:FFCCI; to :HRCC; 5sed on t*e resu$ts o2t*e 5ove #entioned veri4)tion surve6resu$t in t*e 2or#er 5ein% o5$i%ed to



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))ept 3*tever ))o#p$is*#ent 3sreported 56 t*e $tter

:III.;

T*ird, :d;oes t*e #ere )o#prison o2t*e p6#ents #de 56 :FFCCI; 3it* t*e)ontested pro%ress 5i$$in%s o2 :HRCC;#ount to n dDudi)tion o2 t*e)ontrovers6 5et3een t*e prties

:IB.;

Fourt*, :d;oes t*e 2i$ure o2 :FFCCI;to interpose )ounter)$i# %inst:HRCC; 2or $iEuidted d#%es due to t*e$tters 3orA stopp%e, #ount to rti4)tion o2 su)* 3orA stopp%e

:B.;

Fi2t*, :d;id t*e :C>; disre%rd or

over$ooA si%ni4)nt nd #teri$ 2)ts3*i)* 3ou$d e)t t*e resu$t o2 t*e$iti%tion:"1;

In su#, t*e )ru)i$ issues 2or t*is Courtsreso$ution re' 4rst, 3*t is t*e ee)t o2FFCCIs non-)o#p$in)e 3it* t*estipu$tion in t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#entreEuirin% Doint Eunti4)tion o2 t*e

3orAs )o#p$eted 56 HRCC on t*e p6#ento2 t*e pro%ress 5i$$in%s su5#itted 56 t*e$tter nd se)ond, 3*et*er t*ere 3s v$id res)ission o2 t*e Su5)ontr)t>%ree#ent 56 HRCC.

T*e Courts Ru$in%

T*e petition is not #eritorious.

Pro)edur$ Issue'

Fin$it6 nd Con)$usiveness o2 t*e CI>CsF)tu$ Findin%s

e2ore 3e de$ve into t*e su5stnti$ issuesrised 56 FFCCI, 3e s*$$ 4rst ddress t*epro)edur$ issue rised 56 HRCC.>))ordin% to HRCC, t*e instnt petition#ere$6 ssi$s t*e 2)tu$ 4ndin%s o2 t*e

CI>C s Lr#ed 56 t*e C> nd,))ordin%$6, not proper su5De)ts o2 nppe$ under Ru$e +! o2 t*e Ru$es o2Court. It $iAe3ise pointed out t*t 2)tu$4ndin%s o2 t*e CI>C, 3*en Lr#ed 56 t*eC>, re 4n$ nd )on)$usive upon t*isCourt.

Gener$$6, t*e r5itr$ 3rd o2 CI>C is4n$ nd #6 not 5e ppe$ed e)ept onEuestions o2 $3.

/e)utive Order /.O.9 No. 18:""; vestsupon t*e CI>C ori%in$ nd e)$usive

Durisdi)tion over disputes risin% 2ro#, or)onne)ted 3it*, )ontr)ts entered into 56prties invo$ved in )onstru)tion in t*eP*i$ippines. Under Se)tion 1= o2 /.O. No.18, t*e r5itr$ 3rd o2 CI>C Ms*$$ 5e4n$ nd inppe$5$e e)ept on Euestions

o2 $3 3*i)* s*$$ 5e ppe$5$e to t*eSupre#e Court.M:"?;

In Hi-Pre)ision Stee$ Center, In). v. i# i#Stee$ ui$ders, In).,:"+; 3e ep$inedrison d etre 2or t*e ru$e on 4n$it6 o2 t*eCI>Cs r5itr$ 3rd in t*is 3ise'



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Bo$untr6 r5itrtion invo$ves t*ere2eren)e o2 dispute to n i#prti$5od6, t*e #e#5ers o2 3*i)* re )*osen56 t*e prties t*e#se$ves, 3*i)* prties

2ree$6 )onsent in dvn)e to 5ide 56 t*er5itr$ 3rd issued 2ter pro)eedin%s3*ere 5ot* prties *d t*e opportunit6 to5e *erd. T*e 5si) o5De)tive is to provide speed6 nd inepensive #et*od o2sett$in% disputes 56 $$o3in% t*e prties tovoid t*e 2or#$ities, de$6, epense nd%%rvtion 3*i)* )o##on$6 ))o#pn6ordinr6 $iti%tion, espe)i$$6 $iti%tion3*i)* %oes t*rou%* t*e entire *ierr)*6 o2)ourts. /e)utive Order No. 18 )retedn r5itrtion 2)i$it6 to 3*i)* t*e

)onstru)tion industr6 in t*e P*i$ippines)n *ve re)ourse. T*e /e)utive Order3s en)ted to en)our%e t*e er$6 ndepeditious sett$e#ent o2 disputes in t*e)onstru)tion industr6, pu5$i) po$i)6 t*ei#p$e#enttion o2 3*i)* is ne)essr6 ndi#portnt 2or t*e re$i7tion o2 ntion$deve$op#ent %o$s.

>3re o2 t*e o5De)tive o2 vo$untr6r5itrtion in t*e $5or 4e$d, in t*e

)onstru)tion industr6, nd in n6 ot*erre 2or t*t #tter, t*e Court 3i$$ notssist one or t*e ot*er or even 5ot*prties in n6 eort to su5vert or de2ett*t o5De)tive 2or t*eir privte purposes.

T*e Court 3i$$ not revie3 t*e 2)tu$4ndin%s o2 n r5itr$ tri5un$ upon t*ert2u$ $$e%tion t*t su)* 5od6 *dM#isppre*ended t*e 2)tsM nd 3i$$ notpss upon issues 3*i)* re, t 5otto#,issues o2 2)t, no #tter *o3 )$ever$6dis%uised t*e6 #i%*t 5e s M$e%$

Euestions.M T*e prties *ere *d re)ourseto r5itrtion nd )*ose t*e r5itrtorst*e#se$ves t*e6 #ust *ve *d)on4den)e in su)* r5itrtors. :"!;Cittion o#itted9

T*us, in )ses ssi$in% t*e r5itr$ 3rdrendered 56 t*e CI>C, t*is Court #6 on$6pss upon Euestions o2 $3. F)tu$4ndin%s o2 )onstru)tion r5itrtors re4n$ nd )on)$usive nd not revie35$e 56t*is Court on ppe$. T*is ru$e, *o3ever,

d#its o2 )ertin e)eptions.

In Spouses vid v. Constru)tion Industr6nd >r5itrtion Co##ission,:"C,t*us'

@e reiterte t*e ru$e t*t 2)tu$ 4ndin%s

o2 )onstru)tion r5itrtors re 4n$ nd)on)$usive nd not revie35$e 56 t*isCourt on ppe$, e)ept 3*en t*epetitioner proves Lr#tive$6 t*t' 19 t*e3rd 3s pro)ured 56 )orruption, 2rudor ot*er undue #ens "9 t*ere 3sevident prti$it6 or )orruption o2 t*er5itrtors or o2 n6 o2 t*e# ?9 t*er5itrtors 3ere %ui$t6 o2 #is)ondu)t inre2usin% to postpone t*e *erin% uponsuL)ient )use s*o3n, or in re2usin% to*er eviden)e pertinent nd #teri$ tot*e )ontrovers6 +9 one or #ore o2 t*er5itrtors 3ere disEu$i4ed to )t s su)*under se)tion nine o2 Repu5$i) >)t No. 8%ree#ents*ou$d previ$.

In reso$vin% t*e dispute s to t*e properv$ution o2 t*e 3orAs ))o#p$is*ed 56HRCC, t*e pri#ordi$ )onsidertion s*ou$d5e t*e ter#s o2 t*e Su5)ontr)t>%ree#ent. It is 5si) t*t i2 t*e ter#s o2 )ontr)t re )$er nd $eve no dou5tupon t*e intention o2 t*e )ontr)tin%prties, t*e $iter$ #enin% o2 itsstipu$tions s*$$ )ontro$.:?;



9/185

In >5d v. Go$d$oop Properties, In).,:?1;3e stressed t*t'

> )ourts purpose in e#inin% )ontr)tis to interpret t*e intent o2 t*e )ontr)tin%prties, s o5De)tive$6 #ni2ested 56t*e#. T*e pro)ess o2 interpretin% )ontr)t reEuires t*e )ourt to #Ae pre$i#inr6 inEuir6 s to 3*et*er t*e)ontr)t 5e2ore it is #5i%uous. > )ontr)tprovision is #5i%uous i2 it is sus)epti5$eo2 t3o reson5$e $terntiveinterprettions. @*ere t*e 3ritten ter#s o2t*e )ontr)t re not #5i%uous nd )non$6 5e red one 36, t*e )ourt 3i$$

interpret t*e )ontr)t s #tter o2 $3. I2t*e )ontr)t is deter#ined to 5e#5i%uous, t*en t*e interprettion o2 t*e)ontr)t is $e2t to t*e )ourt, to reso$ve t*e#5i%uit6 in t*e $i%*t o2 t*e intrinsi)eviden)e.:?"; /#p*sis supp$ied nd)ittion o#itted9

>rti)$e + o2 t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent, in

prt, )ontined t*e 2o$$o3in% stipu$tions'

>RTIC/ +

SUCONTR>CT PRIC/

+.1 T*e tot$ SUCONTR>CT Pri)e s*$$ 5eTHIRT0 ON/ (IION

T@O HUNR/ NIN/T0 THR// THOUS>N

FIB/ HUNR/ THIRT0 T@O P/SOS &"J1 ON0 :P;?1,"=?,!?"."9 in)$usiveo2 B$ue >dded T .

+.? Ter#s o2 P6#ent

FFCCI s*$$ p6 :HRCC; 3it*in t*irt6 ?9d6s upon re)eipt o2 t*e :HRCCs; (ont*$6Pro%ress i$$in%s su5De)t to dedu)tions dueto ten per)ent 1K9 retention, nd n6ot*er su#s t*t #6 5e due ndre)over5$e 56 FFCCI 2ro# :HRCC; undert*is SUCONTR>CT. In $$ )ses, *o3ever,t3o per)ent "K9 epnded 3it**o$din%t on t*e :HRCCs; in)o#e 3i$$ 5ededu)ted 2ro# t*e #ont*$6 p6#ents.

ReEuests 2or t*e p6#ent 56 t*e :HRCC;s*$$ in)$ude pro%ress ))o#p$is*#ent o2

)o#p$eted 3orAs unit o2 3orA))o#p$is*ed unit )ost9 s pproved 56:FFCCI;. Cut-o dte o2 #ont*$6 5i$$in%ss*$$ 5e ever6 "!t* o2 t*e #ont* nd Doint#esure#ent s*$$ 5e )ondu)ted 3it* t*eP@Hs representtive, Consu$tnts, FFCCInd :HRCC; to rrive t )o##onJ%reedEuntit6.:??; /#p*sis supp$ied9

Pursunt to t*e ter#s o2 p6#ent %reedupon 56 t*e prties, FFCCI o5$i%ed itse$2 top6 t*e #ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s o2 HRCC3it*in ? d6s 2ro# re)eipt o2 t*e s#e.>ddition$$6, t*e #ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%so2 HRCC s*ou$d indi)te t*e etent o2 t*e3orAs )o#p$eted 56 it, t*e s#e 5ein%essenti$ to t*e v$ution o2 t*e #ountt*t FFCCI 3ou$d p6 to HRCC.

T*e prties 2urt*er %reed t*t t*e etent

o2 HRCCs )o#p$eted 3orAs t*t 3ou$d 5eindi)ted in t*e #ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%ss*ou$d 5e deter#ined t*rou%* Doint#esure#ent )ondu)ted 56 FFCCI ndHRCC to%et*er 3it* t*e representtive o2P@H nd t*e )onsu$tnts.



10/185

It is t*e responsi5i$it6 o2 FFCCI to )$$ 2ort*e Doint #esure#ent o2 HRCCs)o#p$eted 3orAs.

It 5ers stressin% t*t t*e Doint#esure#ent )onte#p$ted under t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent s*ou$d 5e)ondu)ted 56 t*e prties *erein to%et*er3it* t*e representtive o2 t*e P@H ndt*e )onsu$tnts. Indu5it5$6, FFCCI, 5ein%t*e #in )ontr)tor o2 P@H, *s t*eresponsi5i$it6 to reEuest t*erepresenttive o2 P@H to )ondu)t t*esid Doint #esure#ent.

On t*is s)ore, t*e testi#on6 o2 /n%ineer>ntonio (. >%non, r., proDe)t #n%er o2FFCCI, durin% t*e re)eption o2 eviden)e5e2ore t*e CI>C is te$$in%, t*us'

(R. . . O>UIN'

/n%r. >%non, er$ier t*ere 3s

stipu$tion t*t in $$ t*e 2our 5i$$in%s,t*ere never 3s Doint Eunti4)tion.

PROF. >. F. T>I>R'

He d#itted t*t er$ier. Pin5s Ao sAn6.

/NGR. R. . S>N U>N'

T*e Doint Eunti4)tion 3s done on$65et3een t*e# nd P@H.

/NGR. >G>NON'

Pu3ede Ao po 5n% i-ep$in snd$i $n%

po re%rdin% $n% po doon sEunti4)tion n i6on si)$$6 po s#in )ontr)tor o2 P@H, 3e re t*e ones3*o :re; reEuestin% 2or Doint surve6Eunti4)tion 3it* t*e o3ner, [email protected]%6on po, $t*ou%* 3$ s ppe$ nn%-3itness nd :HRCC; sti$$ t*e s#e po,nndoon din po si$ durin% t*t ti#e, A6$n% *o . . .

(R. . . O>UIN'

Hindi pu#ir#

/NGR. >G>NON'

Hindi si$ pu3ede pu#ir# Asi *o A#ipo n% )ontr)tor n% P@H *indi si$.:?+;/#p*sis supp$ied9

FFCCI *d 3ived its ri%*t to de#nd 2or Doint #esure#ent o2 HRCCs )o#p$eted3orAs under t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent.

T*e CI>C *e$d t*t FFCCI, on ))ount o2 its

2i$ure to de#nd t*e Doint #esure#ento2 HRCCs )o#p$eted 3orAs, *d ee)tive$63ived its ri%*t to sA 2or t*e )ondu)t o2t*e s#e s )ondition sine Eu non toHRCCs su5#ission o2 its #ont*$6 pro%ress5i$$in%s.



11/185

@e %ree.

In Peop$e o2 t*e P*i$ippines v. onto,:?!;t*is Court ep$ined t*e do)trine o2 3iverin t*is 3ise'

@iver is de4ned s M vo$untr6 ndintention$ re$inEuis*#ent or5ndon#ent o2 Ano3n eistin% $e%$ri%*t, dvnt%e, 5ene4t, )$i# orprivi$e%e, 3*i)* e)ept 2or su)* 3iver t*eprt6 3ou$d *ve enDo6ed t*e vo$untr65ndon#ent or surrender, 56 )p5$eperson, o2 ri%*t Ano3n 56 *i# to eist,3it* t*e intent t*t su)* ri%*t s*$$ 5e

surrendered nd su)* person 2oreverdeprived o2 its 5ene4t or su)* )ondu)t s3rrnts n in2eren)e o2 t*ere$inEuis*#ent o2 su)* ri%*t or t*eintention$ doin% o2 n )t in)onsistent3it* )$i#in% it.M

>s to 3*t ri%*ts nd privi$e%es #6 5e3ived, t*e ut*orit6 is sett$ed'

t*e do)trine o2 3iver etends tori%*ts nd privi$e%es o2 n6 )*r)ter,nd, sin)e t*e 3ord 3iver )overs ever6)on)eiv5$e ri%*t, it is t*e %ener$ ru$et*t person #6 3ive n6 #tter 3*i)*e)ts *is propert6, nd n6 $ien5$eri%*t or privi$e%e o2 3*i)* *e is t*e o3neror 3*i)* 5e$on%s to *i# or to 3*i)* *e is$e%$$6 entit$ed, 3*et*er se)ured 56)ontr)t, )on2erred 3it* sttute, or%urnteed 56 )onstitution, provided su)*ri%*ts nd privi$e%es rest in t*e individu$,

re intended 2or *is so$e 5ene4t, do notin2rin%e on t*e ri%*ts o2 ot*ers, nd2urt*er provided t*e 3iver o2 t*e ri%*t orprivi$e%e is not 2or5idden 56 $3, nd doesnot )ontrvene pu5$i) po$i)6 nd t*eprin)ip$e is re)o%ni7ed t*t ever6one *s ri%*t to 3ive, nd %ree to 3ive, t*edvnt%e o2 $3 or ru$e #de so$e$6 2ort*e 5ene4t nd prote)tion o2 t*e individu$

in *is privte )p)it6, i2 it )n 5edispensed 3it* nd re$inEuis*ed 3it*outin2rin%in% on n6 pu5$i) ri%*t, nd 3it*outdetri#ent to t*e )o##unit6 t $r%e. :?%ree#ent never#teri$i7ed. Indeed, HRCC, on seprteo))sions, su5#itted its #ont*$6 pro%ress5i$$in%s indi)tin% t*e etent o2 t*e 3orAsit *d )o#p$eted sns prior Doint

#esure#ent. T*us'

Pro%ress i$$in%

Period Covered

>#ount

1st Pro%ress i$$in% dted Septe#5er 1,"+:?;

>u%ust 1< to Septe#5er 1!, "+

P","=,81.!=

"nd Pro%ress i$$in% dted O)to5er "=,"+:?8;

Septe#5er 18 to "!, "+

P1,!8,rt 1-189


12/185

FFCCI did not )ontest t*e sid pro%ress5i$$in%s su5#itted 56 HRCC despite t*e$)A o2 Doint #esure#ent o2 t*e $tters)o#p$eted 3orAs s reEuired under t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent. Insted, FFCCIpro)eeded to )ondu)t its o3n veri4)tion

o2 t*e 3orAs )tu$$6 )o#p$eted 56 HRCCnd, on seprte dtes, #de t*e2o$$o3in% p6#ents to HRCC'

te o2 P6#ent

Period Covered

>#ount

e)e#5er ?, "+:+;

>pri$ " to u$6 "!, "+

P??,+!"."+

e)e#5er "1, "+:+1;

u$6 "< to Septe#5er "!, "+

P1,1,+"=.+!

(r)* 11, "!:+";

Septe#5er "< to Nove#5er "!, "+

P1,?",


13/185

ot*er3ise, t*en t*e Court 3ou$d, in ee)t,5e disre%rdin% t*e ep$i)it %ree#ent o2t*e prties in t*eir )ontr)t.:+?;

/ssenti$$6, t*e Euestion t*t s*ou$d 5ereso$ved is t*is' In vie3 o2 FFCCIs 3iver o2its ri%*t to de#nd Doint #esure#ento2 HRCCs )o#p$eted 3orAs, is FFCCI no35rred 2ro# disputin% t*e )$i# o2 HRCC inits #ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s

@e ru$e in t*e Lr#tive.

>s inti#ted er$ier, t*e Doint#esure#ent reEuire#ent is #e)*nis# essenti$$6 %rntin% FFCCI t*eopportunit6 to veri26 nd, i2 ne)essr6,)ontest HRCCs v$ution o2 its )o#p$eted3orAs prior to t*e su5#ission o2 t*e $tters#ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s.

In t*e 4n$ n$6sis, t*e Doint#esure#ent reEuire#ent seeAs to $i#it

t*e dispute 5et3een t*e prties 3it*re%rd to t*e v$ution o2 HRCCs)o#p$eted 3orAs. >))ordin%$6, n6 issue3*i)* FFCCI #6 *ve 3it* re%rd toHRCCs v$ution o2 t*e 3orAs it *d)o#p$eted s*ou$d 5e rised nd reso$veddurin% t*e sid Doint #esure#ent instedo2 risin% t*e s#e 2ter HRCC *dsu5#itted its #ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s.

T*us, *vin% re$inEuis*ed its ri%*t to sA2or Doint #esure#ent o2 HRCCs)o#p$eted 3orAs, FFCCI *d ne)essri$6

3ived its ri%*t to dispute HRCCsv$ution o2 t*e 3orAs it *d))o#p$is*ed.

Se)ond Su5stntive Issue'

B$idit6 o2 HRCCs Res)ission o2 t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent

ot* t*e C> nd t*e CI>C *e$d t*t t*e3orA stopp%e o2 HRCC 3s Dusti4ed st*e s#e is 5ut n eer)ise o2 its ri%*t tores)ind t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent invie3 o2 FFCCIs 2i$ure to p6 t*e 2or#ers#ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s. Furt*er, t*eCI>C stted t*t FFCCI )ou$d no $on%erssi$ t*e 3orA stopp%e o2 HRCC s it2i$ed to 4$e n6 )ounter)$i# %instHRCC pursunt to t*e ter#s o2 t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent.

For its prt, FFCCI sserted t*t t*e 3orAstopp%e o2 HRCC 3s not Dusti4ed nd, inn6 )se, its 2i$ure to rise )ounter)$i#%inst HRCC 2or $iEuidted d#%es5e2ore t*e CI>C does not #ount to rti4)tion o2 t*e $tters 3orA stopp%e.

T*e deter#intion o2 t*e v$idit6 o2 HRCCs3orA stopp%e depends on deter#intion o2 t*e 2o$$o3in%' 4rst,3*et*er HRCC *s t*e ri%*t toetrDudi)i$$6 res)ind t*e Su5)ontr)t>%ree#ent nd se)ond, 3*et*er FFCCI is$red6 5rred 2ro# disputin% t*e 3orAstopp%e o2 HRCC.

HRCC *d 3ived its ri%*t to res)ind t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent.

T*e ri%*t o2 res)ission is sttutori$6re)o%ni7ed in re)ipro)$ o5$i%tions. >rti)$e11=1 o2 t*e Civi$ Code pertinent$6 reds'

>rt. 11=1. T*e po3er to res)indo5$i%tions is i#p$ied in re)ipro)$ ones, in



14/185

)se one o2 t*e o5$i%ors s*ou$d not )o#p$63it* 3*t is in)u#5ent upon *i#.

T*e inDured prt6 #6 )*oose 5et3een t*e2u$4$$#ent nd t*e res)ission o2 t*eo5$i%tion, 3it* t*e p6#ent o2 d#%esin eit*er )se. He #6 $so seeAres)ission, even 2ter *e *s )*osen2u$4$$#ent, i2 t*e $tter s*ou$d 5e)o#ei#possi5$e.

T*e )ourt s*$$ de)ree t*e res)ission)$i#ed, un$ess t*ere 5e Dust )useut*ori7in% t*e 4in% o2 period.

T*is is understood to 5e 3it*out preDudi)eto t*e ri%*ts o2 t*ird persons 3*o *ve)Euired t*e t*in%, in ))ordn)e 3it*>rti)$es 1?8! nd 1?88 nd t*e (ort%%e3.

T*e res)ission re2erred to in t*is rti)$e,#ore pproprite$6 re2erred to s

reso$ution is on t*e 5re)* o2 2it* 56 t*ede2endnt 3*i)* is vio$tive o2 t*ere)ipro)it6 5et3een t*e prties.:++; T*eri%*t to res)ind, *o3ever, #6 5e 3ived,epress$6 or i#p$ied$6.:+!;

@*i$e t*e ri%*t to res)ind re)ipro)$o5$i%tions is i#p$ied, t*t is, t*t su)*ri%*t need not 5e epress$6 provided int*e )ontr)t, nevert*e$ess t*e )ontr)tin%prties #6 3ive t*e s#e.:+C nd t*e C>, 3e 4nd t*t HRCC*d no ri%*t to res)ind t*e Su5)ontr)t>%ree#ent in t*e %uise o2 3orAstopp%e, t*e $tter *vin% 3ived su)*

ri%*t. >propos is >rti)$e 11." o2 t*eSu5)ontr)t >%ree#ent, 3*i)* reds'

11." /e)ts o2 isputes ndContinuin% O5$i%tions

Not3it*stndin% n6 dispute, )ontrovers6,dieren)es or r5itrtion pro)eedin%sre$tin% dire)t$6 or indire)t$6 to t*isSUCONTR>CT >%ree#ent nd 3it*outpreDudi)e to t*e eventu$ out)o#e t*ereo2,:HRCC; s*$$ t $$ ti#es pro)eed 3it* t*epro#pt per2or#n)e o2 t*e @orAs in))ordn)e 3it* t*e dire)tives o2 FFCCInd t*is SUCONTR>CT >%ree#ent.:+;

/#p*sis supp$ied9

Hen)e, in spite o2 t*e eisten)e o2 disputeor )ontrovers6 5et3een t*e prties durin%t*e )ourse o2 t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent,HRCC *d %reed to )ontinue t*eper2or#n)e o2 its o5$i%tions pursunt tot*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent. In vie3 o2 t*eprovision o2 t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#entEuoted 5ove, HRCC is dee#ed to *veee)tive$6 3ived its ri%*t to ee)tetrDudi)i$ res)ission o2 its )ontr)t 3it*FFCCI. >))ordin%$6, HRCC, in t*e %uise o2res)indin% t*e Su5)ontr)t >%ree#ent,3s not Dusti4ed in i#p$e#entin% 3orAstopp%e.

T*e )osts o2 r5itrtion s*ou$d 5e s*red56 t*e prties eEu$$6.

Se)tion 1, Ru$e 1+" o2 t*e Ru$es o2 Courtprovides'



15/185

Se)tion 1. Costs ordinri$6 2o$$o3 resu$ts o2suit. Un$ess ot*er3ise provided in t*eseru$es, )osts s*$$ 5e $$o3ed to t*eprevi$in% prt6 s #tter o2 )ourse, 5utt*e )ourt s*$$ *ve po3er, 2or spe)i$resons, to dDud%e t*t eit*er prt6 s*$$

p6 t*e )osts o2 n )tion, or t*t t*es#e 5e divided, s #6 5e eEuit5$e. No)osts s*$$ 5e $$o3ed %inst t*e Repu5$i)o2 t*e P*i$ippines un$ess ot*er3iseprovided 56 $3. /#p*sis supp$ied9

>$t*ou%*, %ener$$6, )osts re dDud%ed%inst t*e $osin% prt6, )ourtsnevert*e$ess *ve dis)retion, 2or spe)i$

resons, to de)ree ot*er3ise.

Here, )onsiderin% t*t t*e 3orA stopp%eo2 HRCC is not Dusti4ed, it is on$6 4ttin%t*t 5ot* prties s*ou$d s*re in t*e5urden o2 t*e )ost o2 r5itrtion eEu$$6.HRCC *d v$id reson to institute t*e)o#p$int %inst FFCCI in vie3 o2 t*e$tters 2i$ure to p6 t*e 2u$$ #ount o2 its#ont*$6 pro%ress 5i$$in%s. Ho3ever, 3edis%ree 3it* t*e CI>C nd t*e C> t*t

on$6 FFCCI s*ou$d s*ou$der t*e r5itrtion)osts. T*e r5itrtion )osts s*ou$d 5es*red eEu$$6 56 FFCCI nd HRCC in vie3o2 t*e $tters unDusti4ed 3orA stopp%e.

@H/R/FOR/, in )onsidertion o2 t*e2ore%oin% disEuisitions, t*e e)ision dtedFe5rur6 ppe$s inC>-G.R. SP No. =18FFIR(/ 3it* (OIFIC>TION t*t t*er5itrtion )osts s*$$ 5e s*red eEu$$656 t*e prties *erein.

SO OR/R/.

:G.R. No. 1"="=!. >u%ust 1!, "1;

P/OP/ OF TH/ PHIIPPIN/S, p$inti-

ppe$$ee, vs. /@IN (ORI>, /ON>RO(ORI> $is C>RING nd NON/ITO>IONQ $is NO0, de2endnts-ppe$$nts.

/ C I S I O N

P/R CURI>('

T3o o2 t*e t*ree ppe$$nts *erein 3eresenten)ed to det* 56 t*e Re%ion$ Tri$Court RTC9 o2 Sout*ern e6te 2or Ro55er63it* Ho#i)ide. T*e ot*er 3s senten)ed

to suer on$6 t*e pen$t6 o2 re)$usionperpetu on ))ount o2 #inorit6. T*e

Dud%#ent o2 )onvi)tion is no3 5e2ore t*isCourt on uto#ti) revie3.

T*e in2or#tion )*r%in% ppe$$nts redss 2o$$o3s'

T*t on t*e


16/185

t*e #ount o2 /$even T*ousnd PesosP11,.9 P*i$ippine Curren)6,5e$on%in% to sid Pu$ ndi5s ndenD#in (ori$, to t*e d#%e ndpreDudi)e o2 t*e vi)ti#s nd o2 so)i$order.

CONTR>R0 TO >@.:1;

Upon rri%n#ent, t*e t*ree ))usedp$eded not %ui$t6.

T*e prose)ution t*eori7ed t*t t*e))used )o##itted t*e ro55er6 in t*e

er$6 evenin% o2 nur6 $5ert. In provin% its t*eor6, t*eprose)ution oered t*e testi#onies o2G5rie$ Gui$o, enD#in (ori$, SPO+>ntonio ()ion nd r. Teodu$o S$s.

T*e )ri#e $$e%ed$6 tooA p$)e t s 3s*is 3ont, enD#in )$$ed out Pu$sn#e 3*en *e 3s so#e 4ve !9 #eters2ro# t*e *ouse. T*is ti#e, *o3ever, t*ere3s no ns3er.

enD#in r)ed to t*e *ouse, *edin%stri%*t to t*e 5edroo#. T*ere, *e 2oundt*e )$ot*es $$ tops6-turv6. T*e 5o 3*ere*e nd Pu$ *id t*eir #one6 3s turnedupside do3n. So#eone *d rns)Aedt*eir *ouse.

enD#in #oved 5)A nd s3 Pu$ $6in%

on t*e oor 3it* )ut in *er ne)A. Hes*outed 2or *e$p. Respondin% to *is )ries,enD#ins nei%*5ors, in)$udin% 5rn%6A%3ds Ptri)io >5ion nd Ru4noGui$o, rus*ed to *is *ouse. enD#insAed *is nei%*5ors to *e$p ser)* 2or>$5ert, 3*o 3s 2ound s*ort$6 so#e !#eters 2ro# t*e *ouse. >$5ert ndi5s$id t on t*e %round 3it* t3o stones



17/185

ner *is *ed. enD#in reEuested Ptri)ioto send so#eone to report t*e in)ident tot*e po$i)e.:?;

Upon $ernin% o2 enD#ins return to

rn%6 C%nitun, G5rie$ Gui$o $so*urried to enD#ins *ouse.:+; Hereve$ed to t*e %rievin% enD#in t*t *e3itnessed Pu$s Ai$$in% nd t*t t*e t*ree))used, /d3in (ori$, eonrdo (ori$nd None$ito >5ion, 3ere t*e perpetrtors.enD#in dvised G5rie$ not to te$$n6one 5out 3*t *e Ane3 2or 2er t*tt*e6 3ou$d $$ 5e Ai$$ed sin)e t*e >5ions3ere Msturted in :t*eir; p$)e.M G5rie$*eeded enD#ins dvi)e.:!;

T*e po$i)e rrived t round 1' t*tevenin%. SPO+ >ntonio ()ion, $on% 3it*2our ot*er po$i)e oL)ers, investi%ted t*etr%ed6. T*e6 2ound 3ounds in Pu$ndi5s sto#)*, 5rest nd ne)A.>$5ert ndi5s, on t*e ot*er *nd, *d )ontusion on t*e ri%*t side o2 *is *ed.eside *i# 3ere t3o stones.:2ter e#inin% t*e vi)ti#s 3ounds, t*epo$i)e oL)ers, $on% 3it* enD#in (ori$,pro)eeded to t*e 5edroo#. enD#inin2or#ed t*e oL)ers t*t P11,. 3s#issin% 2ro# t*e #one65o. Ot*er t*nt*e )s*, not*in% e$se 3s #issin%.

Outside t*e *ouse, enD#in dis)$osed tot*e oL)ers *is t*ree suspe)ts, t*e))used in t*is )se. He dvised t*e#,*o3ever, to 5rin% on$6 eonrdo nd

/d3in (ori$ into )ustod6 nd not toin)$ude None$ito >5ion, 3*o *d #n6re$tives in C%nitun. >s 2or#er5rn%6 )ptin o2 "" 6ers, *e Ane3t*t t*e >5ions 3ere M#ost 2eredM inC%nitun. enD#in did not te$$ t*e po$i)et*t G5rie$ Gui$o *d 3itnessed t*ein)ident.:;

T*e po$i)e 2ound /d3in nd eonrdo(ori$ in t*e *ouse o2 None$ito >5ion ndinvited t*e t3o to t*e po$i)e sttion, 3*eret*e6 3ere turned over to SPO+ >ndres

Fernnde7. T*e investi%tion )ondu)ted 56SPO+ Fernnde7 6ie$ded n etr-Dudi)i$)on2ession 2ro# ))used eonrdo (ori$,:8; 3*o 3s ssisted 56 >tt6. To5is>%ui$r.

On nur6 8, 1==not*er st53ound t t*e 5do#en pier)ed t*eintestine. r. S$s )on)$uded t*t t*e)use o2 det* o2 Pu$ ndi5s is severe*e#orr*%es se)ondr6 to t*e in)ised3ound.

On t*e re#ins o2 >$5ert ndi5s, r.S$s 2ound #u$tip$e n%u$r )orro%ted3ounds on t*e *ed, 3*i)* )ou$d *ve5een )used 56 *ev6 o5De)t su)* s stone. (u$tip$e st5 3ounds pun)tured t*esAu$$. T*ere 3s $so n 5rsion on t*eri%*t side o2 t*e 2)e, 3*i)* 3s %ross$6s3o$$en nd dis4%ured. T*e 5rsion,))ordin% to r. S$s, #i%*t *ve 5een)used 56 pie)e o2 3ood, 56 2ri)tion 3it*t*e %round, or 56 so#e rou%* #teri$t*t stru)A t*e )*i$ds 2)e. T*e $st inDur6

3s st5 3ound on t*e ri%*t 2ore*ed.r. S$s 5e$ieved t*t t*e )use o2 det*o2 >$5ert ndi5s is t*e intr-)rni$*e#orr*%es se)ondr6 to t*e vio$entinDur6 to t*e *ed.:=; T*e 2ore%oin%4ndin%s nd )on)$usions 3ere redu)ed to3ritin% in t*e do)tors Ne)rops6 Reports.:1;



18/185

T*e ))used, $$ 4rst-de%ree )ousins,interposed deni$ nd $i5i s t*eirde2ense. T*e6 denied 5ein% to%et*er tt*e ti#e o2 t*e in)ident.

>))used None$ito >5ion, "", )$i#ed t*t*e 3s in *is *ouse t round tt*e dn)e, t*e6 o))upied t5$e 3it*Renid (epi)o, Rento (onteder#os nd/d3in (ori$. eonrdo (ori$, *e sid,3s not 3it* t*e#.:11;

>))used /d3in (ori$, 18, #intined t*t*e 3s $so t *o#e on nur6 t round 5ion,ni$o (ori$ nd C*ristop*er (ori$,#on% ot*ers.:1+; Sudden$6, t*e6 *erd

enD#in (ori$ s*out 2or *e$p sever$ti#es.:1!; None$ito nd /d3in, $on% 3it*t*e ot*ers in t*e 5sAet5$$ )ourt, $$rus*ed to enD#in (ori$s *ouse.:1t t*e *ouse o2 enD#in (ori$, t*e62ound t*e $i2e$ess 5od6 o2 Pu$ ndi5son t*e oor undernet* t*e Ait)*en t5$e.Her *nds 3ere on *er 5rest, one 2oot)rooAed nd t*e ot*er stri%*t. S*e *d3ounds in *er ne)A nd 5rest. T*e )orpseeuded 5d odor. enD#in (ori$ 3s)r6in%. He sid t*t 3*oever Ai$$ed Pu$s*$$ p6.:18; /d3in sAed nie$ (ori$

3*o t*e suspe)ts to t*e Ai$$in% 3ere.nie$ sid *e did not Ano3. /d3in 3ent*o#e 2ter 5out 4ve #inutes.:1=;

>2ter vie3in% Pu$ ndi5s re#ins,eonrdo 3ent out o2 t*e *ouse 5e)useo2 t*e unp$esnt s#e$$ nd t*en *eded*o#e.:"; None$ito, on t*e ot*er *nd,deprted s peop$e strted $ooAin% 2or t*e5od6 o2 >$5ert ndi5s sin)e it 3s%ettin% $te. T*t 3s 5out !'1! in t*e

2ternoon.:"1;

T*t ni%*t, /d3in nd eonrdo s$ept tNone$itos *ouse. None$ito *d invited/d3in to s$eep over s t*e6 3ere %oin% todress )*i)Aen,:""; nd /d3in *d to$deonrdo 5out it. T*e )ousins *d t*e)*i)Aen 2or dinner. It 3s Euite $te 3*ent*e6 4nis*ed t*eir supper so eonrdo$so de)ided to spend t*e ni%*t tNone$itos *ouse.:"?; T*e6 s$ept t pst

8' in t*e evenin%.:"+; >))ordin% toNone$ito, t*t 3s not t*e on$6 ti#e t*tt*e t3o *d s$ept over. He sid t*ere 3ereprevious o))sions t*t *is )ousins *dspent t*e ni%*t t t*eir p$)e.:"!;



19/185

T*e >5ion *ouse*o$d 3s to 5e roused2ro# its s$u#5er t*ree *ours $ter. >t11' p.#., t*e po$i)e rrived toinvesti%te t*e Ai$$in% o2 t*e ndi5ses. >po$i)e oL)er sAed /d3in 3*ere *e 3s t


20/185

eonrdo did not sA t*e po$i)e 2or p*6si)in to e#ine *i# nor did *e te$$n6one 5out *is inDuries 5e)use *e didnot Ano3 *e 3s per#itted to do so.

eonrdos stte#ents 3ere t*en redu)edinto 3ritin%. > po$i)e#n in2or#ed *i#t*t t*e6 3ere %oin% to )ont)t $36erto ssist *i# durin% t*e investi%tion.eonrdo 3s to$d t*t *is )ounse$ 3ou$d5e )ertin >tt6. >%ui$r 3*ose oL)e 3sver6 ner t*e po$i)e sttion. eonrdo)onsented.

Hvin% prepred eonrdos stte#ent,t*e po$i)e t*en to$d eonrdo to )o#e 3it*t*e# to >tt6. >%ui$rs oL)e, 3*i)* 3s5out ! #eters 2ro# t*e po$i)e sttion.

T*ere, *e s3 >tt6. >%ui$r 2or t*e 4rstti#e. T*e $36er red to *i# t*edo)u#ent nd sAed *i# 3*et*er its)ontents 3ere true. T*e po$i)e *dinstru)ted eonrdo to ns3er M6esM i2 *e3s sAed t*t Euestion, nd eonrdo*eeded t*e instru)tions.

eonrdo denied t*t >tt6. >%ui$re#ined *is 5od6 2or n6 inDuries. >tt6.>%ui$r did sA eonrdo i2 *e 3s 2or)edor inti#idted to ee)ute t*e etr-Dudi)i$)on2ession. eonrdo, *o3ever, did not te$$*is $36er 5out *is inDuries sin)e po$i)eoL)er *d 3rned *i# t*t *e 3ou$d 5e#u$ed %in s*ou$d *e do so. eonrdot*en si%ned t*e etr-Dudi)i$ )on2ession,2ter 3*i)* >tt6. >%ui$r Led *is. T*esi%nin% over, eonrdo 3s 5rou%*t 5)A

to t*e po$i)e sttion.:"=; ter in )ourt,eonrdo )$i#ed t*t *e #ere$6 #de up$$ t*e stte#ents in t*e do)u#ent5e)use *e 3s 2rid.

>t round 8'? t*t #ornin%, None$itovisited eonrdo nd /d3in t t*e po$i)e

sttion. > po$i)e oL)er in2or#ed None$itot*t *e 3s one o2 t*e suspe)ts nd*nd)ued *i#.:?;

To 5e$ie G5rie$ Gui$os e6e3itness

))ount, t*e de2ense $so presentedPtri)io >5ion nd /u$o%io Pdi$$. Ptri)iond /u$o%io purported$6 s3 G5rie$ inrn%6 (ri C$r t t*e $$e%ed ti#eo2 t*e in)ident s 3e$$ s t*e #ornin%2ter.

On re5utt$, t*e prose)ution oered t*etesto#onies o2 F$or ndi5s, (rtinG$ope nd /r$ito ndi5s.

F$or nd (rtin 3ere presented todisprove t*e testi#on6 o2 t*e ))used t*t/d3in (ori$ 3s not t t*e dn)e 3it* *is)o-))used. F$or )$i#ed t*t s*e s3t*e t*ree to%et*er t t*e dn)e 3it*Ros$i nd Rened (epi)o o))up6in% onet5$e. None$ito nd /d3in dn)ed Do62u$$6,even so#e3*t unusu$$6, nd )u%*t t*ettention o2 ot*er peop$e. eonrdo $sodn)ed 5ut did not see# to enDo6 *i#se$2.:?1;

(rtin, 5rn%6 tnod, 3s t t*edn)e to *e$p preserve t*e pe)e. He#intined t*t *e s3 $$ t*e t*ree))used, in)$udin% eonrdo (ori$, t t*edn)e.:?";

T*e de2ense tte#pted to di#inis* t*ese3itnesses )redi5i$it6 56 s*o3in% t*eir

re$tion to t*e vi)ti#. On )ross-e#intion, F$or d#itted t*t s*e ist*e 3i2e o2 Ireneo ndi5s, t*e 5rn%6)ptin, nd t*e son o2 Pu$ ndi5s.:??; (rtin G$ope, 2or *is prt, sid t*tt*e s#e Ireneo ndi5s *d ppointed*i# 5rn%6 tnod.:?+;



21/185

/r$ito ndi5s testi#on6, on t*e ot*er*nd, 3s intended to re2ute t*etesti#onies o2 de2ense 3itnesses Ptri)io>5ion nd /u$o%io Pdi$$ t*t G5rie$Gui$o, t*e $$e%ed e6e3itness to t*eAi$$in%s, 3s in (ri C$r t t*e

purported ti#e o2 t*e in)ident.

On sur-re5utt$, t*e de2ense %inpresented /u$o%io Pdi$$ to dispute t*etesti#on6 o2 /r$ito ndi5s.

>2ter tri$, t*e RTC rendered de)ision)onvi)tin% $$ t*e t*ree ))used, t*us'

@H/R/FOR/, Dud%#ent is *ere56 rendered4ndin% $$ t*e ))used, n#e$6'/ON>RO (ORI>, NON/ITO >ION nd/@IN (ORI>, GUIT0 5e6ond reson5$edou5t o2 t*e )ri#e o2 RO/R0 @ITHHO(ICI/ s de4ned under >rti)$e "=?nd pen$i7ed under >rti)$e "=+ 19 o2 t*eRevised Pen$ Code nd re *ere56senten)ed s 2o$$o3s'

1. >))used /ON>RO (ORI> ndNON/ITO >ION to e)* suer t*esupre#e pen$t6 o2 />TH 56 $et*$inDe)tion nd

". >))used /@IN (ORI>, due to *is#inorit6, to suer t*e $esser pen$t6 o2R/CUSION P/RP/TU>.

Civi$$6, t*e t*ree ?9 ))used 2oren#ed

re *e$d $i5$e OINT0 nd S/B/R>0 s2o$$o3s'

?. To inde#ni26 t*e *eirs o2 Pu$ ndi5st*e #ount o2 P!,. s det*inde#nit6

+. To inde#ni26 t*e *eirs o2 >$5ertndi5s t*e #ount o2 P!,. sdet* inde#nit6

!. To inde#ni26 )o#p$innt enD#in

(ori$ t*e #ount o2 P",!+


22/185

investi%tor strts interro%tin% ore)tin% )on2ession 2ro# t*e suspe)t in)onne)tion 3it* n $$e%ed oense.:?;

> person under )ustodi$ investi%tion is

%urnteed )ertin ri%*ts, 3*i)* tt)*upon t*e )o##en)e#ent t*ereo2. T*esere t*e ri%*ts 19 to re#in si$ent, "9 to)o#petent nd independent )ounse$,pre2er5$6 o2 *is o3n )*oi)e, nd ?9 to 5ein2or#ed o2 t*e t3o ot*er ri%*ts.:?8; T*eprose)ution #ust prove 3it* )$er nd)onvin)in% eviden)e t*t t*e ))used 3s))orded sid ri%*ts 5e2ore *e etr-

Dudi)i$$6 d#itted *is %ui$t to t*eut*orities.:?=;

T*us, t*e prose)ution oered t*etesti#onies o2 SPO+ >ndres Fernnde7 nd>tt6. To5is >%ui$r. SPO+ Fernnde7testi4ed t*t t*e investi%tion *e)ondu)ted resu$ted in n d#ission 56eonrdo (ori$ t*t *e 3s one o2 t*ose3*o prti)ipted in t*e ro55er6 3it**o#i)ide. SPO+ Fernnde7 sAed eonrdo3*et*er *e 3s 3i$$in% to redu)e *isstte#ent into 3ritin% nd to si%n t*es#e. T*e suspe)t ns3ered positive$6.

SPO+ Fernnde7 t*en dvised *i# o2 *isri%*t Mto re#in si$ent nd :to; *ve )ounse$:,; :nd in2or#ed *i# t*t;3*tever 3i$$ 5e *is ns3er 3i$$ 5e useds eviden)e in Court.:+;

eonrdo to$d t*e investi%tor t*t *e *dno #one6 to p6 2or t*e servi)es o2)ounse$. SPO+ Fernnde7 in2or#ed *i#t*t t*ere re #n6 $36ers in t*eir#uni)ip$it6 nd n#ed so#e o2 t*e#.

eonrdo sid *e did not Ano3 n6 o2 t*e$36ers #entioned. SPO+ Fernnde7 t*usvo$unteered to o5tin $36er 2or t*esuspe)t, to 3*i)* eonrdo (ori$)onsented. SPO+ Fernnde7 t*en)ont)ted >tt6. >%ui$r.:+1;

>tt6. To5is >%ui$r rrived t 5out 8't*t #ornin% o2 nur6 =, 1==2ter5ein% introdu)ed to eonrdo (ori$, >tt6.>%ui$r *d s*ort )on2eren)e 3it* *i#.He sAed eonrdo i2 *e 3s 3i$$in% tons3er t*e Euestions t*t #6 5e

propounded 56 t*e po$i)e investi%tor.>tt6. >%ui$r 3rned *i# t*t t*estte#ents t*t *e #6 %ive #i%*t 5eused in eviden)e %inst *i#. eonrdosid *e 3s 3i$$in% to ns3er t*eEuestions vo$untri$6. >))ordin% to >tt6.>%ui$r, eonrdo 3s 5ent on reve$in%3*t re$$6 *ppened. T*ere2ter, SPO+Fernnde7 )ondu)ted t*e investi%tion inCe5uno.

(id36 into t*e investi%tion, 2ter t*epo$i)e investi%tor *d sAed M$$ t*e#teri$ points,M >tt6. >%ui$r sAed t*einvesti%tor t*t *e 5e %iven $eve s *e*d ver6 i#portnt en%%e#ent. T*einvesti%tor %reed to t*e $36ersreEuest.:+";

e2ore $evin%, >tt6. >%ui$r sAedeonrdo i2 *e 3s 3i$$in% to ns3er t*eEuestions in *is 5sen)e. He $so

instru)ted t*e po$i)e t*t, 2ter t*e 3ritten)on2ession *d 5een prepred, t*e))used nd t*e do)u#ent )ontinin% t*e)on2ession s*ou$d 5e 5rou%*t to *is oL)e2or M2urt*er e#intion.M >tt6. >%ui$r 3sin t*e po$i)e sttion 2or $ess t*n t*irt6#inutes 2ro# t*e strt o2 t*einterro%tion.

>t 5out 1'? or "' in t*e 2ternoon,eonrdo nd *is po$i)e#n-es)ort rrived

t >tt6. >%ui$rs oL)e. >tt6. >%ui$r sAedt*e ))used 3*et*er *e 3s #$treted3*i$e *e 3s 36 nd e#ined t*esuspe)ts 5od6 2or )ontusions or5rsions. eonrdo to$d *i# t*t *e 3snot *r#ed 56 t*e po$i)e oL)er. T*e$36er t*en studied t*e do)u#ent todeter#ine 3*et*er its )ontents )on2or#ed



23/185

to t*e ns3ers %iven 56 t*e ))used in *is)ounse$s9 presen)e. He propoundedEuestions to eonrdo 3it* re2eren)e tot*e do)u#ent. >tt6. >%ui$r sAed *i#3*et*er *e understood its )ontents nd3*et*er *e 3s 3i$$in% to si%n it. eonrdo

rep$ied in t*e positive nd si%ned t*edo)u#ent in t*e presen)e o2 >tt6. >%ui$rnd t*e po$i)e#n-es)ort.:+?;

SPO+ Fernnde7 )on4r#ed t*t >tt6.>%ui$r $e2t durin% t*e investi%tion. Ondire)t e#intion, SPO+ Fernnde7 sidt*e $36er $e2t t*e sttion 3*i$e t*einvesti%tion 3s sti$$ %oin% on, s6in%t*t *e *d so #n6 t*in%s to do in *isoL)e.:++; On )ross-e#intion, SPO+

Fernnde7 *esitted $itt$e 3*en *etesti4ed t*t >tt6. >%ui$r M#i%*tM *vepro55$6 %one out in t*e #idd$e o2 t*einvesti%tion.:+!; ter, *e )$ri4ed t*t3*i$e in t*e pro)ess o2 dr2tin% t*estte#ent, >tt6. >%ui$r to$d *i# t*t *e*d to %o to *is oL)e to ttend to so#e#tters.:+tt6. >%ui$r 3s Min t*e po$i)esttion durin% t*e investi%tion,M M*e >tt6.>%ui$r9 :3ou$d; )o#e nd %o 5ut 3it*int*e po$i)e sttion.:+;

urin% nd despite >tt6. >%ui$rs 5sen)e,SPO+ Fernnde7 )ontinued 3it* t*einvesti%tion nd propounded sever$#ore Euestions to eonrdo, 3*i)* t*e$tter ns3ered.:+8;

T*e Court *s stressed t*t n ))usedunder )ustodi$ interro%tion #ust)ontinuous$6 *ve )ounse$ ssistin% *i#

2ro# t*e ver6 strt t*ereo2.:+=; In Peop$evs. u)ero,:!; 3*ere t*e suspe)ts)ounse$ $e2t Dust 3*en t*e interro%tion3s strtin%, t*is Court )*stised 5ot*)ounse$ nd t*e tri$ )ourt 2or t*eir $)A o27e$ in s2e%urdin% t*e ri%*ts o2 t*e))used.

SPO+ Fernnde7 )nnot Dusti26 >tt6.>%ui$rs $evin% 56 )$i#in% t*t 3*ent*e $36er $e2t, *e Ane3 ver6 3e$$ t*t t*esuspe)t *d $red6 d#itted t*t *eeonrdo9 nd *is )o#pnions )o##ittedt*e )ri#e.:!1; Neit*er )n >tt6. >%ui$r

rtion$i7e *is 5ndonin% *is )$ient 56s6in% t*t *e $e2t on$6 2ter t*e $tter *dd#itted t*e M#teri$ points,M re2errin% tot*e t*ree ))useds respe)tiveprti)iption in t*e )ri#e.:!"; For even st*e person under )ustodi$ investi%tionenDo6s t*e ri%*t to )ounse$ 2ro# itsin)eption, so does *e enDo6 su)* ri%*t unti$its ter#intion -indeed, Min ever6 p*se o2t*e investi%tion.:!?; >n ee)tive ndvi%i$nt )ounse$ Mne)essri$6 nd $o%i)$$6reEuires t*t t*e $36er 5e present nd

5$e to dvise nd ssist *is )$ient 2ro#t*e ti#e t*e )on2essnt ns3ers t*e 4rstEuestion sAed 56 t*e investi%tin% oL)erunti$ t*e si%nin% o2 t*e etrDudi)i$)on2ession.M:!+;

Furt*er#ore, Se)tion "9 o2 R.>.No.+?8:!!; reEuires t*t M:;n6 personrrested, detined or under )ustodi$investi%tion s*$$ t $$ ti#es 5e ssisted56 )ounse$.M T*e $st pr%rp* o2 Se)tion

? o2 t*e s#e $3 #ndtes t*t M:i;n t*e5sen)e o2 n6 $36er, no )ustodi$investi%tion s*$$ 5e )ondu)ted.M

T*e ri%*t o2 ppe$$nt to )ounse$ 3st*ere2ore )o#p$ete$6 ne%ted 56 t*epre)ipitte deprture o2 >tt6. To5is 5e2oret*e ter#intion o2 t*e )ustodi$investi%tion. In Peop$e vs. enie%,:!


24/185

%oes on. . T*e )o#petent orindependent )ounse$ so en%%ed s*ou$d5e present 2ro# t*e 5e%innin% to end, i.e.,t $$ st%es o2 t*e intervie3, )ounse$in%or dvisin% )ution reson5$6 t ever6turn o2 t*e investi%tion, nd stoppin% t*e

interro%tion on)e in 3*i$e eit*er to %ivedvi)e to t*e ))used t*t *e #6 eit*er)ontinue, )*oose to re#in si$ent orter#inte t*e intervie3.

I2 it 3ere true t*t >tt6. To5is *d tottend to #tters so pressin% t*t *e *dto 5ndon )$ient under%oin% )ustodi$investi%tion, *e )ou$d *ve ter#intedt*e s#e to 5e )ontinued on$6 unti$ ssoon s *is s)*edu$e per#itted, dvisin%

t*e suspe)t in t*e #enti#e to re#insi$ent. T*is *e 2i$ed to do. >p$$in%$6, *eeven sAed *is )$ient 3*et*er *e 3s3i$$in% to ns3er Euestions durin% t*e$36ers 5sen)e. T*e re)ords $sodis)$ose t*t >tt6. To5is never in2or#edppe$$nt o2 *is ri%*t to re#in si$ent, noteven 5e2ore t*e )ustodi$ investi%tionstrted.:!;

>tt6. To5is, 56 *is 2i$ure to in2or#

ppe$$nt o2 t*e $tters ri%*t to re#insi$ent, 56 *is M)o#in% nd %oin%M durin%t*e )ustodi$ investi%tion, nd 56 *is5rupt deprture 5e2ore t*e ter#intion o2t*e pro)eedin%s, )n *rd$6 5e t*e)ounse$ t*t t*e 2r#ers o2 t*e 1=8Constitution )onte#p$ted 3*en it ddedt*e #odi4er M)o#petentM to t*e 3ordM)ounse$.M Neit*er )n *e 5e des)ri5ed st*e Mvi%i$nt nd ee)tiveM )ounse$ t*t

Durispruden)e reEuires. Pre)ise$6, it is >tt6.To5is non)*$nt 5e*vior durin% t*e

)ustodi$ investi%tion t*t t*eConstitution 5*ors nd 3*i)* t*is Court)onde#ns. His )su$ ttitude su5vertedt*e ver6 purpose 2or t*is vit$ ri%*t, 3*i)*is to'

)ur5 t*e un)ivi$i7ed pr)ti)e o2etr)tin% )on2ession even 56 t*e s$i%*test)oer)ion s 3ou$d $ed t*e ))used tod#it so#et*in% 2$se. @*t is sou%*t to5e voided is t*e Mevi$ o2 etortin% 2ro#t*e ver6 #out* o2 t*e person under%oin%

interro%tion 2or t*e )o##ission o2 noense, t*e ver6 eviden)e 3it* 3*i)* toprose)ute nd t*ere2ter )onvi)t *i#.M

T*ese )onstitution$ %urntee *ve 5een#de vi$5$e to prote)t *i# 2ro# t*ein*erent$6 )oer)ive ps6)*o$o%i)$, i2 notp*6si)$, t#osp*ere o2 su)*investi%tion.:!8;

/ven %rntin% t*t ppe$$nt )onsented to>tt6. >%ui$rs deprture durin% t*e

investi%tion nd to ns3er Euestionsdurin% t*e $36ers 5sen)e, su)* )onsent3s n inv$id 3iver o2 *is ri%*t to)ounse$ nd *is ri%*t to re#in si$ent.Under Se)tion 1" ?9, >rti)$e III o2 t*eConstitution, t*ese ri%*ts )nnot 5e3ived un$ess t*e s#e is #de in 3ritin%nd in t*e presen)e o2 )ounse$. No su)*3ritten nd )ounse$ed 3iver o2 t*eseri%*ts 3s oered in eviden)e.

T*t t*e etr-Dudi)i$ )on2ession 3ssu5seEuent$6 si%ned in t*e presen)e o2)ounse$ did not )ure its )onstitution$de2e)ts. In Peop$e vs. Co#pi$,:!=; t*isCourt *e$d'

it is evident t*t ))used-ppe$$nt3s i##edite$6 su5De)ted to ninterro%tion upon *is rrest in t*e *ouseo2 Re6 ope7 in T65s, ue7on. He 3st*en 5rou%*t to t*e T65s Po$i)e Sttion

3*ere *e 3s 2urt*er Euestioned. >nd3*i$e on t*eir 36 to (ni$, t*e rrestin%%ents %in e$i)ited in)ri#intin%in2or#tion. In $$ t*ree instn)es, *e)on2essed to t*e )o##ission o2 t*e )ri#end d#itted *is prti)iption t*erein. In$$ t*ose instn)es, *e 3s not ssisted 56)ounse$.



25/185

T*e 5e$ted rriv$ o2 t*e C>O $36er t*e2o$$o3in% d6 even i2 prior to t*e )tu$si%nin% o2 t*e un)ounse$ed )on2essiondoes not )ure t*e de2e)t 2or t*e

investi%tors 3ere $red6 5$e to etr)tin)ri#intor6 stte#ents 2ro# ))used-ppe$$nt. T*e opertive )t, it *s 5eenstressed, is 3*en t*e po$i)e investi%tionis no $on%er %ener$ inEuir6 into nunso$ved )ri#e 5ut *s 5e%n to 2o)us on prti)u$r suspe)t 3*o *s 5een tAeninto )ustod6 56 t*e po$i)e to )rr6 out pro)ess o2 interro%tion t*t $ends itse$2 toe$i)itin% in)ri#intor6 stte#ents, nd nott*e si%nin% 56 t*e suspe)t o2 *is supposedetrDudi)i$ )on2ession. T*us in Peop$e v.de esus :"1? SCR> ?+! 1=="9; 3e sidt*t d#issions o5tined durin% )ustodi$interro%tions 3it*out t*e 5ene4t o2)ounse$ $t*ou%* $ter redu)ed to 3ritin%nd si%ned in t*e presen)e o2 )ounse$ resti$$ 3ed under t*e Constitution.:Unders)orin% supp$ied.;

(oreover, ppe$$nts po$i)e#n-es)ort3s $so present in t*e $36ers oL)e sttorne6 nd )$ient dis)ussed t*e

vo$untriness o2 t*e $tters )on2ession.One )n *rd$6 epe)t t*e suspe)t, in t*e2)e o2 su)* inti#idtin% presen)e, to)ndid$6 d#it t*t *e 3s )oer)ed into)on2essin%.

>s ppe$$nt eonrdo (ori$ 3see)tive$6 deprived o2 *is ri%*t to )ounse$durin% )ustodi$ investi%tion, *is etr-

Dudi)i$ )on2ession is ind#issi5$e ineviden)e %inst *i#.:5ion nd /d3in (ori$. T*e ru$eon res inter $ios )t provides t*t t*eri%*ts o2 prt6 )nnot 5e preDudi)ed 56n )t, de)$rtion, or o#ission o2 not*er:n e)eption to t*e res inter $ios )tru$e is n d#ission #de 56 )onspirtor. Se)tion ?, Ru$e 1? o2 t*eRu$es o2 Court provides t*t t*e )t or

de)$rtion o2 t*e )onspirtor re$tin% tot*e )onspir)6 nd durin% its eisten)e#6 5e %iven in eviden)e %inst t*e )o-)onspirtor provided t*t t*e )onspir)6 iss*o3n 56 eviden)e ot*er t*n 56 su)* )tor de)$rtion. T*e e)eption, *o3ever,does not pp$6 in t*is )se sin)e t*e)on2ession 3s #de 2ter t*e $$e%ed)onspir)6 nd not 3*i$e t*e de)$rnt3s en%%ed in )rr6in% out t*e)onspir)6.:


26/185

> One #ture nd one 6oun% *orse, t*e6oun% one is not 6et tied up.

So 6ou *ve t3o *orses $$ in $$

PROS. RUIZ'

o 6ou *ve )r5o, (r. @itness

> None, Sir.

No3, 3*i$e 6ou 3ere psturin% 6our*orse t #ore or $ess 0es, Sir.

PROS. RUIZ

No3, 3*en 6ou *erd t*t voi)e o2Pu$, 3*t did 6ou do

> I pused 2or 3*i$e 5e)use 3*t I*erd I 2ound it 3eird.

@*ere did 6ou st6 t t*t #o#ent s3*t 6ou *ve sid t*t 6ou st6ed 2or 3*i$e

> I st6ed t distn)e o2 5out 8 #eters2ro# t*eir 6rd.

@ere t*ere trees in t*e p$)e 3*ere 6ou

3ere st6in% t t*t ti#e

> 0es, Sir.

@*i$e st6in% t t*e distn)e o2 8#eters 36 2ro# t*e 6rd o2 t*e *ouse o2



27/185

enD#in (ori$, 3*t did 6ou o5serve i2n6

> I s3 t*t t*e o$d 3o#n 3s s$pped56 None$ito >5ion on *er ne)A.

@*t e$se *ve 6ou o5served i2 n6

> T*en t*e o$d 3o#n 3s do3n nd3*en s*e 3s do3n, t*is /d3in (ori$st55ed *er.

@ou$d 6ou p$ese te$$ t*is Honor5$e

Court 3*t 3s t*t 3epon used inst55in% t*e o$d 3o#n 56 /d3in (ori$

> > s#$$ s*rp pointed 3epon, Sir.

No3, *ve 6ou seen eonrdo (ori$ int*e *ouse o2 enD#in (ori$

@ITN/SS'

> eonrdo (ori$ 3s Dust outside t*e*ouse o2 Pu$ ndi5s.

PROS. RUIZ'

@*t 3s eonrdo (ori$ doin% outsidet*e *ouse o2 enD#in (ori$

> He 3s Dust stndin% t*eret.

No3, in 6our esti#te, *o3 $on% didNone$ito nd /d3in 3ere inside t*e *ouseo2 enD#in (ori$

@ITN/SS'

>2ter t*e6 *ve Ai$$ed t*e o$d 3o#n, t3o

#inutes. . .

>TT0. G>UC>N'

T*e ns3er is not responsive, t*e Euestion3s *o3 $on%

PROS. RUIZ'

T*t is t*e ns3er o2 t*e 3itness.

COURT'

Continue 3it* t*e ns3er.

@ITN/SS'

> >2ter Ai$$in% t*e o$d 3o#n, t*e6 st6edinside t*e *ouse 2or 5out ten #inutes,Sir.

No3, 2ter ten #inutes, 3*t did t*e6do (r. @itness

> T*e6 3ent out o2 t*e *ouse.

PROS. RUIZ'

>2ter %ettin% out 2ro# t*e *ouse, 3*tdid t*e6 do



28/185

> T*e6 3ent *o#e, Sir.

In 3*t dire)tion

> To3rds t*e *ouses ner56.:*e$d t*t t*e 3ei%*t o2 testi#on6 o2 3itness is not i#pired or in n6 36e)ted 56 *is re$tions*ip to t*e vi)ti#3*en t*ere is no s*o3in% o2 i#proper#otive on t*e prt o2 t*e 3itness.:person 3*o 3s )$ose to t*e vi)ti# 3ou$dnot )$$ous$6 vio$te *is )ons)ien)e 565$#in% it on so#eone *e 5e$ievedinno)ent t*ereo2,:nent t*e 2i$ure o2 Gui$o to eit*er ttendto t*e vi)ti#s or to report t*e #tteri##edite$6 to t*e ut*orities, it s*ou$d5e re#e#5ered t*t dierent peop$e re)tdierent$6 to n unusu$ event nd t*ereis no stndrd o2 5e*vior 3*en person5e)o#es 3itness to so#et*in% sos*o)Ain% or %rueso#e s #urderespe)i$$6 i2 t*e ssi$nt is ner.:


29/185

Pendin% revie3 o2 t*is )se, G5rie$ Gui$o4$ed 5e2ore t*is Court t*ree p%e(ni2esttion 3it* Pr6er, dted "" une", 3*i)* in ee)t, 3s re)nttion o2

*is testi#on6 in t*e tri$ )ourt. Hede)$red t*t *e 3s uti$i7ed 56 enD#in(ori$ %inst t*e t*ree ))used 5e)uset*e $tter *d $on%-stndin% %rud%e%inst t*e# nd 3s i#pe$$ed 56 *trednd 2$se sense o2 n%er. Sin)e enD#in)ou$d not pinpoint t*e Ai$$er o2 Pu$ nd>$5ert ndi5s, it 3s de)ided t*t t*et*ree ))used 5e i#p$i)ted to t*e )ri#es 36 o2 %ettin% reven%e.M G5rie$sre$tion to enD#in, 3*ose 3i2e is t*esister o2 G5rie$s 3i2e Re%in, ))ounted2or enD#ins inuen)e over *i#. In su#,G5rie$ #intined t*t ppe$$nts /d3in(ori$, eonrdo (ori$ nd None$ito >5ion*d Mnot*in% to do 3it* t*e )ri#e)*r%ed.M

T*e ttitude o2 )ourts to3rds Ldvits o2retr)tion is one o2 distrust, i2 not o2disppro5tion, 5e)use

Ldvits o2 re)nttion )n esi$6 5ese)ured 2ro# poor nd i%nornt 3itnesses2or #onetr6 )onsidertion or t*rou%*inti#idtion. Re)nted testi#on6 ise)eedin%$6 unre$i5$e 2or t*ere is $36st*e pro55i$it6 t*t it #6 $ter 5erepudited. Courts t*us $ooA 3it* dis2vort Ldvits o2 retr)tions o2 testi#on6%iven in open )ourt, nd re 3r6 orre$u)tnt to $$o3 ne3 tri$ 5sed onretr)ted testi#on6. Indeed, it 3ou$d 5e dn%erous ru$e to reDe)t t*e testi#on6

tAen 5e2ore t*e )ourt o2 Dusti)e si#p$65e)use t*e 3itness $ter on )*n%ed *is#ind 2or one reson or not*er, 2or su)* ru$e 3i$$ #Ae so$e#n tri$ #o)Aer6nd 3i$$ p$)e t*e investi%tion o2 trut* tt*e #er)6 o2 uns)rupu$ous 3itnesses.:8?;

Furt*er, t*e de2ense, durin% t*e tri$ o2t*is )se, 2i$ed to est5$is* n6 %rud%e orni#osit6 5et3een nd %inst t*e))used nd enD#in (ori$, s 3e$$ s%inst t*e ))used nd G5rie$ Gui$o. In2)t, 3*en /d3ins 2t*er died, enD#in

))o##odted /d3in nd *is #ot*er in*is nip *ouse MA#$i%M 2or #ore t*nt3o "9 6ers.:8+; None$ito >5ion $sotesti4ed t*t *e )ou$d not re)$$ *vin%person$ dieren)es 3it* enD#in.:8!;

T*e ))used *ve no ot*er e)use ot*ert*n $i5i. Interestin%$6, t*e6 $$ testi4edt*t t*e6 3ere in t*eir respe)tive *o#est t*e ti#e o2 t*e in)ident. /d3in (ori$3s s$eepin%,:85ion 3s t*o#e, not doin% n6t*in%.:88; In nu#5er o2 )ses, t*e Court s ru$ed t*t$i5i is t*e 3eAest o2 $$ de2enses s it ises6 to 25ri)te nd diL)u$t to disprove,nd it is pr)ti)$$6 3ort*$ess in t*e 2)e o2positive identi4)tion o2 t*e ))used.:8=;

T*e Court noted t*t none o2 t*e ))usedeven presented n6 o2 t*eir supposed*o#e )o#pnions to prove t*t t*e6 3eret *o#e 3*en t*e Ai$$in%s tooA p$)e. Inddition, it 3s not est5$is*ed t*t it

3ou$d *ve 5een p*6si)$$6 i#possi5$e 2ort*e# to 5e t t*e s)ene o2 t*e )ri#e tt*e ti#e o2 its )o##ission.:=; T*e *ouseo2 /d3in (ori$ 3s 5out t3o *undred"9 #eters 2ro# t*e *ouse o2 enD#in,:=1; t*e *ouse o2 eonrdo (ori$ on$65out sit6


30/185

ser)*in% 2or t*e 5od6 o2 >$5ert.:=5ion.

T*e tri$ )ourt )orre)t$6 ru$ed 3*en it2ound t*e ))used %ui$t6 o2 ro55er6 3it**o#i)ide. It 3s est5$is*ed t*t $$ t*ee$e#ents o2 t*e )ri#e 3ere present i.e.,19 t*e tAin% o2 person$ propert6perpetrted 56 #ens o2 vio$en)e orinti#idtion %inst person "9 t*epropert6 tAen 5e$on%s to not*er ?9 t*etAin% is )*r)teri7ed 56 intent to %in or

ni#us $u)rndi nd +9 on t*e o))siono2 t*e ro55er6 or 56 reson t*ereo2, t*e)ri#e o2 *o#i)ide 3s )o##itted.:=8;

In t*is )se, enD#in, upon rriv$ t *is*ouse, 2ound t*t t*eir roo# s indisrr6, t*e )$ot*es 3ere s)ttered ndt*e 5o 3*ere t*e6 Aept t*eir #one6 3s$red6 turned upside do3n.:==; T*e#ount o2 P11,. )ontined in t*e5o 3s $red6 #issin%,:1; Pu$ 3s

$red6 $i2e$ess:11; nd >$5ert 3sno3*ere to 5e 2ound.:1";

T*e tri$ )ourt $so )orre)t$6 ru$ed t*t t*e))used )onspired to )o##it t*e )ri#e.Conspir)6 eists 3*en t3o or #orepersons )o#e to n %ree#ent )on)ernin%t*e )o##ission o2 2e$on6, nd de)ide to)o##it it.:1?; It #6 5e in2erred 2ro#t*e )ts o2 t*e ))used 5e2ore, durin% nd2ter t*e )ri#e, 3*i)* re indi)tive o2

Doint purpose, )on)erted )tion nd)on)urren)e o2 senti#ents.:1+; @*eret*e )ts o2 t*e ))used )o$$e)tive$6 ndindividu$$6 de#onstrte t*e eisten)e o2 )o##on desi%n to3rds t*e))o#p$is*#ent o2 t*e s#e un$32u$purpose, )onspir)6 is evident nd $$ t*eperpetrtors 3i$$ 5e $i5$e s prin)ip$s.

:1!; To ee#pt *i#se$2 2ro# )ri#in$$i5i$it6, t*e )onspirtor #ust *veper2or#ed n overt )t to disso)ite ordet)* *i#se$2 2ro# t*e un$32u$ p$n to)o##it t*e 2e$on6.:12ter 5out ten 19#inutes, t*e6 $e2t t*e *ouse o2 enD#innd 3ent *o#e.:18; C$er$6, Pu$ nd>$5ert 3ere $red6 ded or d6in% 5ut notone o2 t*e ))used $i2ted 4n%er to s*o3n6 pit6 or re#orse. Hen)e, t*e6 s*ou$d$$ 5e #de $i5$e 2or t*e )ri#e.

3e$$in% 3s )orre)t$6 ppre)ited s n%%rvtin% )ir)u#stn)e 5e)use o2 t*esn)tit6 t*t t*e $3 ))ords to t*epriv)6 o2 t*e *u#n 5ode.:1=; T*e*o#e is )onsidered s)red p$)e to itso3ners, nd one 3*o %oes to not*er*ouse to s$nder or *urt *i#, or do *i#3ron%, #ore %ui$t6 t*n *e 3*o oends*i# e$se3*ere.:11; Ho3ever, evidentpre#edittion is in*erent in ro55er6 nd

s*ou$d not *ve 5een )onsidered %instt*e ))used.:111; Tre)*er6 )ou$d on$6 5eppre)ited in )ri#es %inst persons,:11"; t*e s#e 36 3it* disre%rd o2respe)t due to se nd %e 3*i)* )n 5e)onsidered on$6 in )ses o2 )ri#es %instpersons nd *onor.:11?;

Nevert*e$ess, ))used /d3in (ori$s*ou$d sti$$ 5e spred t*e det* pen$t6.

T*e re)ords 3ou$d s*o3 t*t *e 3s

#inor t t*e ti#e o2 t*e ee)ution o2 t*e)ri#e.:11+; In Peop$e vs. Bi$$%r)i,:11!;t*e Court ru$ed'

In t*is )se, t*e tri$ )ourt 2i$ed to)onsider t*e %e o2 ppe$$nt Nionedes# 3*en t*e )ri#e 3s )o##itted.



31/185

>t t*e ti#e *e testi4ed on (6 1, 1=8=,*e stted t*t *e 3s on$6 1! 6ers o$dTSN, (6 1, 1=8=, p. ?19. No)ontrdi)tor6 eviden)e 3s presented 56t*e prose)ution. So, 3*en t*e )ri#e 3s)o##itted on Septe#5er "?, 1=8, or

#ore t*n 6er 5e2ore *e 3s presenteds 3itness, Nion edes# 3s $ess t*n1! 6ers o$d.

In Peop$e vs. u%to, 1= SCR> !+ :1==;,3e *e$d t*t t*e ))used *s t*e 5urdeno2 proo2 t*t *e 3s #inor t t*e ti#e o2t*e )o##ission o2 t*e )ri#e. Ho3ever, inPeop$e v. Tis#o, "+ SCR> !?! :1==1;, 3eup*e$d ppe$$nts )$i# t*t *e 3s 16ers o$d t t*e ti#e t*e )ri#e 3s

)o##itted even 3it*out n6 proo2 to)orro5orte *is testi#on6. Considerin%t*t t*e prose)ution 2i$ed to present)ontrdi)tor6 eviden)e, 3e pp$ied toppe$$nt t*erein t*e privi$e%ed #iti%tin%)ir)u#stn)e o2 #inorit6 under t*e se)ondpr%rp* o2 >rti)$e 1? o2 t*e RevisedPen$ Code.

u%to ppers to 5e n 5errtion 2ro#t*e $on% $ine o2 de)isions ntedtin% it.

Fro# U.S. v. er%ntino, ? P*i$. 118 :1=?;to Peop$e v. /5or, 1+1 SCR> "8" :1=8)t No.



32/185

nd t*e det* pen$t6 s*ou$d 5e i#posed))ordin%$6.

@H/R/FOR/, 4ndin% t*e ))used %ui$t65e6ond reson5$e dou5t o2 t*e )ri#e o2

MRo55er6 3it* Ho#i)ide,M 3it* t*e%%rvtin% )ir)u#stn)e o2 d3e$$in%,eonrdo (ori$ nd None$ito >5ion re*ere56 senten)ed to suer t*e pen$t6 o2det* 56 $et*$ inDe)tion, 3*i$e /d3in(ori$, on ))ount o2 *is #inorit6, is*ere56 senten)ed to t*e indeter#intepen$t6 o2 2ro# ten 19 6ers nd one 19d6 o2 prision #6or s #ini#u#, toseventeen 19 6ers, 2our +9 #ont*s ndone 19 d6 o2 re)$usion te#por$ s#i#u#. T*e ))used re $iAe3ise

senten)ed, Doint$6 nd sever$$6, to'

19 inde#ni26 t*e *eirs o2 Pu$ ndi5sin t*e #ount o2 Fi2t6 T*ousndP!,.9 Pesos s det* inde#nit6

"9 inde#ni26 t*e *eirs o2 >$5ert ndi5sin t*e #ount o2 Fi2t6 T*ousndP!,.9 Pesos s det* inde#nit6

?9 inde#ni26 t*e *eirs o2 Pu$ ndi5snd >$5ert ndi5s in t*e #ount o2 Fi2t6

T*ousnd P!,.9 Pesos 2or e)*det* s #or$ d#%es

+9 inde#ni26 enD#in (ori$ in t*e#ount o2 T3ent6 T*ousnd Five HundredFort6-Si P",!+


33/185

industr6 to s$o3do3n.!>s )onseEuen)e,3*i$e 5usiness 3s %ood durin% t*e 4rstEurter o2 1==, respondent suered$osses #ountin% to P1,8=,""8 t*t6er.))ordin% to 0p, 5e)use respondentsuered $osses, it 3s not $i5$e 2orin)o#e tes.Nevert*e$ess, respondentpid its Eurter$6 )orporte in)o#e tnd re#itted )redit5$e 3it**o$din% t2ro# re$ estte s$es to t*e IR in t*etot$ #ounto2 P"ppe$s CT>9.

On e)e#5er 1!, ", t*e CT> dis#issedt*e petition s it 3s 4$ed 5e6ond t*e t3o-6er pres)riptive period 2or 4$in% Dudi)i$)$i# 2or t re2und or t )redit.1"ItinvoAed Se)tion ""= o2 t*e Ntion$Intern$ Revenue Code NIRC9'

Se). ""=. Recovery of Taxes Erroneously

or Illegally Collected. -- No suit orpro)eedin% s*$$ 5e #intined in n6)ourt 2or t*e re)over6 o2 n6 ntion$intern$ revenue t *ere2ter $$e%ed to*ve 5een erroneous$6 or i$$e%$$6ssessed or )o$$e)ted, or o2 n6 pen$t6)$i#ed to *ve 5een )o$$e)ted 3it*outut*orit6, or o2 n6 su# $$e%ed to *ve5een e)essive$6 or in n6 #nner3ron%2u$$6 )o$$e)ted, unti$ )$i# 2orre2und or )redit *s 5een du$6 4$ed 3it*t*e Co##issioner 5ut su)* suit orpro)eedin% #6 5e #intined, 3*et*er

or not su)* t, pen$t6, or su# *s 5eenpid under protest or duress.

In n6 )se, no su(& su%t o *o(d%ngs&a)) )d a/t t& 9*%at%on o/t:o 24 +as /o; t& dat o/*a+;nt o/ t& ta9 o *na)t+gad)ss o/ an+ su*-n%ng (aust&at ;a+ a%s a/t

*a+;nt'Provided, however,T*t t*eCo##issioner #6, even 3it*out )$i#t*ere2or, re2und or )redit n6 t, 3*ereon t*e 2)e o2 t*e return upon 3*i)*p6#ent 3s #de, su)* p6#entppers )$er$6 to *ve 5een erroneous$6

pid. e#p*sis supp$ied9

T*e CT> 2ound t*t respondent 4$ed its4n$ dDusted return on >pri$ 1+, 1==8.

T*us, its ri%*t to )$i# re2und or )redit)o##en)ed on t*t dte.1?

T*e t )ourt pp$ied >rti)$e 1? o2 t*e Civi$Code 3*i)* sttes'

>rt. 1?. @*en t*e $3 speAs o2 6ers,#ont*s, d6s or ni%*ts, it s*$$ 5eunderstood t*t +as a o/ t&

&undd s%9t+, t*e t3o-6erpres)riptive period under Se)tion ""= o2t*e NIRC 2or t*e 4$in% o2 Dudi)i$ )$i#s3s eEuiv$ent to ? d6s. e)use t*e6er " 3s $ep 6er, respondentspetition, 3*i)* 3s 4$ed ?1 d6s1+2terrespondent 4$ed its 4n$ dDusted return,3s 4$ed 5e6ond t*e re%$e#entr6period.1!

Respondent #oved 2or re)onsidertion 5utit 3s denied.1.1

On >u%ust 1, "?, t*e C> reversed ndset side t*e de)ision o2 t*e CT>.18It ru$edt*t >rti)$e 1? o2 t*e Civi$ Code did notdistin%uis* 5et3een re%u$r 6er nd $ep 6er. >))ordin% to t*e C>'

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T*e ru$e t*t 6er *s ?

In ot*er 3ords, even i2 t*e 6er " 3s $ep 6er, t*e periods )overed 56 >pri$

1!, 1==8 to >pri$ 1+, 1=== nd >pri$ 1!,1=== to >pri$ 1+, " s*ou$d sti$$ 5e)ounted s ? sttute 3*i)* is )$er nd ep$i)its*$$ 5e neit*er interpreted nor)onstrued."

Petitioners #oved 2or re)onsidertion 5utit 3s denied."1T*us, t*is ppe$.

Petitioners )ontend t*t t re2unds, 5ein%in t*e nture o2 n ee#ption, s*ou$d 5estri)t$6 )onstrued %inst

)$i#nts.""Se)tion ""= o2 t*e NIRCs*ou$d 5e stri)t$6 pp$ied%instrespondent ins#u)* s it *s 5een)onsistent$6 *e$d t*t t*e pres)riptiveperiod 2or t*e 4$in% o2 t re2unds nd t)redits9 5e%ins to run on t*e d6 )$i#nts4$e t*eir 4n$ dDusted returns."?Hen)e,t*e )$i# s*ou$d *ve 5een 4$ed on or5e2ore >pri$ 1?, " or 3it*in ? d6s,re)Aoned 2ro# t*e ti#e respondent 4$edits 4n$ dDusted return.

T*e )on)$usion o2 t*e C> t*t respondent

4$ed its petition 2or revie3 in t*e CT>3it*in t*e t3o-6er pres)riptive periodprovided in Se)tion ""= o2 t*e NIRC is)orre)t. Its 5sis, *o3ever, is not.

T*e ru$e is t*t t*e t3o-6er pres)riptiveperiod is re)Aoned 2ro# t*e 4$in% o2 t*e4n$ dDusted return."+ut *o3 s*ou$d t*et3o-6er pres)riptive period 5e)o#puted

>s $red6 Euoted, >rti)$e 1? o2 t*e Civi$Code provides t*t 3*en t*e $3 speAs o2 6er, it is understood to 5e eEuiv$ent to?

Ho3ever, in 1=8, /O""=" or t*e>d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8 3s en)ted.

Se)tion ?1, C*pter BIII, ooA I t*ereo2provides'

Se). ?1."egal Periods. "a= s&a)) undstood to t:)- (a)nda;ont&s> M#ont*M o2 t*irt6 d6s, un$ess it

re2ers to spe)i4) )$endr #ont* in3*i)* )se it s*$$ 5e )o#puted ))ordin%to t*e nu#5er o2 d6s t*e spe)i4) #ont*)ontins Md6M, to d6 o2 t3ent6-2our*ours nd Mni%*tM 2ro# sunrise to sunset.e#p*sis supp$ied9

> )$endr #ont* is M #ont* desi%ntedin t*e )$endr 3it*out re%rd to t*enu#5er o2 d6s it #6 )ontin.M"8It is t*eMperiod o2 ti#e runnin% 2ro# t*e 5e%innin%o2 )ertin nu#5ered d6 up to, 5ut notin)$udin%, t*e )orrespondin% nu#5ered

d6 o2 t*e net #ont*, nd i2 t*ere is not suL)ient nu#5er o2 d6s in t*e net#ont*, t*en up to nd in)$udin% t*e $std6 o2 t*t #ont*.M"=To i$$ustrte, one)$endr #ont* 2ro# e)e#5er ?1, "3i$$ 5e 2ro# nur6 1, "8 to nur6 ?1,"8 one )$endr #ont* 2ro# nur6?1, "8 3i$$ 5e 2ro# Fe5rur6 1, "8unti$ Fe5rur6 "=, "8.?

> $3 #6 5e repe$ed epress$6 56 )te%ori)$ de)$rtion t*t t*e $3 isrevoAed nd 5ro%ted 56 not*er9 or

i#p$ied$6 3*en t*e provisions o2 #orere)ent $3 )nnot 5e reson5$6re)on)i$ed 3it* t*e previous one9.?1Se)tion", ooA BII Fin$ Provisions9 o2 t*e>d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8 sttes'

Se). ". Re!ealing clause. >$$ $3s,de)rees, orders, ru$es nd re%u$tion, orportions t*ereo2, in)onsistent 3it* t*isCode re *ere56 repe$ed or #odi4ed))ordin%$6.

> repe$in% )$use $iAe Se). " 5ove is

not n epress repe$in% )$use 5e)use it2i$s to identi26 or desi%nte t*e $3s to 5e5o$is*ed.?"T*us, t*e provision 5oveon$6 i#!liedlyre!ealed$$ $3sin)onsistent 3it* t*e >d#inistrtive Codeo2 1=8.$avv!hi$

I#p$ied repe$s, *o3ever, re not 2vored.>n i#p$ied repe$ #ust *ve 5een )$er$6

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt19http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt22http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt23http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt24http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt24http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt25http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt26http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt27http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt27http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt28http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt29http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt30http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt31http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt32http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt19http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt22http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt23http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt24http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt25http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt26http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt27http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt28http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt29http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt30http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt31http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_162155_2007.html#fnt32


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nd un#istA5$6 intended 56 t*e$e%is$ture. T*e test is 3*et*er t*esu5seEuent $3 en)o#psses entire$6 t*esu5De)t #tter o2 t*e 2or#er $3 nd t*e6)nnot 5e $o%i)$$6 or reson5$6re)on)i$ed.??

ot* >rti)$e 1? o2 t*e Civi$ Code ndSe)tion ?1, C*pter BIII, ooA I o2 t*e>d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8 de$ 3it* t*es#e su5De)t #tter t*e )o#puttion o2$e%$ periods. Under t*e Civi$ Code, 6eris eEuiv$entto ?d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8, *o3ever, 6er is )o#posed o2 1" )$endr #ont*s.Need$ess to stte, under t*e>d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8, t*e nu#5ero2 d6s is irre$evnt.

T*ere o5vious$6 eists #ni2estin)o#pti5i$it6 in t*e #nner o2)o#putin% $e%$ periods under t*e Civi$Code nd t*e >d#inistrtive Code o21=8. For t*is reson, 3e *o$d t*t Se)tion?1, C*pter BIII, ooA I o2 t*e>d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8, 5ein% t*e#ore re)ent $3, %overns t*e )o#puttiono2 $e%$ periods. "ex !osteriori derogat

!riori.

>pp$6in% Se)tion ?1, C*pter BIII, ooA I o2

t*e >d#inistrtive Code o2 1=8 to t*is)se, t*e t3o-6er pres)riptive periodre)Aoned 2ro# t*e ti#e respondent 4$edits 4n$ dDusted return?+on >pri$ 1+,1==89 )onsisted o2 "+ )$endr #ont*s,)o#puted s 2o$$o3s'

a1

1st )$endr#ont*

>pri$ 1!, 1==8

"nd )$endr#ont*

(6 1!, 1==8

?rd )$endr#ont*

une 1!, 1==8

+t* )$endr#ont*

u$6 1!, 1==8

!t* )$endr#ont*

>u%ust 1!, 1==8


36/185

1!t* )$endr#ont*

une 1!, 1===

1u%ust 1!, 1===

18t* )$endr#ont*

Septe#5er 1!,1===

1=t* )$endr#ont*

O)to5er 1!, 1===

"t* )$endr#ont*

Nove#5er 1!,1===

"1st )$endr

#ont*

e)e#5er 1!,1===

""nd

)$endr#ont*

nur6 1!, "

"?rd )$endr#ont*

Fe5rur6 1!, "

"+t* )$endr

#ont*

(r)* 1!, "

@e t*ere2ore *o$d t*t respondentspetition 4$ed on >pri$ 1+, "9 3s 4$edon t*e $st d6 o2 t*e "+t* )$endr #ont*

2ro# t*e d6 respondent 4$ed its 4n$dDusted return. Hen)e, it 3s 4$ed 3it*int*e re%$e#entr6 period.

>))ordin%$6, t*e petition is*ere56 DENIED.T*e )se

is REMANDEDto t*e Court o2 T >ppe$s3*i)* is ordered to epeditious$6 pro)eedto *er C.T.>. Cse No.


37/185

G.R. No. 1?88"?

Present'

PUNO, C.., C*irperson,

CORON>,

C>RPIO (OR>/SQ,

>ZCUN>, nd

/ON>RO-/ C>STRO, .

Pro#u$%ted'

Septe#5er 1, "8

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/ C I S I O N

/ON>RO-/ C>STRO, .'

In t*is petition 2or revie3 on )ertiorriunder Ru$e +! o2 t*e 1== Ru$es o2 Civi$Pro)edure, petitioner seeAs to set sidend nnu$ t*e e)ision:1; dted (r)* 1,1=== s 3e$$ s t*e Order:"; dted (61+, 1=== rendered 56 t*e Re%ion$ Tri$

Court RTC9 o2 C$oo)n Cit6, rn)* 1"+,in Civi$ Cse No. C-19. T*e RTC $so ordered t*e NH> topro)eed 3it* t*e de#o$ition o2 petitionersstru)ture.

T*e undisputed 2)ts, s 2ound 56 t*e RTC,re Euoted *ereunder'

p$inti nd *er prede)essors-in-interest *ve 5een o))up6in% $otdesi%nted s T>G--


38/185

reserve ?K open sp)e in $$ t6pes o2residenti$ deve$op#ent.

P$inti, to%et*er 3it* (r. & (rs. ose4no

B$enton nd (r. & (rs. Re6 Pn%i$inn,t*rou%* )ounse$, 4$ed n ppe$ 2ro# t*ede)ision to desi%nte t*e re 3*ere t*ep$inti nd t*e t3o ot*er spouses *veere)ted stru)tures, s n >re Center. On

nur6 "!, 1=8!, t*e NH>, t*rou%* itsGener$ (n%er, sent $etter to t*e)ounse$ o2 t*e p$inti nd t*e t3o ot*erprevious$6 n#ed spouses ep$inin% 3*6t*e re 3*ere t*eir stru)tures 3ereere)ted 3s desi%nted s t*e re )enteropen sp)e9. T*e sid ppe$ 3s denied56 t*e NH>. In $etter, dted >u%ust sent Noti)e o2 ot>ssi%n#ent to p$inti re)o%ni7in% t*e$tter s Censused O3ner o2 stru)ture3it* T>G No.


39/185

T*e Order den6in% p$intis pr6er 2orissun)e o2 3rit o2 pre$i#inr6 inDun)tion3s ppe$ed, 56 36 o2 Petition 2orCertiorri, to t*e Court o2 >ppe$sdo)Aeted t*erein s C>-G.R. No. ??8??9.On (6 ?1, 1==+, t*e Court o2 >ppe$s,

Seventeent* ivision, pro#u$%ted e)ision den6in% t*e Petition. P$intispetitioner *erein9 #otion 2orre)onsidertion *vin% 5een denied in Reso$ution dted u$6 "=, 1==+, s*eppe$ed to t*e Supre#e Court 56 36 o2Petition 2or Revie3 on Certiorri. T*eSupre#e Court, t*rou%* t*e First ivision,issued Reso$ution dted O)to5er !,1==+, den6in% t*e Petition. >n /ntr6 o2

ud%#ent on t*e 2oresid Reso$ution 3s#de on e)e#5er "", 1==+.

T*ere2ter, pre-tri$ )on2eren)e 3ss)*edu$ed on nur6 =, nur6 "?,Fe5rur6 1pri$"!, $$ in 1==< n Order dted (6 12ter su5#ission o2NH>s Rep$6 nd p$intis reDoinder,reitertin% t*eir respe)tive stnds, t*eCourt reso$ved to %rnt t*e (otion 2oreve. In t*e s#e Order, t*e prties 3eredire)ted to su5#it t*eir respe)tive#e#ornd 3it*in t*irt6 ?9 d6s 2ro#re)eipt, on t*e so$e issue o2 3*et*er or nott*e NH> )n $32u$$6 re$o)te t*e p$intind de#o$is* p$intis stru)ture.:?;

On (r)* 1, 1===, t*e tri$ )ourtpro#u$%ted its ssi$ed de)isiondis#issin% petitioners )o#p$int.

Petitioners su5seEuent #otion 2orre)onsidertion 3s $iAe3ise denied 56 t*etri$ )ourt in its Order dted (6 1+, 1===.Hen)e, t*is petition 2or revie3 o2 t*e sidde)ision nd order o2 t*e RTC.

In t*e instnt petition 2or revie3,petitioner rises t*e 2o$$o3in% issues'

>. @H/TH/R OR NOT TH//(OITION OR R/OC>TION OF TH/P/TITION/RS STRUCTUR/ @I BIO>T/

TH/ B/ST/ RIGHTS OF TH/ P/TITION/ROB/R TH/ >CUIR/ PROP/RT0 UN/R

TH/ SOCI> USTIC/ C>US/ OF TH/

CONSTITUTION.

. @H/TH/R OR NOT R.>. "=I(PI/0 R/P/>/ P.. 1+" >N P..1?1!.:+;

>s to t*e 4rst issue, petitioner #intinst*t s*e *d )Euired vested ri%*t overt*e propert6 su5De)t o2 t*is )se on t*e%round t*t s*e *d 5een in possession o2it 2or 2ort6 +9 6ers $red6. T*us, toorder *er re$o)tion nd t*e de#o$ition o2*er *ouse 3i$$ in2rin%e t*e so)i$ Dusti)e)$use %urnteed under t*e Constitution.

Petitioners )ontentions #ust ne)essri$6

2i$. T*e NH>s ut*orit6 to order t*ere$o)tion o2 petitioner nd t*e de#o$itiono2 *er propert6 is #ndted 56Presidenti$ e)ree P..9 No. 1?1!.:!;Under t*is e)ree, t*e entire %on%rrio in C$oo)n Cit6 3s identi4ed s 5$i%*ted re nd 3s t*ere56 de)$redeproprited. T*e properties )overedunder P.. No. 1?1! in)$uded petitionerspropert6. T*e NH>, s t*e de)rees



40/185

desi%nted d#inistrtor 2or t*e ntion$%overn#ent, 3s e#po3ered to tAepossession, )ontro$ nd disposition o2 t*eeproprited properties 3it* t*e po3er o2de#o$ition o2 t*eir i#prove#ents.:ut*orit6 :NH>;s*$$ #i#i7e t*e $nd use o2 t*e rend s*$$ provide 2or )ontro$$ed, order$6nd stru)tured %ro3t* o2 d3e$$in%s in nenviron#ent provided 3it* deEutesnitr6 nd ot*er p*6si)$ 2)i$ities.@ords in 5r)Aet ours9

Pursunt to Se)tion " o2 P.. No. 1?1!, t*e

NH> identi4ed >re 1 3*ere petitionerspropert6 3s $o)ted s prt o2 t*e >reCenter reserved 2or open sp)e, 2terstudies *ve s*o3n t*t t*e deve$op#ento2 t*e re 3i$$ e)t on$6 t*ree ?9stru)tures )o#pred to si st%e ndre)retion )enter 3s epe)ted to 5e)onstru)ted t t*e >re Center. >s resu$t, petitioner 3s in2or#ed 56 t*e NH>t*t s*e 3ou$d 5e re$o)ted to ot ,$o)A ", rn%6 1?". Ho3ever,petitioner d#nt$6 re2used to v)te t*e

propert6 )$i#in% s*e *d )Euired vested ri%*t over t*e s#e. Her re2us$ tov)te nd re$o)te to *er ssi%ned $ot*d *#pered t*e deve$op#ent o2 t*eentire re. It s*ou$d 5e noted t*t todte, on$6 petitioner *d re2used to)o#p$6 3it* t*e NH> dire)tive s t*e ot*ero))upnts in >re 1 *d $red6 v)tedt*e pre#ises.

To stress, P.. No. 1?1! ep$i)it$6 vests t*eNH> t*e po3er to i##edite$6 tAepossession, )ontro$ nd disposition o2 t*eeproprited properties 3it* t*e po3er o2

de#o$ition. C$er$6, t*e NH>, 56 2or)e o2$3, *s t*e ut*orit6 to order t*ere$o)tion o2 petitioner, nd t*e de#o$itiono2 *er stru)ture in )se o2 *er re2us$ st*is is t*e on$6 36 t*rou%* 3*i)* t*eNH> )n ee)tive$6 )rr6 out t*ei#p$e#enttion o2 P.. No. 1?1!.

T*e NH>s ut*orit6 to de#o$is* sEuttersnd i$$e%$ o))upnts 3s 2urt*errein2or)ed 56 P.. No. 1+":; 3*i)*

spe)i4)$$6 provides s 2o$$o3s'

S/C. ". T*e Ntion$ Housin% >ut*orit6s*$$ *ve t*e po3er to su##ri$6 eDe)t,3it*out t*e ne)essit6 o2 Dudi)i$ order, n6nd $$ sEutters )o$onies on %overn#entresett$e#ent proDe)ts, s 3e$$ s n6i$$e%$ o))upnts in n6 *o#e$ot,prt#ent or d3e$$in% unit o3ned ord#inistered 56 it. In t*e eer)ise o2 su)*po3er, t*e Ntion$ Housin% >ut*orit6s*$$ *ve t*e ri%*t nd ut*orit6 toreEuest t*e *e$p o2 t*e rn%6C*ir#n nd n6 pe)e oL)er in t*e$o)$it6. ./#p*sis ours9

Ins#u)* s petitioners propert6 3s$o)ted in t*e re identi4ed s n opensp)e 56 t*e NH>, *er )ontinued re2us$ tov)te *s rendered i$$e%$ *er o))upn)6t*eret. T*us, in ))ordn)e 3it* P.. No.

1+", petitioner )ou$d $32u$$6 5e eDe)tedeven 3it*out Dudi)i$ order.

Neit*er )n it 5e su))ess2u$$6 r%ued t*tpetitioner *d $red6 )Euired vestedri%*t over t*e su5De)t propert6 3*en t*eNH> re)o%ni7ed *er s t*e )ensused



41/185

o3ner 56 ssi%nin% to *er t% nu#5erT>G No. -


42/185

No resett$e#ent o2 ur5n or rur$ d3e$$erss*$$ 5e undertAen 3it*out deEute)onsu$ttion 3it* t*e# nd t*e)o##unities 3*ere t*e6 re to 5ere$o)ted.

Petitioner )nnot 4nd so$)e in t*e2oreEuoted Constitution$ provisions.So)i$ usti)e, s t*e ter# su%%ests,s*ou$d 5e used on$6 to )orre)t n inDusti)e.>s t*e e#inent usti)e ose P. ure$o5served, so)i$ Dusti)e #ust 5e 2oundedon t*e re)o%nition o2 t*e ne)essit6 o2interdependen)e #on% diverse units o2 so)iet6 nd o2 t*e prote)tion t*t s*ou$d5e eEu$$6 nd even$6 etended to $$%roups s )o#5ined 2or)e in our so)i$

nd e)ono#i) $i2e, )onsistent 3it* t*e2und#ent$ nd pr#ount o5De)tive o2t*e Stte o2 pro#otin% t*e *e$t*,)o#2ort, nd Euiet o2 $$ persons, nd o25rin%in% 5out t*e %retest %ood to t*e%retest nu#5er.:1;

(oreover, Durispruden)e stresses t*eneed to dispense Dusti)e 3it* n even*nd in ever6 )se'

T*is Court *s stressed #ore t*non)e t*t so)i$ Dusti)e or n6 Dusti)e 2ort*t #tter is 2or t*e deservin%, 3*et*er*e 5e #i$$ionire in *is #nsion or puper in *is *ove$. It is true t*t, in )seo2 reson5$e dou5t, 3e re )$$ed upon toti$t t*e 5$n)e in 2vor o2 t*e poor to3*o# t*e Constitution 4ttin%$6 etends itss6#pt*6 nd )o#pssion. ut never is it

Dusti4ed to %ive pre2eren)e to t*e poor

si#p$6 5e)use t*e6 re poor, or to reDe)tt*e ri)* si#p$6 5e)use t*e6 re ri)*, 2orDusti)e #ust $36s 5e served 2or poornd ri)* $iAe, ))ordin% to t*e #ndteo2 t*e $3.:11; Unders)orin% supp$ied9

Hen)e, t*ere is need to 3ei%*nd 5$n)e t*e ri%*ts nd 3e$2re o2 5ot*)ontendin% prties in ever6 )se in))ordn)e 3it* t*e pp$i)5$e $3,re%rd$ess o2 t*eir sitution in $i2e.

In t*e instnt )se, t*e re$o)tion o2petitioner nd t*e de#o$ition o2 *erstru)ture 3ere in ))ordn)e 3it* t*e#ndte o2 P.. No. 1?1! 3*i)* 3sen)ted pri#ri$6 to ddress t*e *ousin%pro5$e#s o2 t*e )ountr6 nd to dopt nee)tive strte%6 2or de$in% 3it* s$u#s,sEutter res nd ot*er 5$i%*ted)o##unities in ur5n res. Si%ni4)nt$6,t*e 3*eres )$use o2 P.. No. 1?1!sttes'

@H/R/>S, t*e Constitution o2 t*eP*i$ippines #ndtes t*t t*e Stte s*$$est5$is*, #intin nd ensure deEuteso)i$ servi)es in t*e 4e$d o2 *ousin%, to%urntee t*e enDo6#ent o2 t*e peop$e o2 de)ent stndrd o2 $ivin% nd dire)tst*t T*e Stte s*$$ pro#ote so)i$ Dusti)eto ensure t*e di%nit6, 3e$2re nd se)urit6o2 $$ t*e peop$e .

For sure, t*e NH>s order o2 re$o)tin%petitioner to *er ssi%ned $ot ndde#o$is*in% *er propert6 on ))ount o2*er re2us$ to v)te 3s )onsistent 3it*t*e $3s 2und#ent$ o5De)tive o2pro#otin% so)i$ Dusti)e in t*e #nner t*e3i$$ inure to t*e )o##on %ood. T*epetitioner )nnot disre%rd t*e $32u$)tion o2 t*e NH> 3*i)* 3s #ere$6i#p$e#entin% P.. No. 1?1!. It is $so3ort* notin% t*t petitioners )ontinuedre2us$ to $eve t*e su5De)t propert6 *s*indered t*e deve$op#ent o2 t*e entirere. Indeed, petitioner )nnot invoAe t*eso)i$ Dusti)e )$use t t*e epense o2 t*e)o##on 3e$2re.

>nent t*e se)ond issue, petitioner verst*t P.. No. 1?1! nd P.. No. 1+" 3ere



43/185

i#p$ied$6 repe$ed 56 R.>. No. "=,ot*er3ise Ano3n s t*e Ur5neve$op#ent nd Housin% >)t o2 1==".:1"; S*e )ontends t*t 3*i$e P.. No. 1?1!nd P.. No. 1+" ut*ori7ed t*e NH> toeDe)t 3it*out t*e ne)essit6 o2 Dudi)i$

order $$ sEutter )o$onies in %overn#entresett$e#ent proDe)ts, R.>. No. "=dis)our%ed su)* evi)tion nd de#o$ition3it*out )ourt order. >))ordin% topetitioner, R.>. No. "=, 5ein% t*e $ter$3, i#p$ied$6 repe$ed t*e 2or#er $3s,i.e. P.. No. 1?1! nd P.. No. 1+",2o$$o3in% t*e $e%$ io# t*t 3*en $ter$3 is pssed 3it* provisions )ontrr6 tot*e 2or#er $3, n i#p$ied repe$ o2 t*e2or#er $3 tAes ee)t. In prti)u$r,petitioner )ites Se)tion "8 o2 R.>. No. "=3*i)* provides'

Se). "8. /vi)tion nd e#o$ition /vi)tionor de#o$ition s pr)ti)e s*$$ 5edis)our%ed. /vi)tion or de#o$ition,*o3ever, #6 5e $$o3ed under t*e2o$$o3in% situtions'

9 @*en persons or entities o))up6dn%er res su)* s esteros, ri$rodtr)As, %r5%e du#ps, river5nAs,s*ore$ines, 3ter36s nd ot*er pu5$i)

p$)es su)* s side3$As, rods, prAs ndp$6%rounds

59 @*en %overn#ent in2rstru)tureproDe)ts 3it* vi$5$e 2undin% re 5outto 5e i#p$e#ented or

)9 @*en t*ere is )ourt order 2or evi)tion

nd de#o$ition.

Petitioner sserts t*t t*e 2ore-Euotedprovision o2 R.>. No. "= is in)onsistent3it* Se)tion 1 o2 P.. No. 1?1! ndSe)tion " o2 P.. No. 1+", 3*i)* stte s2o$$o3s'

Se). 1 P.. No. 1?1!9 . T*e Ntion$Housin% >ut*orit6 *erein2ter re2erred tos t*e >ut*orit6 is desi%ntedd#inistrtor 2or t*e ntion$ %overn#ent

nd is ut*ori7ed to i##edite$6 tAepossession, )ontro$ nd disposition o2 t*eeproprited properties 3it* t*e po3er o2de#o$ition o2 t*eir i#prove#ents. .

Se). " P.. No. 1+"9 - T*e Ntion$Housin% >ut*orit6 s*$$ *ve t*e po3er tosu##ri$6 eDe)t, 3it*out t*e ne)essit6 o2

Dudi)i$ order, n6 nd $$ sEutters)o$onies on %overn#ent resett$e#entproDe)ts, s 3e$$ s n6 i$$e%$ o))upnts

in n6 *o#e$ot, prt#ent or d3e$$in% unito3ned or d#inistered 56 it. .

Fro# )re2u$ redin% o2 t*e 2ore%oin%provisions, 3e *o$d t*t R.>. No. "=does not ne)essri$6 repe$ P.. No. 1?1!nd P.. No. 1+" s it does not )ontinn6 provision 3*i)* )te%ori)$$6 ndepress$6 repe$s t*e provisions o2 P.. No.1?1! nd P.. No. 1+". Neit*er )ou$dt*ere 5e n i#p$ied repe$. It is 3e$$-sett$ed ru$e o2 sttutor6 )onstru)tion t*trepe$s 56 i#p$i)tion re not 2vored. T*ertion$e 5e*ind t*e ru$e is ep$ined s2o$$o3s'

Repe$ o2 $3s s*ou$d 5e #de )$er ndepressed. Repe$s 56 i#p$i)tion re not2vored s $3s re presu#ed to 5epssed 3it* de$i5ertion nd 2u$$Ano3$ed%e o2 $$ $3s eistin% on t*e

su5De)t. Su)* repe$s re not 2vored 2or $3 )nnot 5e dee#ed repe$ed un$ess itis )$er$6 #ni2est t*t t*e $e%is$ture sointended it. T*e 2i$ure to dd spe)i4)repe$in% )$use indi)tes t*t t*e intent3s not to repe$ n6 eistin% $3, un$essn irre)on)i$5$e in)onsisten)6 ndrepu%nn)6 eist in t*e ter#s o2 t*e ne3nd o$d $3s.:1?;



44/185

iAe3ise, in not*er )se, it 3s *e$d'

@e$$-sett$ed is t*e ru$e t*t repe$s o2 $3s56 i#p$i)tion re not 2vored, nd t*t)ourts #ust %ener$$6 ssu#e t*eir)on%ruent pp$i)tion. T*e t3o $3s #ust5e 5so$ute$6 in)o#pti5$e, nd )$er4ndin% t*ereo2 #ust sur2)e, 5e2ore t*ein2eren)e o2 i#p$ied repe$ #6 5e dr3n.

T*e ru$e is epressed in t*e #i#,

interpretre et )on)ordre $eEi5us estopti#us interpretendi, i.e., ever6 sttute#ust 5e so interpreted nd 5rou%*t into))ord 3it* ot*er $3s s to 2or# uni2or# s6ste# o2 Durispruden)e. T*e2und#ent is t*t t*e $e%is$ture s*ou$d5e presu#ed to *ve Ano3n t*e eistin%$3s on t*e su5De)t nd not *ve en)ted)oni)tin% sttutes. Hen)e, $$ dou5ts#ust 5e reso$ved %inst n6 i#p$iedrepe$, nd $$ eorts s*ou$d 5e eerted inorder to *r#oni7e nd %ive ee)t to $$$3s on t*e su5De)t.:1+;

@e 4nd, s t*e tri$ )ourt *s 2ound, noirre)on)i$5$e )oni)t or repu%nn)65et3een Se)tion "8 o2 R.>. No. "= ndP.. No. 1?1! nd No. 1+", rt*er, t*e6)n 5e red to%et*er nd *r#oni7ed to%ive ee)t to t*eir provisions. It s*ou$d 5e

stressed t*t Se)tion "8 o2 R.>. No. "=does not tot$$6 nd 5so$ute$6 pro*i5itevi)tion nd de#o$ition 3it*out Dudi)i$order s in 2)t it provides 2or e)eptions.Pursunt to est5$is*ed do)trine, t*e t*ree?9 sttutes s*ou$d 5e )onstrued in $i%*t o2t*e o5De)tive to 5e )*ieved nd t*e evi$or #is)*ie2 to 5e suppressed 56 t*e sid$3s, nd t*e6 s*ou$d 5e %iven su)*

)onstru)tion s 3i$$ dvn)e t*e o5De)t,suppress t*e #is)*ie2, nd se)ure t*e5ene4ts intended.:1!; It is 3ort*6 to notet*t t*e t*ree $3s P.. No. 1?1!, P.. No.1+" nd R.>. No. "=9 *ve )o##ono5De)tive to ddress t*e *ousin%

pro5$e#s o2 t*e )ountr6 56 est5$is*in% )o#pre*ensive ur5n deve$op#ent nd*ousin% pro%r# 2or t*e *o#e$ess. Fort*is reson, t*e need to *r#oni7e t*ese$3s $$ t*e #ore 5e)o#es i#pertive.Hen)e, in )onstruin% t*e t*ree $3sto%et*er, 3e rrive t )on)$usion t*tde#o$ition nd evi)tion #6 5e v$id$6)rried out even 3it*out Dudi)i$ order in)ertin instn)es, to 3it'

19 3*en t*e propert6invo$ved is n eproprited propert6 in%on% rrio, C$oo)n Cit6 pursunt toSe)tion 1 o2 P.. No. 1?1!,

"9 3*en t*ere re sEutterson %overn#ent resett$e#ent proDe)ts ndi$$e%$ o))upnts in n6 *o#e$ot,prt#ent or d3e$$in% unit o3ned ord#inistered 56 t*e NH> pursunt toSe)tion " o2 P.. No. 1+",

?9 3*en persons or entitieso))up6 dn%er res su)* s esteros,ri$rod tr)As, %r5%e du#ps,river5nAs, s*ore$ines, 3ter36s ndot*er pu5$i) p$)es su)* s side3$As,rods, prAs nd p$6%rounds, pursunt toSe)tion "89 o2 R.>. No. "=

+9 3*en %overn#ent

in2rstru)ture proDe)ts 3it* vi$5$e2undin% re 5out to 5e i#p$e#entedpursunt to Se)tion "859 o2 R.>. No. "=.

It redi$6 ppers t*t R.>. No. "= doesnot 2ore)$ose t*e NH>s ut*orit6 todis#nt$e t*e *ouse o2 petitioner. esides,



45/185

under Se)tion "859 o2 R.>. No. "=,de#o$ition #6 5e )rried out 3*en%overn#ent in2rstru)ture proDe)ts 3it*vi$5$e 2undin% re 5out to 5ei#p$e#ented. Under P.. No. 1?1!, t*e%overn#ent *s set side t*e #ount o2

P+ #i$$ion 2or t*e est5$is*#ent ndup%rdin% o2 *ousin% 2)i$ities ndservi)es in %on% rrio.:1 *s t*e ut*orit6to )rr6 out t*e su##r6 evi)tion ndde#o$ition o2 petitioners stru)ture on t*esu5De)t $ot.

@H/R/FOR/, t*e petition 2or revie3 is

*ere56 /NI/. T*e ssi$ed de)ision o2t*e Re%ion$ Tri$ Court in Civi$ Cse No. C-1

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/ C I S I O N

TING>, .'

Petitioner (Dor Gener$ Cr$os F. Gr)i3s t*e eput6 C*ie2 o2 St 2orCo#ptro$$ers*ip, r#ed For)es o2t*e P*i$ippines. Petitioner 4$ed t*is Petition2or )ertiorri nd pro*i5ition under Ru$e tt)*#ent:"; dted " N

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