Particularistic values are those values ascribed to you by your family. So in your family you are seen as child and have particular rules ascribed to you

Universalistic values are those you learn at school about the rules of society which apply to everyone.

Parsons said school acts as a bridge between these two values

Because school is a basic need of society. Without school functionalists argue people wouldn’t be socialised into the universalistic norms and values of society. Functionalists say the hidden curriculum in schools provide the method of socialisation.

As functionalists Davis and Moore referred to the division of labour as a means of selecting the right people for the right job.

By grading people either through exam results or streaming the right people are being guided towards the right job

The formal curriculum is all the subjects you are taught at school. This is more commonly known as the National Curriculum for state schools.

The hidden curriculum is everything you learn outside the formal curriculum such as the routines of school life like wearing a uniform, following a timetable, obeying teachers etc

Because school is an institution which prevents the working-classes from rebelling against their exploitation, because school passes on ruling class ideology, like meritocracy, which the working-classes accept. Also it selects people to work on behalf of the ruling class. By doing well at school certain people get rewarded with better jobs so they can boss the working classes around.

They said school resembles the ‘long shadow of work’.

This means schools, through the Marxist view of the hidden curriculum replicate relationships in the workplace. And through this process schools legitimize inequalities in society